Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le projet de communication à proximité aux départements Electronique et Physique et Communications, Images et Traitement de l’Information de l’Institut Télécom Sud Paris. Le projet comporte la mise au point d’un récepteur basé sur une méthode de détection pseudo-cohérente des signaux Ultra Large Bande à double impulsion (TR-UWB), méthode désignée par Time Delayed Sampling and Correlation (TDSC). La première partie de ce document comporte la réalisation d’une plate-forme modulaire de communication UWB basée sur le système de détection TDSC. Cette plate-forme comporte une puce CMOS 0.35μm conçue précédemment au laboratoire EPH. Elle offre la possibilité d’enregistrer des signaux TR-UWB réels et de réaliser des tests de fonctionnement. La deuxième partie est une étude approfondie du récepteur utilisant la méthode TDSC. La détection des signaux UWB et la procédure de synchronisation sont évalués en utilisant les signaux réels acquis à partir de la plate-forme. Un ensemble de tests ont été menés avec des signaux en bande de base et des signaux transposés en fréquence, dans les deux cas en transmission sur câble puis par radio. Les résultats ont permis de valider la détection et le principe de la synchronisation. La troisième partie est une proposition d’estimation de la distance entre deux dispositifs d’un réseau radio UWB utilisant un récepteur TDSC, pour une localisation en intérieur. L’étude fait la synthèse de plusieurs propositions et expérimentations et conduit à la définition des meilleurs critères pour une mesure du temps d’arrivée (TOA) et son implémentation pratique sur un récepteur TDSC / This thesis is part of the Electronics and Physics (EPH) department’s research work at Institut Telecom SudParis in collaboration with the Information, Images and Information Processing (CITI) Department. The project included the development of a receiver architecture called Time Delayed Sampling and Correlation (TDSC) that works with Transmitted Reference Ultra Wideband signals (TR-UWB), and which could achieve a good performance without channel estimation. The first part of this work included the design of a modular UWB communication system based on the TDSC method. This platform uses a 0.35μm CMOS chip conceived by the EPH laboratory. This gives the possibility to record real TR-UWB signals and to achieve functional tests. A second part of the thesis was to deepen the use of the TDSC method for detection of UWB signals and the synchronization procedure of the receiver using real signals acquired by the platform. A series of tests were conducted in this regard by using baseband signals as well as frequency translated signals, through cable channels and radio transmission. The results let us validate the TDSC detection and the synchronization procedure. Finally, a third line of work was the study and development of a distance estimation proposal based on the time of arrival (TOA) of TR-UWB signals, for indoor localization purposes. The study included a synthesis of several proposals and experimental works. Simulations were made and compared with other methods. Experimental results and their good convergence with the simulations let conclude that the proposal is a feasible solution to the measurement of the TOA, based on a TR-UWB receiver with low-complexity architecture

Dans le cadre d'un suivi régulier de patients âgés pouvant souffrir de maladie d'Alzheimer, de nombreuses applications, dont leur localisation, s'avèrent utiles. Un système de localisation compact dédié à un environnement en intérieure est nécessaire. Cette thèse est dédiée à la réalisation d'un système de localisation pouvant répondre à cette attente. Le système développé (Indoor Localisation System, ILS) permet la localisation en trois dimensions d'un badge actif (Active Tag, AT) relativement à une ancre unique (Localisation Base Station, LBS). Le système utilise le principe de radar monopulse multistatique FMCW(Frequency Modulation Continuos Wave) et exploite la bande de fréquence Européenne ULB (6-8.5 GHz). La méthode employée pour l'ILS est une méthode goniométrique se basant sur la mesure conjointe de la différence de fréquence d'arrivée (FDoA) et la différence de phase d'arrivée (PDoA) pour l'estimation de la distance radiale et des angles de direction (azimut et élévation) de l'AT relativement au plan formé par l'ILS. Afin de valider ce système, un prototype d'ILS a été réalisé à Télécom ParisTech.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'obtenir un système de localisation compact permettant de localiser un badge actif avec une précision submétrique dédié pour les environnements en intérieurs exposés aux problèmes de multi-trajets. / Regular and accurate position monitoring of elderly suffering from dementia related problems (Alzheimer) may be required. To assist their monitoring a compact and a less complex indoor localization system is compulsary. This thesis is dedicated to design a Line-of-Sight (LoS) system to allow the indoor localization. The thesis aims to develop an Indoor Localization System (ILS) for three-dimension position estimates with respect to single Localization Base Station as an anchor. The designed ILS uses an Active-Tag (AT) as remote targel. The system uses the monopulse multistatic FMCW radar principle and covers the European UWB (6-8.5 GHz) frequency band. The designed ILS is based on the frequency-difference of arrival (FDoA) and the phase-difference-of-arrival (POoA) techniques for the radial-distance and the angles (azimuth and elevation) estimates. In order to validate this system, a prototype of the ILS is designed at Telecom ParisTech, France.The objective of the designed ILS is to have a localization system with an accuracy in few centimeters in Line-of-Sight condition. The system is designed to need a single anchor, and simultaneously addressing the indoor challenges such as multipaths, strong signal attenuations, reflections, etc.

No description available.

For optical propagation through the turbulent atmosphere, the angle of arrival (AOA) cross-correlation function obtained from two spatially separated light sources carries information regarding the transverse wind velocity averaged along the propagation path. Two methods for the retrieval of the beam transverse horizontal wind velocity, v_t, based on the estimation of the time delay to the peak and the slope at zero lag of the AOA cross-correlation function, are presented. Data collected over a two week long experimental campaign conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) site near Erie, CO was analyzed. The RMS difference between 10 s estimates of v_t retrieved optically, and 10 s averages of the transverse horizontal wind velocity measured by an ultrasonic anemometer, was found to be 14 cm/s for the time-delay-to- peak method and 20 cm/s for the slope-at-zero-lag method, for a 2 h period beginning 0345 MDT on 16 June, 2010, during which the transverse horizontal wind velocity varied between -1 m/s and 2 m/s.

Direction of Arrival estimation using unsteered antenna arrays, unlike mechanically scanned or phased arrays, requires complex algorithms which perform poorly with small aperture arrays or without a large number of observations, or snapshots. In general, these algorithms compute a sample covriance matrix to obtain the direction of arrival and some require a prior estimate of the number of signal sources. Herein, artificial neural network architectures are proposed which demonstrate improved estimation of the number of signal sources, the true signal covariance matrix, and the direction of arrival. The proposed number of source estimation network demonstrates robust performance in the case of coherent signals where conventional methods fail. For covariance matrix estimation, four different network architectures are assessed and the best performing architecture achieves a 20 times improvement in performance over the sample covariance matrix. Additionally, this network can achieve comparable performance to the sample covariance matrix with 1/8-th the amount of snapshots. For direction of arrival estimation, preliminary results are provided comparing six architectures which all demonstrate high levels of accuracy and demonstrate the benefits of progressively training artificial neural networks by training on a sequence of sub- problems and extending to the network to encapsulate the entire process.

Poaching is a persistent issue that threatens many of earth’s species including therhino. The methods used by poachers are varied, but many use guns to carry outtheir illegal activities. Gunfire is extremely loud and can be heard for kilometres.This thesis investigates whether it is possible to aid anti-poaching efforts in Kenyawith a gunshot detection and estimation device using an array of microphones. Ifsuccessful, the device could be placed around the savannah or any exposed areaand warn if poaching is taking place in the nearby. If a shot is fired within theaudible range of the device’s microphones, a trained machine learning algorithmdetects the shot on the edge using a microprocessor. The detection runs in realtime and achieved an accuracy of 93% on an unbalanced data set, where themajority class was the one without gunshots. Once a detection has been made, thereceived signal power to each microphone is used to produce a direction of arrivalestimate. The estimate can produce an angle estimate with a standard deviationof 66.78° for a gunshot, and with a standard deviation of 7.65° when testing themodel with white noise. Future implementations could use several devices thatdetected the same event, and fuse their estimates to locate the shooter’s position.All of this information, as well as the sound file, can be used to alert and assistlocal wildlife services. The challenges of this project have been centred aroundmaking a system run in real time with only a microprocessor on the edge, whilealso prioritizing low cost components for future deployment. / Project Ngulia

Le Timepix3, successeur du Timepix, est un détecteur au silicium composé de deux couches sensibles installées en parallèle. Chaque couche est munie d’une matrice de 65 536 pixels (256x256) et d’une épaisseur de 500 μm. Une des améliorations du Timepix3 par rapport aux générations précédentes est qu’il est possible de récolter simultanément la quantité de charge déposée ainsi que le temps d’arrivée de cette charge. Pour la prise de données Run 3 du LHC qui a débuté en 2022, 16 détecteurs Timepix3 ont été installés dans la caverne du détecteur ATLAS. Les Timepix3 seront utilisés pour mesurer la luminosité du faisceau du LHC ainsi que pour caractériser et mesurer la radiation dans la caverne ATLAS, où beaucoup de composantes électroniques sont installés. L’objet de cette maitrise est de développer un algorithme d’identification des particules qui frappe le détecteur Timepix3. Dans un premier temps, l’information de la quantité d’énergie déposée et du temps d’arrivée sera utilisée pour caractériser un champ de particules incidentes au détecteur Timepix3 (électrons, photons, particules lourdes chargées). La nouvelle méthode consiste à utiliser les paramètres physiques des particules lors de leurs interactions avec le milieu, tels que la trajectoire, l’angle d’incidence, le dépôt d’énergie, la densité spatiale de l’amas, densité énergétique le long de la trajectoire de la particule incidente. Dans un second temps, comme les rayons delta sont des effets récurrents et indésirables qui perturbent l’analyse des données en physique des particules, ce mémoire traitera de la façon de les supprimer pour ne récolter que l’énergie déposée directement par la particule incidente. Il sera aussi question d’utiliser la statistique liée à la production des rayons delta lors du passage d’un flux de particules dans le détecteur pour en déterminer l’énergie cinétique. L’algorithme développé pour caractériser un champ de particules avec le Timepix3 a été confronté aux données obtenues avec un cyclotron de protons à Aahrus au Danemark. Nous avons obtenu des résultats satisfaisants, étant donné que la majorité des particules sont identifiées comme des protons et que nous avons réussi à déterminer l’énergie cinétique de ces protons qui se rapproche de l’énergie cinétique du faisceau de protons utilisé. / The Timepix3, successor to the Timepix, is a silicon detector composed of two sensitive layers mounted in parallel. Each layer has a matrix of 65 536 pixels (256x256) and a thickness of 500 μm. One of the improvements of the Timepix3 compared to previous generations is that it is possible to simultaneously collect the quantity of charge deposited as well as the time of arrival of this charge. For the LHC Run 3 data taking which started in 2022, 16 Timepix3 detectors were installed in the ATLAS detector cavern. The Timepix3 will be used to measure the luminosity of the LHC beam as well as to characterize and measure the radiation in the ATLAS cavern, where many electronic components are installed. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop an algorithm for identifying particles that strike the Timepix3 detector. Initially, information on the amount of energy deposited and the time of arrival will be used to characterize a field of particles incident at the Timepix3 detector (electrons, photons, heavy charged particles). The new method consists in using the physical parameters of the particles during their interactions with the medium, such as the trajectory, the angle of incidence, the energy deposition, the spatial density of the cluster, energy density along the trajectory of the incident particle. Secondly, as delta rays are recurring and undesirable effects which disturb the analysis of data in particle physics, this thesis will deal with how to suppress them in order to harvest only the energy deposited directly by the incident particle. It will also be a question of using the statistics linked to the production of delta rays when a flow of particles passes through the detector to determine their kinetic energy. The algorithm developed to characterize a particle field with the Timepix3 was confronted with data obtained with a proton cyclotron at Aahrus in Denmark. We have obtained satisfactory results, given that the majority of the particles are identified as protons and that we have succeeded in determining the kinetic energy of these protons which is close to the kinetic energy of the proton beam used.

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also called drones, have experienced a rapid increase, which leads to the concern of illegal use of them. Passive RF is one of the effective ways to detect drones by receiving drones’ communication signals. After receiving the signal from drones, one can utilize the prior knowledge of signal characteristics for identifying and locating the drones. The angle of arrival (AoA) measured by multiple passive RF sensors can be used for localization by triangulation. However, the accuracy of the AoA measured by the passive RF sensors is strongly affected by the environment. In particular in urban areas, the multipath effect is prominent due to the building blockage and complicated terrestrial conditions that introduce certain errors to the result. So the service provider of the sensors needs a tool to perform the environment analysis to understand the quality of the service. A fast tool that can simulate the sensor network and surrounding environment can offer a flexible solution to optimize the sensor coverage and indicate the blind zone of detection. Especially when the sensors are deployed on the mobile platform, such tool can significantly improve the defensive quality of the drone detection system by optimizing real-time deployment and indicating low observable areas. In order to plan the sensor locations and assess the performance after the deployment of the sensor at a fast speed, We propose a multipath-based model to calculate the AoA error. The model is able to utilize the input of geometrical information for simulating the AoA error within a region. In this thesis, we investigate the outdoor channel at 2.4GHz using the ray-tracing method as it is the most used channel for UAVs. Massive simulations have been carried out and real test flights have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the modeling. Both simulations and test flights are carried out in Kista center where buildings are from high-rises to one-floor houses with various heights. In the simulation, the AoA is obtained by MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Test flights are conducted using an existing Software-defined radio (SDR) based RF sensor. We tried our best to carry out the same trajectories in both simulations and test flights to provide fair comparisons. The simulation results show that the multipath model can predict the trend of AoA error when the height changes, while not sufficient to predict the error when the 2D position changes. Thus, to more accurately characterize the signal transmission, it is essential to extend this thesis to include more detailed environmental information and adaption based on measurement. / Under de senaste åren har obemannade flygfarkoster (UAV), även kallade drönare, ökat snabbt, vilket leder till oro för olaglig användning av dem. Passiv RF är ett av de effektiva sätten att upptäcka drönare genom att ta emot drönarnas kommunikationssignaler. Efter att ha tagit emot signalen från drönare kan man använda den tidigare kunskapen om signalegenskaperna för att identifiera och lokalisera drönarna. AoA som mäts av flera passiva RF-sensorer kan användas för lokalisering genom triangulering. Noggrannheten hos AoA som mäts av de passiva RF-sensorerna påverkas dock starkt av miljön. Särskilt i stadsområden är multipath-effekten framträdande på grund av byggnadsblockering och komplicerade markförhållanden som medför vissa fel i resultatet. Därför behöver leverantören av sensorer ett verktyg för att utföra miljöanalysen för att förstå tjänstens kvalitet. Ett snabbt verktyg som kan simulera sensornätverket och den omgivande miljön kan erbjuda en flexibel lösning för att optimera sensortäckningen och ange den blinda zonen för upptäckt. Särskilt när sensorerna placeras på en mobil plattformkan ett sådant verktyg avsevärt förbättra drönardetektionssystemets försvarskvalitet genom att optimera utplaceringen i realtid och ange områden med låg observationsgrad. För att planera sensorernas placering och bedöma prestandan efter att sensorn har placerats ut i snabb takt föreslår vi en multipath-baserad modell för att beräkna AoAfelet. Modellen kan utnyttja inmatningen av geometrisk information för att simulera AoA-felet inom ett område. I denna avhandling undersöker vi utomhuskanalen vid 2:4 GHz med hjälp av raytracing- metoden eftersom det är den mest använda kanalen för UAV:er. Massiva simuleringar har utförts och verkliga testflygningar har genomförts för att utvärdera modelleringens noggrannhet. Både simuleringar och testflygningar har utförts i Kista centrum där byggnaderna är allt från höghus till envåningshus med olika höjd. I simuleringen erhålls AoA med hjälp av MUSIC-algoritmen. Testflygningar genomförs med hjälp av en befintlig SDR-baserad RF-sensor. Vi gjorde vårt bästa för att utföra samma banor i både simuleringar och testflygningar för att ge rättvisa jämförelser. Simuleringsresultaten visar att multipathmodellen kan förutsäga trenden för AoA-felet när höjden ändras, medan den inte är tillräcklig för att förutsäga felet när 2D-positionen ändras. För att mer exakt karakterisera signalöverföringen är det därför viktigt att utöka denna avhandling till att omfatta mer detaljerad miljöinformation och anpassning baserad på mätning.

Due to the massive increase of active transmitters broadcasting over wideband frequencies, such as 5G wireless systems, LEO/MEO satellites, satellite constellations, and the increase of IoT devices in the average home, the radio frequency spectrum is becoming more and more congested by interference. Passive receivers face additional challenges due to the growing use of wideband frequency transmissions aimed at boosting communication system throughput. As a result, passive receivers must adopt more robust and intricate techniques to mitigate radio frequency interference. A proposed RFI removal system, known as the true time delay Hadamard projection algorithm, has been introduced in previous work to eliminate a single RFI source while preserving a narrowband signal of interest. An RF frontend is developed to assess the effectiveness of the Hadamard projection algorithm implemented on an RFSoC ZCU216. Additionally, the TTD Hadamard projection algorithm is expanded to enable the cancellation of multiple RFI sources rather than just a single source for a uniform linear array and a uniform rectangular array. Over-the-air tests are conducted to verify the performance of the interference cancellation algorithms and demonstrate the algorithms' ability to preserve the signals of interest while removing the wideband interference. Multiple algorithms are proposed to estimate the time delays used by the interference cancellation algorithm to effectively eliminate wideband interference. These algorithms address diverse scenarios encompassing interference sources ranging from strong to weak SNR. Detailed reports of algorithm performance provide insights into their effectiveness and suitability across specific interference conditions.

Introduktion: Antalet prehospitala förlossningar är få och därför kan det vara svårt för ambulanspersonal att upprätthålla tillräcklig kompetens inom området. Eftersom det händer sällan kan det väcka oro hos sjuksköterskor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda vid prehospital förlossning. Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes med semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv manifest ansats. Nio sjuksköterskor verksamma i norra Sverige inkluderades. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fem kategorier; Vikten av information och förberedelse, Stress och oro för komplikationer, En känsla av skräckblandad förtjusning, Stöd och samarbete minskar oron och Kunskap och erfarenhet ökar upplevelsen av trygghet. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor inom ambulanssjukvården känner en skräckblandad förtjusning när det kommer till att ta sig an uppgiften att bistå vid en förlossning prehospitalt. Det är en arbetsuppgift som skänker glädje i slutändan men vägen dit kan vara fylld av stress, oro och en upplevelse av brist på kunskap inom området. Slutsats: Förlossningar är ett uppdrag som sjuksköterskor inom ambulansen känner sig mindre förberedda på, det är en sällanhändelse och det gör att de inte kan tillägna sig den erfarenheten de önskar. Det finns ett behov av ökad kunskap och övning inom området.