Le développement d’un lymphome gastrique du MALT (LGM) émane d’un processus inflammatoire chronique initié par Helicobacter pylori.A partir du matériel issu d’un modèle animal de LGM, préalablement développé au laboratoire, basé sur des infections chez des souris thymectomisées à la naissance, la réponse inflammatoire gastrique favorable à l’émergence de LGM a été étudiée. Une dérégulation de cytokines et chimiokines au stade LGM a été identifiée permettant de recruter, faire proliférer et faire émerger des infiltrats lymphoïdes. La susceptibilité des souris thymectomisées à développer des lymphomes n’est pas liée à un déficit en lymphocytes T régulateurs. Cinq microARNs ont été retrouvés dérégulés au stade lymphome agissant probablement en synergie pour favoriser la prolifération lymphocytaire en particulier via un mécanisme anti-apoptotique. Enfin, nous décrivons un modèle original de LGM basé sur l’utilisation de souris C57BL6 exprimant la chimiokine APRIL humaine au niveau des lymphocytes T infectées par des espèces du genre Helicobacter. Ce modèle est prometteur pour une meilleure compréhension de la lymphomagénèse gastrique. / The development of gastric MALT lymphoma (GML) originates from a chronic inflammatory process initiated by Helicobacter pylori.The gastric inflammatory response was investigated in a mouse model of GML previously described by the laboratory using BALB/c mice thymectomized at day 3 post-birth and infected by H. pylori. A deregulation of numerous cytokines and chemokines at GML stage was identified which explained the recruitment, proliferation and emergence of lymphoid infiltrates. The susceptibility of thymectomized mice to develop lymphoma was not linked to a deficiency in regulatory T cells. A deregulation of 5 microRNAs was observed at lymphoma stage. These microRNAs may be involved in cell survival and lymphocyte proliferation and act in synergy to promote the development of GML. Finally, we described an original model of GML based on infection by Helicobacter species of transgenic C57BL6 mice expressing the human form of the cytokine APRIL in T cells. This model is promising for a better understanding of gastric lymphomagenesis.

This thesis examines the political language and the ideological construction of the national past at the annual commemoration of the April 25 Revolution in the Portuguese parliament. The language of politics during these State commemorations is complex. The speakers of the ceremony are not expected to engage in the everyday politics but to celebrate and remember together the overthrow of the previous regime that occurred on April 25 1974. Nonetheless, behind apparent acts of unity and communion there is political controversy about the nature of the event and its celebration. Mostly this controversy cannot be expressed openly. In order to register the ideological and controversial aspects of these commemorations, the thesis looks at both the overt and the hidden language of the commemorative speeches from left and right political parties. Specifically, the official parliamentary transcripts of the commemorative speeches from left and right political party are analysed at different levels using different methodologies: broad quantitative content analyses of large numbers of speeches and fine critical discursive analysis of specific parts of particular speeches. A broad quantitative content analysis of wole speeches reveals the patterns of themes and terms mentioned in the speakers accounts of the past. By looking at the presence and absence of explicit themes and terms, the analysis suggests that accounts of the past in the parliamentary commemoration of the April Revolution differ along political and ideological lines. This is also apparent in the customary ways of greeting the audience right at the start of the speeches. This analysis combines a quantitative content analysis of the formal greetings over time with an analysis of the rhetorical meanings of particular terms. The analysis of greetings also shows the sexism of the customary and also the development of ritual forms. In order to examine the complexity of this sort of speech, it is necessary to move to in-depth qualitative analysis of parts of specific speeches. The analysis of the beginnings of two speeches given at the 2004 commemoration, namely, from the speaker of the far-right Democratic and Social Centre/Popular Party (CDS-PP) and from the far-left Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), shows that both speakers presented controversial versions of the past but did not do so in direct ways. The speaker from the CDS-PP uses a number of rhetorical devices including omissions and distortion in order to conceal his meanings, while appearing to celebrate a Revolution to which his party was ambivalent. On the other hand, the speaker from the PCP also uses manipulative devices but he does not do so in order to hide the ideology of his message but to make it clearer. The thesis argues for the importance of analysing hidden ideological messages as well as for distinguishing between a speaker manipulating the presentation of their ideology and a speaker manipulating the evidence in order to present their ideology clearer.

This thesis aims to analyze the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960 and 1990. The Armenian question is a very controversial political issue with its multi-dimensional characteristic. The Armenian question emerged with the Ottoman Armenians&rsquo / autonomy demands as an extension of Armenian nationalism in the nineteenth century. With the interest of the imperialist states, the Armenian question became an international problem especially after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878. Although the Armenian question reached its peak in World War I, it dropped from the international agenda by the Peace Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After World War II, the Armenian question was transformed into an international issue once again by Joseph Stalin the leader of the USSR that was used as a political trump against Turkey in the Cold War period. Especially, the date April 24, 1965 became a remarkable turning point in the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism. Since 1965, the Armenian Diaspora has used the Armenian question to materialize dream of the &ldquo / Greater Armenia.&rdquo / Today, the Armenian question has affected Turkey&rsquo / s bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries especially with the Republic of Armenia and the United States of America. By this thesis, these whole facts will be analyzed to expose the historical background of the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism, and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960-1990, and to contribute to the academic literature.

This study examines the stressful responses of faculty/staff and students after experiencing the April 16, 2007 school shootings at Virginia Tech. Understanding people's responses to trauma not only assists in more knowledge about what is stressful after a traumatic event but also may facilitate the finessing of tools and strategies for resilience and recovery in the aftermath of trauma. After investigating stressful responses to the April 16, 2007 shootings at Virginia Tech, and in particular those with probable PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), I found it was not always necessary to meet the "stressor" A criterion of PTSD. This is crucial because the "stressor" criterion A of PTSD is required to receive the diagnosis of PTSD. Although I found subtle stress differences for women compared to men, and faculty/staff compared to students, none of the differences were statistically significant. This research additionally contributes to the literature by detailing a profile of stressors for both faculty/staff and students in the aftermath of the worst college campus shooting in U.S. history to date. Findings suggest future research should examine the "stressor" criterion A of PTSD as well as the full spectrum of stressful responses both in the "immediate" and "delayed" aftermath of trauma(s). / Ph. D. / This study looks at responses of stress for faculty/staff and students after being exposed to the April 16, 2007 school shootings at Virginia Tech. Understanding responses to trauma not only provides more knowledge about what is stressful after a traumatic event, it may help us to learn and better fine-tune ways for recovery in the aftermath of trauma. After investigating these stressful responses to the April 16, 2007 shootings at Virginia Tech, and in particular those likely to go on to develop PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), I found that it was not always necessary to meet the “stressor” criterion A of PTSD. This is important because the “stressor” criterion A of PTSD is required to receive the PTSD diagnosis. Although I found some interesting differences in stressors for women compared to men, and faculty/staff compared to students, none of the differences were significant statistically. This work also contributes to research by detailing a profile of stressors for both faculty/staff and students in the aftermath of the worst college campus shooting in U.S. history to date. Findings suggest the need to continue to examine criterion A of PTSD as well as the full range of stressful responses both during, and in the aftermath of, trauma(s).

L'environnement tumoral reste mal défini et cliniquement sous-utilisé, les agents tumoricides agissant directement sur les cellules tumorales. Cependant, il est admis que les cellules tumorales dépendent de leur environnement pour se développer au maximum. Ce projet de thèse s’est concentré sur la molécule « a proliferation inducing ligand » (APRIL) qui est impliquée dans la survie, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules B. Son rôle pathologique a été investigué dans les lymphomes diffus à grandes cellules B (DLBCL) et les myélomes multiples (MM). Grâce à un modèle murin nous avons pu démontrer le rôle pro-tumoral direct d’APRIL dans les DLBCL. Chez les patients, APRIL est d’origine paracrine, produit par les cellules myéloïdes et ciblant les cellules tumorales. Son expression intra-tumorale est variable et un niveau élevé corrèle avec un mauvais pronostic. L’expression d’APRIL est dictée par des mécanismes chémotactiques. L’expression différentielle de certaines chémokines par les cellules tumorales influence le recrutement des cellules productrices d’APRIL. Nous avons également démontré qu’APRIL possède un mode de signalisation atypique dans les DLBCL. Les cellules ont besoin d’internaliser APRIL afin d’activer BCMA, un récepteur de signalisation qui est principalement exprimé de manière intracellulaire. Dans les MM, APRIL possède également un rôle pro-tumoral direct tel que démontré dans un modèle murin. Chez les patients, APRIL est d’origine paracrine et principalement exprimé par les cellules myéloïdes immatures. Malgré l’infiltration tumorale de la moelle osseuse, l’expression d’APRIL reste stable grâce au remodelage du microenvironnement. Un modèle murin nous a permis d’identifier une boucle autocrine basée sur l’interkeuline-6 qui permet la persistance des cellules myéloïdes immatures pendant le développement tumoral, fournissant une expression stable du facteur pro-tumoral APRIL. Globalement, nos travaux ont permis d’identifier APRIL comme un biomarqueur prédictif de la survie avec une valeur thérapeutique dans le DLBCL. La caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant l’expression différentielle d’APRIL ouvre des perspectives thérapeutiques pour son antagonisme. APRIL possède également une valeur thérapeutique dans le MM. La caractérisation de la source cellulaire d’APRIL et de l’interleukine-6, deux facteurs pro-tumorales pour le MM, nous a conduit à de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / Tumor microenvironment remains largely ill-defined and clinically underused, as all currently used tumoricidal agents act directly on tumor cells. However it is well known that tumor cells depend on their environment to fully develop. This thesis project focused on the molecule “a proliferation inducing ligand” (APRIL) which is involved in B-cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Its pathological role was investigated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and in multiple myeloma (MM). Thanks to a murine model we have been able to demonstrate the direct pro-tumoral role of APRIL in DLBCL development. In patients APRIL is of paracrine origin, being produced by myeloid cells and acting on tumor cells. Intra-tumoral expression is variable and a high level of APRIL expression correlates with a poor prognosis. APRIL expression is controlled by chemotactic mechanisms. Differential expression of certain chemokines by tumor cells influence APRIL-producing cells recruitment. We also showed that APRIL has an atypical way of signaling in DLBCL. Tumor cells need to internalize APRIL in order to activate BCMA, a signaling receptor which is mainly expressed intracellularly. In MM, APRIL also possesses a direct pro-tumoral effect as demonstrated in a mouse model. In patients, APRIL is of paracrine origin and mainly expressed by immature myeloid cells. Despite tumor-cell infiltration into the bone marrow APRIL expression remains stable thanks to microenvironment remodeling. A mouse model allowed us to identify an autocrine loop based on interleukin-6 which allows persistence of immature myeloid cells during tumor development, providing a stable expression of the pro-tumoral factor APRIL. Globally, our work identified APRIL as a predictive biomarker with a therapeutic value in DLBCL. Characterization of molecular mechanisms controlling differential expression of APRIL opens new therapeutic perspectives by its antagonism. APRIL also possesses a therapeutic value in MM; characterization of the cellular source for APRIL and interleukin-6, two pro-tumoral factors in MM, has led us to new therapeutic perspectives.

Nach der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten nahm der deutsche Komponist Karl Amadeus Hartmann (1905–1963) eine radikal antifaschistische Haltung ein. Während der 12 Jahre dauernden Diktatur konnte er nur wenige Werke zur Aufführung bringen und zog sich in die »innere Emigration« zurück. 1945 war er deshalb weitgehend unbekannt, galt aber bei den US-Besatzern als absolut nicht kompromittiert. Bis Kriegsende entfaltete Hartmann seine Musiksprache in der politischen Auseinandersetzung. In diesem Zusammenhang verwendete er gern Zitate und Widmungen, um auf politische, soziale und kulturelle Begebenheiten hinzuweisen. Die Klaviersonate 27. April 1945 bezieht sich mit der Datierung auf den Todesmarsch von Dachauer KZ-Häftlingen. Sie liegt in zwei Manuskripten vor. Drei bzw. (im Manuskript II) zwei Sätze nehmen Partisanen- und Arbeiterlieder auf. Im Bestreben, die Zitate in einen anderen ästhetischen Kontext zu integrieren, entsteht eine interessante Beziehung zwischen Original und Bearbeitung. In diesem Artikel sollen einige Aspekte von Hartmanns Umgang mit den Zitaten thematisiert werden. Dabei wird vor allem zu den Publikationen von Hanns-Werner Heister Bezug genommen. Im Fokus steht der Finalsatz von Manuskript II. / After the National Socialist Party had seized power, German composer Karl Amadeus Hartmann (1905–1963) took a radical antifascist stance. Only a few of his compositions were performed during the 12 years of the Third Reich, and Hartmann withdrew into “inner emigration”. The occupation forces considered Hartmann the most uncompromising of all German musicians. In his oeuvre, Hartmann made use of quotations and dedications to refer to political, social and cultural events. One notable piece is the piano sonata 27. April 1945 – referring to the death march of Dachau concentration camp prisoners on that day. Two manuscripts exist: Three (or two in manuscript II) movements quote partisans’ and workers’ songs. In an effort to integrate the quotations into a different aesthetic context, an interesting relationship between the original and the adaptation is created. In this paper, I will discuss some aspects of Hartmann’s handling of the quotations. Particular reference is made to the publications of Hanns-Werner Heister. This paper focusses on the final movement of manuscript II.

I use the body to investigate the ideas of morality, mourning and mortification. I look towards costume history, traditional Catholic rituals and themes in 19th century literature to feed my obsession with transformation, reconciliation and communication through dress. My making focuses on feminine objects and materials. Lace, veils, undergarments and hair adornment speak not only of womanhood, but also of the duality of human nature. Lace speaks of purity and sexuality, it reveals and conceals, it is humble, yet gluttonous in its ornamental overindulgence; lace is the ultimate dichotomy. I use it as a potent symbol to represent the duality of body and soul, right and wrong, good and evil. Historically, neglected, disheveled and unbound hair was a sign of mourning and penance, a physical representation of one's sin and sorrow. In my work, hair comes to represent an uncomfortable binding of one's self to one's alter ego, while helping to serve as an act of penance and mortification. As I make, my hands hopelessly yearn to create beauty from burdens; the repetitive and penitential process of stitching creates a metaphor for my longing towards perfection and purification. My use of video, photography and installation work to provide a unique experience for the viewer, for here they are invited to enter these imaginary worlds of wonder.

Em Vinte e zinco, o escritor moçambicano Mia Couto, recorrendo ao universo telúrico de seu país, tenta recuperar, ficcionalmente, um período cronológico que perpassa dias imediatamente anteriores e posteriores à Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal, quando se deu a queda do regime salazarista, no 25 de Abril de 1974, iniciando a narrativa em 19 de Abril e concluindo-a no dia 30. O escritor vale-se de recursos lúdicos inerentes à produção ficcional, somados às possibilidades estéticas oferecidas ao longo do processo de resgate sociocultural dos valores da terra. Assim, conta uma história em que elementos do maravilhoso são legíveis como comuns à realidade quotidiana. A narrativa apresenta a função da Casa dos Castro os integrantes da família e suas relações com África e das demais personagens que transitam ao seu redor seja na figura de negros, seja na de alguns brancos, estes, assimilados ao avesso ou não. Essas personagens juntas mesmo que estejam, em determinados momentos, em lados opostos caminham, como representação da dualidade colonial, em direção à apoteótica cena insólita em que se dão a ascensão do Napolo e a tempestade que cai ao final, manchando a terra às vésperas do 25 de Abril. Mia Couto, em um universo cercado de mitos, crenças e tradições, torna visível o invisível, espelhando, no plano da diegese, a realidade desse cenário, e recupera, pela via das trocas culturais ao longo dos séculos, estratégias de construção narrativa ficcional desenvolvidas nas literaturas latino-americanas a fim de representar Moçambique em sua obra. Assim, apropria-se dos preceitos do Real Maravilhoso, em sua vertente africana aqui chamada de Real Animismo miacoutiano para apresentar essa mestiçagem cultural com imagens plurivalentes do real / In Vinte e Zinco, the Mozambican writer Mia Couto, appealing to the telluric universe of his country, tries to reclaim, in fiction, a chronological period which spans the days right away before and after the Revolução dos Cravos in Portugal, when the salazar regime had fallen, on April 25th, 1974, beginning the narrative on April 19th and finishing on 30th. The writer makes use of ludic resources, peculiar to the fictional production, added to the esthetics possibilities offered along the sociocultural process rescue of land values. So, he tells a story in which the elements of Maravilhoso are as legible as usual to the everyday reality. The narrative presents the function of House of Castro- the members of the family and their relation to Africa and of the other characters who transit around them in the figure of black and of some white people; these last ones, reversely assimilated or not. These characters together even if they were, in some moment, on opposite sides they walk, like a colonial duality representation, going ahead to the apotheotic unusual scene in which happens Napolos rise and the storm falling at the end, defiling the land on the eve of April 25th. Mia Couto, in a universe surrounded by myths, beliefs and traditions, makes the invisible become visible, reflecting, on the diegesis plan, the reality of this scenery, and he reclaims, through the cultural exchanges along the centuries, fictional narrative strategies creation developed in the Latin American literatures, aiming to represent Mozambique in his work. So, he appropriates of the Real Maravilhoso precepts, on its African influences here called Real Animismo Miacoutiano to present this cultural miscegenation with multivalent images of the real

Em Vinte e zinco, o escritor moçambicano Mia Couto, recorrendo ao universo telúrico de seu país, tenta recuperar, ficcionalmente, um período cronológico que perpassa dias imediatamente anteriores e posteriores à Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal, quando se deu a queda do regime salazarista, no 25 de Abril de 1974, iniciando a narrativa em 19 de Abril e concluindo-a no dia 30. O escritor vale-se de recursos lúdicos inerentes à produção ficcional, somados às possibilidades estéticas oferecidas ao longo do processo de resgate sociocultural dos valores da terra. Assim, conta uma história em que elementos do maravilhoso são legíveis como comuns à realidade quotidiana. A narrativa apresenta a função da Casa dos Castro os integrantes da família e suas relações com África e das demais personagens que transitam ao seu redor seja na figura de negros, seja na de alguns brancos, estes, assimilados ao avesso ou não. Essas personagens juntas mesmo que estejam, em determinados momentos, em lados opostos caminham, como representação da dualidade colonial, em direção à apoteótica cena insólita em que se dão a ascensão do Napolo e a tempestade que cai ao final, manchando a terra às vésperas do 25 de Abril. Mia Couto, em um universo cercado de mitos, crenças e tradições, torna visível o invisível, espelhando, no plano da diegese, a realidade desse cenário, e recupera, pela via das trocas culturais ao longo dos séculos, estratégias de construção narrativa ficcional desenvolvidas nas literaturas latino-americanas a fim de representar Moçambique em sua obra. Assim, apropria-se dos preceitos do Real Maravilhoso, em sua vertente africana aqui chamada de Real Animismo miacoutiano para apresentar essa mestiçagem cultural com imagens plurivalentes do real / In Vinte e Zinco, the Mozambican writer Mia Couto, appealing to the telluric universe of his country, tries to reclaim, in fiction, a chronological period which spans the days right away before and after the Revolução dos Cravos in Portugal, when the salazar regime had fallen, on April 25th, 1974, beginning the narrative on April 19th and finishing on 30th. The writer makes use of ludic resources, peculiar to the fictional production, added to the esthetics possibilities offered along the sociocultural process rescue of land values. So, he tells a story in which the elements of Maravilhoso are as legible as usual to the everyday reality. The narrative presents the function of House of Castro- the members of the family and their relation to Africa and of the other characters who transit around them in the figure of black and of some white people; these last ones, reversely assimilated or not. These characters together even if they were, in some moment, on opposite sides they walk, like a colonial duality representation, going ahead to the apotheotic unusual scene in which happens Napolos rise and the storm falling at the end, defiling the land on the eve of April 25th. Mia Couto, in a universe surrounded by myths, beliefs and traditions, makes the invisible become visible, reflecting, on the diegesis plan, the reality of this scenery, and he reclaims, through the cultural exchanges along the centuries, fictional narrative strategies creation developed in the Latin American literatures, aiming to represent Mozambique in his work. So, he appropriates of the Real Maravilhoso precepts, on its African influences here called Real Animismo Miacoutiano to present this cultural miscegenation with multivalent images of the real

This creative nonfiction dissertation is a book of essays that explore the author's life and relationship to Upstate New York. The project also connects this experience to gender and trauma. Though the topics range from local history to cosmetic surgical procedures, the essays are collected by how they illuminate cultural tensions and universal truths. These essays are preceded by a critical preface that examines the differences between essays collections, books of essays, and argues for the recognition of narrative nonfiction as an artistic choice.