In this dissertation, we used a combination of synchrotron-based x-ray spectroscopic techniques such as angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), soft x-ray ARPES, hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate momentum-resolved and angle-integrated electronic structure of advanced three- and two-dimensional materials and interfaces. The results from the experiments were compared to several types of state-of-the-art first-principles theoretical calculations. In the first part of this dissertation we investigated the effects of spin excitons on the surface states of samarium hexaboride (SmB6), which has gained a lot of interest since it was proposed to be a candidate topological Kondo insulator. Here, we utilized high-resolution (overall resolution of approximately 3 meV) angle-resolved and angle-integrated valence-band photoemission measurements at cryogenic temperatures (1.2 K and 20 K) to show evidence for a V-shap / Physics

Nous étudions l'adsorption de molécules de C60 sur deux reconstructions riches en silicium du 6H-SiC(0001) par IPES, UPS et XPS. Nous mettons en évidence que l'adsorption de C60 sur (3*3) est singulière et définit un nouveau type de liaison entre C60 et substrat : liaison covalente forte avec désorption par recuit à haute température et récupération de la reconstruction de surface. Ces expériences illustrent la complexité de la liaison Si-C60 et permettent une nouvelle mise en perspective.En combinant ARPES à basse énergie de photon et DFT sur une monocouche de ZnPc sur Ag(110), nous prouvons que l'effet de "Umklapp de surface" est effectif pour un réseau de molécules organiques organisé à grande distance. C'est à dire que les conditions de sortie des photoélectrons de volume sont modifiées par la présence du réseau.Nous démontrons aussi que l'HREELS est une technique de choix pour l'étude de l'adsorption d'hydrogène sur graphène, et l'étude de l'interaction d'un plan de graphène sur un substrat, ici le SiC. En effet l'adsorption (réversible) d'atomes d'hydrogène sur du graphène permet à l'HREELS d'être sensible sous le plan de graphène. / We study by IPES, UPS and XPS the adsorption of fullerene on two silicon-rich reconstructions of 6H-SiC(0001). We show that adsorption of C60 on the (3*3) is singular and defines a new bonding type between C60 and a substrate: covalent bond accompanied by the desorption of molecules and the reconstruction's recovery. Our experiments shed a new light on the Si-C60 bounding complexity and provide new insights.By combining low photon energy ARPES and DFT on a monolayer of ZnPc on Ag(110), we provide a direct evidence that the "surface Umklapp'" effect is effective for long-range ordered organic films. Namely, the photoelectrons escape conditions are modified by the bare presence of the molecular lattice.We show that HREELS is a convenient tool to investigate the adsorption of hydrogen on graphene and the interaction of graphene with a substrate, SiC in our study. Indeed, the reversible adsorption of hydrogen on graphene permits the HREELS to gain sensitivity below the graphene layer.

In dieser Doktorarbeit wird der Hochtemperatur-Supraleiter Bi-2212 auf seine elektronische Struktur hin untersucht. Für diesen Zweck wurden Röntgen- Absorptionsspektroskopie (XAS) und winkelaufgelöste Photoemissionsspektroskopie (ARPES) verwendet. Zusätzlich wurden mittels Dichtefunktionaltheorie theoretische Trends in der elektronischen Struktur aufgezeigt. Zu Beginn wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Löcher-Konzentration (nH) von nahezu optimal dotierten und geringfügig unterdotierten Einkristallen mittels XAS untersucht. Die Messungen der Temperaturabhängigkeit von nH mit XAS zeigen ein komplett anderes Verhalten als das, welches aus dem Hall-Effekt hergeleitet wurde. Hinzu kommt, dass es unmöglich ist, die Formel von Gor''kov und Teitel''baum, d.h. mit einem konstanten und einem Aktivierungsterm, an die Daten anzupassen. Als Lösungsansatz kommen Magnonen in Frage. Zusätzlich wurde die Polarisationsabhängigkeit der Löcher- Konzentration mittels XAS gemessen, die zeigt, dass in den Kupferoxidschichten die Löcher offenbar offenbar inhomogen verteilt sind. Solch ein Verhalten wird für die isotrope Struktur der Bi-2212-Kristalle nicht erwartet und kann nur schwer erklärt werden. Möglicherweise sind die, die Symmetrie brechenden magnetischen Eigenschaften wie magnetische Streifen die Antwort. Um zusätzliche experimentelle Informationen zu erhalten, wurde darüber hinaus noch die Temperatur- und Polarisationsabhängigkeit der Bi-2212-Einkristalle mittels ARPES studiert. Insbesondere die ''Peak-Dip-Hump''-Emissionsstruktur an der Fermi-Energie wurde gemesssen, die sich am M-Punkt der Brillouin-Zone befindet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der scharfe Peak nahe der Fermi-Kante eine deutliche Polarisations- und Temperaturabhängigkeit aufweist, welche bei der Pseudolücken-Temperatur T* und nicht bei der Sprungtemperatur TC verschwindet. Die Polarisationsabhängigkeit an den vier M-Punkten der Brillouin-Zone hat gezeigt, dass eine Symmetrieachse im 45°-Winkel zur Cu-O-Cu-Richtung existiert. Dies könnte ebenfalls mit magnetischer Streifenbildung erklärt werden. Des Weiteren wurde das beobachtete Versagen der Dipol-Näherung zur Beschreibung der Spektren bei einer Polarisation senkrecht zur Spiegelebene erörtert. Andererseits ist die Berechnung von Materieleigenschaften mittels der Dichtefunktionaltheorie ein sehr aktiver Bereich der Festkörperphysik geworden. Nachdem meine DFT-Rechnungen auf der Basis des MBJ-Potentials sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen des ternären Halbleiters ZrSexS2-x und die LiZrSexS2-x –Verbindung erzielt haben, habe ich diese auch zur Unterstützung der experimentellen Supraleiterdaten angewendet. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften von CaCuO2 und des Bi-2212-Kuprats wurden mittels DFT auf der Basis von GGA und GGA+U berechnet, wobei der Hubbard-U-Term mit einer „abinitio“-Methode berechnet wurde. Die Ergebnisse ergaben, dass nur Rechnungen auf der Basis von MBJ+U einen antiferromagnetischen Grundzustand für die CaCuO2- Verbindung lieferten, während alle Funktionale versagten, den antiferromagnetischen Grundzustand für das Bi-2212-Kuprat zu finden. / In this PhD work the electronic structure of high-TC Bi-2212 cuprates is investigated. For this purpose x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) are used. Additionally, density functional theory is applied for making theoretical trends of the electronic structure evident. At first, the temperature dependence of the hole density (nH) by XAS on nearly optimum and slightly underdoped single crystals is studied. The measurements of the temperature dependence of nH by XAS show completely different behavior as that derived from Hall effect. Moreover, fitting our data by the Gor’kov and Teitel’baum formula, i.e. assuming a constant term and an activation term, was impossible. For solving the problem a contribution of magnons is suggested. Additionally, the polarization dependence of the hole density has been measured by XAS showing that an inhomogeneity of holes in the copper oxide planes may exist. Such a behavior is not expected for the isotropic structure of the Bi(Pb)-2212 crystals and was only hardly to be explained. Possibly, magnetic symmetry breaking properties like e.g. magnetic stripes might give an answer. In order to derive additional experimental information, the temperature and polarization dependence of the electronic structure of the CuO2 planes of Bi(Pb)-2212 single crystals has been studied by ARPES. In particular, the so-called peak-dip-hump emission structure close to the Fermi energy has been measured, which is located at the M point of the Brillouin zone. The results show that the sharp emission structure close to the Fermi edge reveals a distinct polarization dependence and it vanishes at the pseudogap temperature T* and not at the critical temperature TC. The polarization dependence at the four M points of the Brillouin zone has revealed that there exists a symmetry line along to 45?? from the Cu-O-Cu direction. This could also be due to stripe formation. Additionally, the observed failure of the dipole approximation to describe the spectra at normal polarization with respect to the mirror plane is discussed. On the other hand, the calculation of material properties by density functional theory has become a very active area of research in condensed matter physics. Therefore, after my calculations based on DFT by the MBJ potential have revealed good agreement with experimental data for the ternary semiconductors ZrSexS2-x and the LiZrSexS2-x compound I applied it for a support of the experimental superconductor data. The electronic properties of CaCuO2 and the Bi-2212 cuprate have been calculated by DFT based on GGA and GGA+U where the Hubbard U term has been calculated by an ab initio method. The results reveal that only calculations based on MBJ+U lead to an anti-ferromagnetic ground state for the CaCuO2 compound while all functionals fail to find an antiferromagnetic ground state for Bi-2212.

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse présente l’intérêt et la problématique de la fonctionnalisation du graphène. L’état de l’art actuel de cette thématique est présenté. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous discutons de façon détaillée des techniques expérimentales. Le chapitre 3 est centré sur la modification du graphène par réaction de cycloaddition par molécules dérivées de maleimides. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons le greffage covalent de molécules sur graphène épitaxié sans défaut sur SiC, ainsi qu’une tendance d’ouverture de bande interdite à l’aide de caractérisations par spectroscopie Raman, XPS, ARPS et STM. L’augmentation du rapport ID /IG des pics Raman et des liaisons sp3 sur l’échantillon en fonction de la durée de réaction chimique confirme le greffage. Par analogie avec les bords de marche de type « zigzag » ou « armchair », l’étude des ondes de densité de charge générées sur le graphène par les molécules permet de déterminer la nature des sous-réseaux mis en jeu lors du greffage. Dans le chapitre 4, nous étudions l’intercalation du terbium dans le graphène épitaxié. Après intercalation, l’ARPES montre une structure de bande complexe dont une composante correspond à une monocouche de graphène fortement dopée n. Nous avons pu isoler cette composante et montrer qu’elle provient du découplage de la couche tampon du substrat par le Terbium. Ces résultats sont confirmés par les données XPS. Le graphène avec Terbium intercalé produit également un réseau de lignes visibles par imagerie STM, qui a l’échelle atomique à basse tension montrent les 6 atomes de carbone de la structure en nid d’abeille, confirmant ainsi la transformation de la couche tampon en graphène. / The first chapter of this thesis explains the general motivation and problematic of graphene functionalization. It presents the state of the art of current research in this field. In the second chapter we discuss the experimental techniques in detail. Chapter 3 of this thesis work focuses on covalent modification of graphene by cycloaddition reaction of maleimide derivative molecules. In these studies we have confirmed the grafting of molecules on epitaxial defect free graphene on SiC and a tendency to open a gap with the help of Raman spectroscopy, XPS, ARPES and STM studies. An increase in the ID /IG ratio for Raman signature and sp3 bonding on the sample with increasing reaction time confirmed the reaction of molecules. By drawing an analogy with the standing waves obtained on armchair step edges of graphene and standing waves generated by molecules it was possible to determine the location of grafted molecules on the graphene lattice. In chapter 4, studies on terbium intercalation of epitaxial graphene are discussed. After intercalation a complex band structure was observed by ARPES with one spectra corresponding to highly n-doped graphene monolayer. We were able to isolate this highly n-doped graphene and confirmed its origin from decoupling of buffer layer and making it graphene like. These results are also supported by the XPS data. STM images on Terbium intercalated on buffer layer samples showed an interesting pattern of lines, atomic resolution scans at low bias voltage on these lines showed 6 atoms of hexagon confirming the transformation of buffer layer into graphene layer.

The effect of spin-orbit coupling had once been thought to be a minor perturbation to the low energy band structure that could be ignored. Instead, a surge in recent theoretical and experimental efforts have shown spin-orbit interactions to have significant consequences. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of the orbital sector and crystal symmetries in governing the spin texture in materials that have strong spin- orbit interactions. This can be accessed through a combination of spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES and spin-ARPES), both of which are powerful techniques for probing the one-electron band structure plus interactions, and supported by density functional theory calculations (DFT). We focus first on a globally inversion asymmetric material, the layered semiconductor BiTeI, which hosts a giant spin-splitting of its bulk bands. We show that these spin-split bands develop a previously undiscovered, momentum-space ordering of the atomic orbitals. We demonstrate this orbital texture to be atomic element specific by exploiting resonant enhancements in ARPES. These orbital textures drive a hierarchy of spin textures that are then tied to the constituent atomic layers. This opens routes to controlling the spin-splitting through manipulation of the atomic orbitals. This is contrasted against a material where inversion symmetry is globally upheld but locally broken within each monolayer of a two layer unit cell. Through our ARPES and spin-ARPES measurements of 2H-NbSe2, we discover the first experimental evidence for a strong out-of-plane spin polarisation that persists up to the Fermi surface in this globally inversion sym- metric material. This is found to be intrinsically linked to the orbital character and dimensionality of the underlying bands. So far, previous theories underpinning this (and related) materials' collective phases assume a spin- degenerate Fermi sea. We therefore expect this spin-polarisation to play a role in determining the underlying mechanism for the charge density wave phase and superconductivity. Through these studies, this thesis then develops the importance of global versus local inversion symmetry breaking and uncovers how this is intricately tied to the underlying atomic orbital configuration.

In the last decade, a large number of studies have been devoted to the peculiarities of correlated physics found in the quasi-two-dimensional square lattice iridium oxides. It was shown that this 5d family of transition metal oxides has strong structural and electronic similarities to the famous 3d family of copper oxides. Moreover, a delicate interplay of on-site spin-orbit coupling, Coulomb repulsion and crystalline electric field interactions is expected to drive various exotic quantum states. Many theoretical proposals were made in the last decade including the prediction of possible superconductivity in square-lattice iridates emerging as a sister system to high-Tc cuprates, which however met only limited experimental confirmation. One can, therefore, raise a general question: To what extent is the low-energy physics of the quasi-two-dimensional square-lattice iridium oxides different from other transition metal oxides including cuprates? In this thesis we investigate some of the effects which are usually neglected in studies on iridates, focusing on quasi-two-dimensional square-lattice iridates such as Sr2IrO4 or Ba2IrO4. In particular, we discuss the role of the electron-phonon coupling in the form of Jahn-Teller interaction, electron-hole asymmetry introduced by the strong correlations and some effects of coupling scheme chosen to calculate multiplet structure for materials with strong on-site spin-orbit coupling. Thus, firstly, we study the role of phonons, which is almost always neglected in Sr2IrO4, and discuss the manifestation of Jahn-Teller effect in the recent data obtained on Sr2IrO4 with the help of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. When strong spin-orbit coupling removes orbital degeneracy, it would at the same time appear to render the Jahn-Teller mechanism ineffective. We show that, while the Jahn-Teller effect does indeed not affect the antiferromagnetically ordered ground state, it leads to distinctive signatures in the spin-orbit exciton. Second, we focus on charge excitations and determine the motion of a charge (hole or electron) added to the Mott insulating, antiferromagnetic ground-state of square-lattice iridates. We show that correlation effects, calculated within the self-consistent Born approximation, render the hole and electron case very different. An added electron forms a spin-polaron, which closely resembles the well-known cuprates, but the situation of a removed electron is far more complex. Many-body configurations form that can be either singlets and triplets, which strongly affects the hole motion. This not only has important ramifications for the interpretation of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and inverse photoemission spectroscopy experiments of square lattice iridates, but also demonstrates that the correlation physics in electron- and hole-doped iridates is fundamentally different. We then discuss the application of this model to the calculation of scanning tunneling spectroscopy data. We show that using scanning tunneling spectroscopy one can directly probe the quasiparticle excitations in Sr2IrO4: ladder spectrum on the positive bias side and multiplet structure of the polaron on the negative bias side. We discuss in detail the ladder spectrum and show its relevance for Sr2IrO4 which is in general described by more complicated extended t-J -like model. Theoretical calculation reveals that on the negative bias side the internal degree of freedom of the charge excitation introduces strong dispersive hopping channels encaving ladder-like features. Finally, we discuss how the choice of the coupling scheme to calculate multiplet structure can affect the theoretical calculation of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy spectral functions.

Les matériaux quantiques ont récemment introduit en physique de la matière condensée pour unifier tous les matériaux dans lesquels les fortes corrélations électroniques gouvernent les propriétés physiques du système (e.g. les isolants de Mott) et les matériaux dont les propriétés électroniques sont déterminées par la géométrie de la fonction d’onde (e.g. matériaux de Dirac). Ces matériaux montrent des propriétés émergentes résultantes de l’intrication de différents degrés de libertés : la charge, le spin et le moment orbital, donnant lieu aux propriétés topologiques des électrons. L’étude de ces interactions et des compétitions entre les degrés de liberté pertinents nécessite l’utilisation de techniques pompe-sonde ultra-rapides. Particulièrement, les pulses laser femtosecondes interagissent uniquement avec les électrons pour les placer dans un état hors-équilibre décrit par des distributions de type non Fermi-Dirac. La dynamique subséquente implique de nombreux processus, avec un temps de relaxation relié aux constantes de couplage. De plus, dans les techniques résolues en temps, la lumière peut agir comme un paramètre externe, différent des paramètres thermodynamiques, pour explorer le diagramme de phase. Cela nous donne l’opportunité de stabiliser de nouveaux états inaccessibles par des chemins thermiques quasi-adiabatiques ou de manipuler les propriétés physiques des systèmes.Dans cette thèse, nous avons réalisé différentes expériences dans le but d’étudier les propriétés à l’équilibre et hors équilibre de deux matériaux corrélés: BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂ et (V₁₋ₓMₓ)₂O₃.La première partie de ce projet a été dédiée principalement à l’étude de BaNiS₂, le précurseur métallique de la transition de Mott dans BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂ . En utilisant l’ARPES, nous avons étudié la structure de bandes électroniques de BaNiS₂ dans toute la zone de Brillouin. L’expérience, combinée avec des calculs théoriques, révèle un nouveau type de cône de Dirac bidimensionel à caractère orbitalaire d et induit par les corrélations. Le croisement des bandes est protégé par les symétries particulières de la structure cristalline. Nous avons aussi mesuré la structure de bandes de l’isolant de Mott BaCoS₂ dans ses phases magnétique et non magnétiques.Dans la seconde partie, nous avons étudié la dynamique électronique hors équilibre de BaNiS₂ et (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃. Grâce à des mesures tr-ARPES et tr-Réflectivité, nous avons observé une renormalisation non thermique et ultra-rapide du cône de Dirac dans BaNiS₂. Ce phénomène est purement provoqué par les excitations électroniques et est stabilisé par l’intéraction entre les électrons et les phonons. De plus, en utilisant différentes techniques pompe-sonde (tr-XRD basé sur XFEL et tr-Réflectivité) nous avons aussi exploré des phases hors-équilibre du matériau prototype de Mott-Hubbard (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃ appartenant à différentes parties de son diagramme de phase. Nos résultats montrent une phase transitoire non thermique se développant immédiatement après la photoexcitation ultra-rapide et durant quelques picosecondes dans les phases métallique et isolantes. Cette phase transitoire est accompagné par une distorsion structural qui correspond à un durcissement du réseau et est marqué par un “blue shift” du mode phononique A₁g. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance du remplissage des orbitales aussi bien que des effets important des forts couplages électron-réseau sélectifs dans les matériaux fortement corrélés. / Quantum materials is a new term in condensed matter physics that unifies all materials in which strong electronic correlation governs physical properties of the system (e.g. Mott insulators) and materials whose electronic properties are determined by the geometry of the electronic wave function (e.g. Dirac materials). These materials show emergent properties– that is, properties that only appear by intricate interactions among many degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin and orbital, giving rise to topological properties of electrons. The study of these interactions and competitions between the relevant degrees of freedom demands applying ultrafast pump-probe techniques. Particularly, femtosecond laser pulses act only on the electrons and set them to an out-of-equilibrium state inexplicable by the Fermi-Dirac distribution. The ensuing dynamics involves various processes and the rate at which the relaxation occurs is related to the coupling constants. Moreover, in time-resolved pump-probe techniques light can act as an additional external parameter to change of the phase diagram – different from thermodynamic parameters. It gives us the opportunity of stabilizing new states inaccessible by quasi-adiabatic thermal pathways or eventually manipulating the physical properties of the systems.In this thesis, we performed different experiments in order to study the equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium properties of two correlated compounds: BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂ and (V₁₋ₓMₓ)₂O₃.The first part of the project was mainly devoted to the study of BaNiS₂ that is the metallic precursor of the Mott transition in BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂. By applying ARPES, we studied the electronic band structure of BaNiS₂ in its entire Brillouin zone. These results combined with some theoretical calculations give evidence of a novel correlation-induced and two-dimensional Dirac cone with d-orbital character. The band crossing is protected by the specific symmetries of the crystal structure. We also investigated the electronic band structure of the Mott insulator BaCoS₂ in its magnetic and nonmagnetic phases.In the second part, we studied the out-of-equilibrium electron dynamics of BaNiS₂ and (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃. By means of tr-ARPES and tr-reflectivity measurements, we observed an ultrafast and non-thermal renormalization of the Dirac cone in BaNiS₂ . This phenomenon is purely provoked by the electronic excitation and is stabilized by the interplay between the electrons and phonons. Moreover, by applying various pump-probe techniques (XFEL-based tr-XRD and tr-Reflectivity) we also explored the out-of-equilibrium phases of the prototype Mott-Hubbard material (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃ in different parts of its phase diagram. Our results show a transient non-thermal phase developing immediately after ultrafast photoexcitation and lasting few picoseconds in both metallic and insulating phases. This transient phase is followed by a structural distortion that corresponds to a lattice hardening and is marked by a “blue shift” of the A₁g phonon mode. These results underline the importance of the orbital filling as well as the strong effect of the selective electron-lattice coupling in the strongly correlated materials.

L’étude des symétries d’un système peut en révéler de nombreuses propriétés physiques. La brisure, spontanée ou non, d’une de ces symétries implique alors d’importantes conséquences sur le comportement du système. On le voit dans la description actuelle de la physique des particules, avec notamment la création de la masse, ou dans la physique des solides, domaine de cette thèse, avec l’apparition de phases aux propriétés diverses, comme le magnétisme ou la supraconductivité. Le présent travail étudie par spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en angle (ARPES) les effets d’une brisure de symétrie dans deux systèmes différents : le système de fermions lourds URu2Si2 et l’oxyde de métal de transition (TMO) KTaO3. Le cristal d’URu2Si2 passe d’une phase paramagnétique pour T>THO, sujette à la cohérence de Kondo, vers la phase dite d’ordre caché pour T<THO, avec THO ≈ 17.5 K, brisant potentiellement plusieurs symétries. Bien qu’il y a presque trente ans que cettetransition de phase fut mesurée expérimentalement, aucun modèle théorique n’a encore réussi à faire consensus dans la communauté. Malgré une caractérisation expérimentale désormais très poussé de ce système, des informations résolues en angle manquent cruellement pour la compréhension de cette mystérieuse phase. Ce travail de thèse utilise donc des installations ARPES pour mettre en évidence, entre autre, le gap d’ordre caché, d’une amplitude inférieure à 10 meV. Nous montrons que ces mesures s’accordent avec plusieurs travaux expérimentaux précédents. Finalement, nous trouvons de fortes similarités entre les dispersions mesurées et celles calculées par LSDA, soulignant toutefois la nécessité d’introduire une renormalisation importante des masses effectives. Ce résultat contraint fortement les futures modélisations du comportement électronique de l’URu2Si2, tranchant sur l’approche à adopter.Contrairement au dernier système, où nous étudions une transition de phase, dans le tantalate de potassium KTaO3, notre attention se porte sur la brisure de symétrie de translation provoquée par la surface (111). Faisant suite à des mesures de transport qui revélèrent l’existence d’un gaz d’électron bidimensionnel (2DEG) à l’interface d’une hétérostructure de deux TMOs isolants de bandes, notre groupe mesura, plus tard, des 2DEGs aux surfaces (001) nues de SrTiO3 et de KTaO3, par ARPES. C’est dans la continuité de ces résultats que se place le présent travail, avec le désir d’élargir les caractéristiques de ces 2DEGs. Ainsi, poussé par la prédiction théorique d’état au caractère topologique non-trivial, nous apportons l’évidence d’un 2DEG à la surface (111) de KTaO3. Nous modélisons ensuite avec succès sa dispersion particulière grâce à des calculs de liaisons fortes. Ce travail constitue une étape dans la possible mise en évidence d’états au caractère topologique non-trivial dans les TMOs. / Several physical properties of a system can be understood by looking at the symmetries involved. Breaking of a symmetry affects the behavior of the system, regardless ifit happens spontaneously or not. This is observed with the emergence of the mass inparticle physics models, or with the diverse phases arising in condensed matter systems,as magnetism or superconductivity. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), this work studies theeffects of a symmetry breaking for two different systems : the heavy fermion systemURu2Si2 and the transition metal oxide (TMO) KTaO3. In URu2Si2, a transition occurs from a paramagnetic phase at T>THO to the hiddenorder phase at T<THO, with THO ≈ 17.5 K. This new order potentially breaks several symmetries. Although this transition was measured almost thirty years back, usingelectrical transport, no theoretical model could yet bring a consensus in the community. Since then, various characterizations of this system have been realized, howevermomentum-resolved informations are still missing to help unravel this mystery. Thus,during this thesis, we used state-of-the-art ARPES setups to measure several gaps located at different points in the Brillouin zone, and with amplitudes below 10 meV. Someof them are related to the Kondo coherence, and one is the hidden order gap. We showthat these measurements are consistent with previous experimental works. Finally, weobserved that our measurements differ from LSDA calculations solely by a renormalization of the effective masses by, at least, a factor 10 close to the Fermi level. Taking intoaccount some interactions, such as electronic ones, could lead to a more accurate model.Our measurements provide the constraints for this possible modeling. Unlike the transition we just described, the symmetry breaking in potassium tantalate KTaO3 is not spontaneous. In this system, we look at the (111) surface, wherethe translation symmetry is broken. A metallic two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG)has been measured in 2004 by Ohtomo at the interface between two insulating TMOs :strontium titanate SrTiO3 and lanthanum aluminate LaAlO3. The possible electronicapplications of exotic properties in TMOs, resulting from the d orbitals, has brought anew wave of activity to this topic. Later, our group measured 2DEGs at the (001) baresurfaces of SrTiO3 and KTaO3. Following these results, we wished to tailor the characteristic of such 2DEGS. Led by the theoretical prediction of states with non-trivialtopological character, we are presenting the evidence of a 2DEG at the (111) surface ofKTaO3. We also discuss its dispersion and introduce a tight binding calculation modelsuccessfully. This work is a step towards the realization of non-trivial topological statesin transition metal oxides.

In this thesis the charge dynamics of correlated electron systems, in which a metallic phase lies in close proximity to an ordered phase, are investigated by means of angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The analysis of the experimental data is complemented by electronic structure calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). First the charge dynamics of the colossal magnetoresistant bilayer manganites are studied. The analysis of the ARPES spectra based on DFT calculations and a Peierls type charge density wave model, suggests that charge, orbital, spin and lattice degrees of freedom conspire to form a fluctuating two dimensional local order that produces a large pseudo gap of about 450 meV in the ferromagnetic metallic phase and that reduces the expected bilayer splitting. Next, the interplay of Kondo physics and (magnetic) order in the heavy fermion superconductor URu2Si2 is investigated. The low energy electronic structure undergoes strong changes at 17.5 K, where a second order phase transition occurs whose phenomenology is well characterized, but whose order parameter could not yet be unambigeously identified. Below THO, non-dispersive quasi particles with a large scattering rate suddenly acquire dispersion and start to hybridize with the conduction band electrons. Simultaniously the scattering rate drops sinificantly and a large portion of the Fermi surface vanishes due to the opening of a gap within the band of heavy quasi particles. The observed behaviour is in stark contrast to conventional heavy fermion systems where the onset of hybridization between localized and itinerant carriers happens in a crossover type transition rather than abruptly. These experimental results suggest that Kondo screening and the hidden order parameter work together to produce the unusual thermodynamic signatures observed in this compound. Finally, the influence of charge doping and impurity scattering on the superconducting porperties of the transition metal substituted iron pnictide superconductor Ba(Fe1-xTMx)2As2 (TM = Co, Ni) is studied. Here, resonant soft X-ray ARPES is applied to see element selective the contribution of the 3d states of the TM substitute to the Fe 3d host bands. The spectroscopic signatures of the substitution are found to be well reproduced by DFT supercell and model impurity calculations. Namely, the hybridization of the dopant with the host decreases with increasing impurity potential and the electronic states of the impurtiy become increasingly localized. Simultaniously, in all simulated cases a shift of the Fermi level due to electron doping is observed. The magnitude of the shift in the chemical potential that accurs in BaFe2As2, however, is in stark contrast to the marginal doping values obtained for the impurity model, where the shift of the chemical potential is largely compensated by the influence of the increasing impurity potential. This suggests that the rigid band behaviour of TM substituded BaFe2As2 is a peculiarity of the compound, which has strong implications for the developement of superconductivity. / In dieser Arbeit wird die Ladungstraegerdynamik in korrelierten Elektronensystemen, in denen eine metallische Phase in direkter Nachbarschaft zu einer geordneten Phase liegt, mit Hilfe von winkelaufgeloester Photoelektronenspektroskopie (ARPES) untersucht. Die Analyse der experimentellen Daten wird ergaenzt durch lektronenstrukturrechnungen im Rahmen der Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT). Zuerst wird die Ladungstraegerdynamik in gemischtvalenten zweischichtmanganaten mit kolossalem Magnetiwiderstand studiert. Die Analyse der Photoemissionsspektren basierend auf DFT Rechnungen und einem Peierls artigem Ladungsdichtewellenmodell, legt nahe, dass die Freiheitsgrade von Ladung, Orbitalen, Spin und des Ionengitters konspirieren, um eine fluktuierende zweidimensionale lokale Ordnung zu bilden, die verantwortlich ist fuer die beobachtete Pseudobandluecke von 450 meV, und die zur Reduktion der erwarteten Zweischichtaufspaltung beitraegt. Als naechstes wird das Zusammenspiel von Kondo Physik und (magnetischer) Ordung im Schwerfermionensupraleiter URu2Si2 untersucht. Die iedrigenergetische elektronische Struktur zeigt starke Veraenderungen bei 17.5 K, wo ein Phasenuebergang zweiter Ordnungstattfindet, der phenomenologisch gut charakterisiert ist, aber dessen Ordungsparameter nocht nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden konnte. Unterhalb von THOerlangen nicht dispergierende Quasiteilchen mit gro en Streuraten abrupt Dispersion und hybridisieren mit den Leitungselektronen. Gleichzeitig sinkt die Streurate und ein gro er Teil der Fermiflaeche verschwindet durch das Oeffnen einer Bandluecke innehalb des Bandes schwerer Quasiteilchen. Das beobachtete Verhalten steht in starkem Kontrast zu dem von konventionellen Schwerfermionensystemen, in denen die Hybridisierung zwischen lokalisierten und itineranten Ladungstraegern in einem kontinuierlichen Uebergang ablaeuft, anstatt abrubt. Diese experimentellen Befunde lassen den Schluss zu, dass das zusammenspiel zwischen Kondo Abschirmung und dem unbekannten Ordnungsparameter die ungewoehnlichen thermodynamischen Signaturen in dieser Verbindung hervorruft. Abschliessend wird das Zusammenwirken von Ladungstraegerdotierung und Streuung an Stoeratomen auf die Supraleitung uebergangsmetalldotierter Eisenpniktid Supraleiter Ba(Fe1-xTMx)2As2 (TM = Co, Ni) untersucht. Mit Hilfe von resonantem Weichenroentgen ARPES gelingt es, elementselektiv den Beitrag der 3d Zustaende des TM Substituenten zu den Eisen 3d Wirtsbaendern zu beobachten. Die spektroskopischen Signaturen der Substitution sind mit Hilfe von DFT Rechnungen und Modelrechnungen mit zufaellig verteilten Stoeratomen gut zu reproduzieren. Insbesondere nimmt die Hybridisierung des dotierten Uebergangsmetalls und der Eisenbaender mit zunehmender Kernladungszahl ab und die elektronischen Zustaende der Stoeratome werden zunehmen lokalisiert. Gleichzeitig wird in allen gerechneten Faellen eine Verschiebung des Fermi Niveaus durch Elektronendotierung beobachtet. Der Betrag der Verschiebung des chemischen Potentials in BaFe2As2 steht allerdings in starkem Kontrast zu den Werten, die man im Falle der Modellrechnungen erhaelt, wo die Verschiebung des Fermi Niveaus durch den Einfluss des Potentials der Stoeratome groesstenteils kompensiert wird. Dies legt nahe, dass das beobachtete "rigid band" Verhalten von TM substituiertem BaFe2As2 eine Besonderheit dieser Verbindung ist, welches starke Auswirkungen auf die Ausbildung von Supraleitung hat.

In the last decade, a large number of studies have been devoted to the peculiarities of correlated physics found in the quasi-two-dimensional square lattice iridium oxides. It was shown that this 5d family of transition metal oxides has strong structural and electronic similarities to the famous 3d family of copper oxides. Moreover, a delicate interplay of on-site spin-orbit coupling, Coulomb repulsion and crystalline electric field interactions is expected to drive various exotic quantum states. Many theoretical proposals were made in the last decade including the prediction of possible superconductivity in square-lattice iridates emerging as a sister system to high-Tc cuprates, which however met only limited experimental confirmation. One can, therefore, raise a general question: To what extent is the low-energy physics of the quasi-two-dimensional square-lattice iridium oxides different from other transition metal oxides including cuprates? In this thesis we investigate some of the effects which are usually neglected in studies on iridates, focusing on quasi-two-dimensional square-lattice iridates such as Sr2IrO4 or Ba2IrO4. In particular, we discuss the role of the electron-phonon coupling in the form of Jahn-Teller interaction, electron-hole asymmetry introduced by the strong correlations and some effects of coupling scheme chosen to calculate multiplet structure for materials with strong on-site spin-orbit coupling. Thus, firstly, we study the role of phonons, which is almost always neglected in Sr2IrO4, and discuss the manifestation of Jahn-Teller effect in the recent data obtained on Sr2IrO4 with the help of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. When strong spin-orbit coupling removes orbital degeneracy, it would at the same time appear to render the Jahn-Teller mechanism ineffective. We show that, while the Jahn-Teller effect does indeed not affect the antiferromagnetically ordered ground state, it leads to distinctive signatures in the spin-orbit exciton. Second, we focus on charge excitations and determine the motion of a charge (hole or electron) added to the Mott insulating, antiferromagnetic ground-state of square-lattice iridates. We show that correlation effects, calculated within the self-consistent Born approximation, render the hole and electron case very different. An added electron forms a spin-polaron, which closely resembles the well-known cuprates, but the situation of a removed electron is far more complex. Many-body configurations form that can be either singlets and triplets, which strongly affects the hole motion. This not only has important ramifications for the interpretation of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and inverse photoemission spectroscopy experiments of square lattice iridates, but also demonstrates that the correlation physics in electron- and hole-doped iridates is fundamentally different. We then discuss the application of this model to the calculation of scanning tunneling spectroscopy data. We show that using scanning tunneling spectroscopy one can directly probe the quasiparticle excitations in Sr2IrO4: ladder spectrum on the positive bias side and multiplet structure of the polaron on the negative bias side. We discuss in detail the ladder spectrum and show its relevance for Sr2IrO4 which is in general described by more complicated extended t-J -like model. Theoretical calculation reveals that on the negative bias side the internal degree of freedom of the charge excitation introduces strong dispersive hopping channels encaving ladder-like features. Finally, we discuss how the choice of the coupling scheme to calculate multiplet structure can affect the theoretical calculation of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy spectral functions.