Objectives: Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is a supportive strategy in medical education. In Peru, this method has been implemented by few universities. However, there are no consistent studies evaluating their acceptability by medical students. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of medical students about PAL in five Peruvian universities. Results: A total of 79 medical students were included in the study. The mean age was 20.1 ± 1.9 years, 54% were female, and 87% were in the first 4 years of study. Most of the students were satisfied with classes and peer teachers. Similarly, most of the students agreed with the interest in developing teaching skills. It was also observed that 97% of students approved to implement PAL in medical education programs. / Revisión por pares

The religious landscape in Sweden has changed in recent years as a result of secularization processes, individualization, and migration. This has led to religion occupying new places in society and one such place is media. The visibility of religion in the media creates space for debate about what role religion should play in different context, which in this thesis applies to school. Since 2018, there has been a debate in the media regarding the being or non-being of independent confessional schools. This bachelor thesis aims to examine the arguments that appear in the criticism versus the defense of independent confessional schools in debate articles in Sweden. Debate articles from the Swedish newspapers Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet and Expressen are examined with qualitative text analysis. The result shows that the most common arguments among those who want to ban independent confessional schools are: religious indoctrination, segregation, and extremism. From the other side of the debate are the ones who defend independent confessional schools and the most common arguments from this side are: freedom of religion, corresponds to the Swedish curriculum, and integration. Further, an additional aim is to analyze how the debate can be understood using the theoretical concepts of narrative, institutional and cultural transformation processes in mediatization theory. The analysis shows that there are signs of these transformation processes in the debate articles. Many of the debate articles on the ban side are structured according to media logics where one perspective is set against another to provoke reactions from the readers, which expresses the narrative transformation process. The institutional transformation process is reflected in how actors from different institutions communicate in the debate, where political actors control the debate and religious actors adapt accordingly. The cultural transformation process is made visible by seeing how the debate relates to the surrounding society which is characterized by secular norms on one hand and increased religious diversity on the other.

In 2007, Mayor Thomas Menino and the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) implemented an amendment to the Boston Zoning Code Article 37 (Green Buildings) requiring new construction approved under Article 80B (Development Review and Approval: Large Project Review) be designed and built to meet the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (USGBC LEED) certification. This amendment is intended to promote green building practices in the city and reduce the environmental impacts of buildings larger than 50,000 square feet. Article 37 does not require that the buildings actually achieve LEED certification, but they need to be LEED certifiable as determined by an interagency review committee and with the endorsement of a LEED Accredited Professional. This study examines how environmental goals have been translated into policy and how this policy has affected building practice in the City of Boston. The Green Buildings amendment was enacted to help curb greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the energy consumption of the building stock and is expected to help achieve the City’s goal of reducing carbon emissions by 25% by the year 2020 and 80% by the year 2050. This is not possible without a shift in the current building and construction paradigm. Through interviews with building professionals we assess whether this building code amendment has resulted in any necessary changes in practice and whether or not those working under the standard of LEED certifiability believe it to be an effective policy.

Introduction: Within all societies there are women being exposed to intimate partner violence. These experiences can have an impact on these women’s health and cause them to seeking help in connection with the ill health or injuries that stem from this violence. The interpersonal meeting experienced in the encounter with the health care system, and in many cases, with a nurse, can therefore be of importance for how the women experience the care given and lead to physical and psychological relief.  Aim: To explore how women exposed to intimate partner violence experience encounters within health care.  Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative articles. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze the findings.  Result: The result of the study showed that there is room for improvement of knowledge for health care professionals. The interpersonal relationship between the help seeking woman and health care professional is of importance for the experience of health care. The encounter with the health care professionals could create fear and for some women reinforce traumatic memories. The result made it evident that validation, understanding, time for conversation and offering counseling was of importance for the women.  Conclusion: There is room for improvement of knowledge for health care professionals.  The interpersonal relationship between the help seeking woman and health care professional, in many cases a nurse, is of importance for the experience of the health care. Healing could be achieved through aspects of the interpersonal relationship between health care professionals and the women, if the conditions are favorable. / Introduktion: Kvinnor med erfarenhet av våld i nära relation förekommer överallt i samhället. Erfarenheter av våld i nära relation kan påverka dessa kvinnors hälsa och leda till att de söker vård relaterat till ohälsa eller skador som våldet orsakat. Upplevelsen av mötet med hälso- och sjukvård, och i många fall mötet med sjuksköterskan, kan bli avgörande för hur dessa kvinnor kommer vidare i sin livssituation och ges möjlighet till fysiskt och psykiskt läkande. Syfte: Undersöka hur kvinnor med erfarenhet av våld i nära relation upplever mötet med hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: En litteraturstudie där tio kvalitativa originalartiklar har sammanställts med tematisk dataanalys.  Resultat: Resultatet visade på att kvinnor med erfarenhet av våld i nära relation upplevde kunskapsluckor hos vårdpersonalen och att det påverkade hur kvinnorna upplevde mötet och hjälpen de fick. Mötet med vårdpersonal kunde utlösa rädsla och präglas av att minnen av traumatiska erfarenheter gjorde sig påminda. Det visade sig betydelsefullt att vårdpersonalen kunde erbjuda extra tid, ha förståelse och ge validering av kvinnornas berättelser samt hjälp att, genom bearbetning av sina erfarenheter av våld i nära relation komma vidare. Slutsats: Studien visade ett behov av att hos vårdpersonal öka kompetensen inom ämnet våld i nära relation. Studien visade också att det interpersonella mötet mellan kvinnor som söker vård och vårdpersonalen, ofta sjuksköterskor, har en betydelse för upplevelsen och att mötet, under rätt förutsättningar, kan bidra till läkande.

This qualitative study has chosen to examine how South Korea and its popular culture isbeing portrayed in Swedish journalistic and how it may come to play a role in theportrayal of South Korea as a society. Our aim with the research was to see how SouthKorean popular culture is portrayed in Swedish journalism and to investigate whetherthe Swedish presentation of South Korean popular culture also can be used to shareperspectives regarding societal standards, and how popular culture is used engagediscussions about South Korea as a society. The chosen method was a qualitativetextual as well as a thematic analysis when analysing our empirical material. We haveused theories of framing, cultural globalization, semiotics, news value and culturaljournalism.Our analysis shows how South Korea and the Korean wave, also known as Hallyu, hasbeen on a rise to fame during the last two decades. From mega pop bands to Oscaraward winning movies such as Parasite, South Korea has come to be one of the mostrecognized countries in terms of movie, TV, and music. Parallel to this an interest hasgrown around the world and Sweden for the Swedish media to report on differentinstances regarding the South Korean popular culture. The majority of our discussionrevolves around how the articles are offering us as researchers an interpretation as wellas where and if there is a difference in reporting on various subjects regarding bothSouth Korea's perceived image as a country and how their popular culture andcelebrities have come to have played a role in this.The result from this study suggests that there is a difference in where the focus of SouthKoreas popular culture lies depending on the subject of the article and that there is notonly one type of portrayal. The results also show that celebrities make out a huge part ofthe subjects that are being published regardless of aim.Keywords: text, culture, globalization, hallyu, article, society, media / Denna kvalitativa studie har valt att undersöka hur Sydkorea och dess populärkulturskildras i svensk journalistik. Vårt syfte med forskningen var att se hur sydkoreanskpopulärkultur skildras inom svensk journalistik och undersöka om den svenskaframställningen av den Sydkoreanska populärkulturen även har ett samhälleligtperspektiv, samt om och hur populärkulturen används för att kunna föra en diskussionangående Sydkorea som samhälle. Den valda metoden var en kvalitativ text- samttematisk analys och vid analysen av vårt empiriska material använde vi teorier omgestaltning; kulturell globalisering, semiotik, nyhetsvärde samt kulturjournalistik.Vår analys visar hur Sydkorea och den koreanska vågen, även känd som Hallyu, harvuxit i framgång under de senaste två decennierna. Från megapopband tillOscarsbelönta filmer som Parasite, har Sydkorea kommit att bli ett av de mest erkändaländerna när det gäller film, TV och musik. Parallellt med detta har intresset vuxit runtom i världen och Sverige för att svenska medier ska rapportera om olika inslag kringden sydkoreanska populärkulturen. Den största delen av vår diskussion kretsar kringvilken tolkning artiklarna erbjuder oss som forskare samt var och om det är skillnad irapportering om olika ämnen vad gäller både Sydkoreas upplevda image som land ochhur deras populärkultur och kändisar har kommit att haft en betydande roll inom detta.Resultaten från denna studie tyder på att det finns en skillnad i vart fokus för Sydkoreaspopulärkultur ligger i texterna beroende på ämnet för artikeln, samt att det inte barafinns en typ av skildring i framställningen. Resultatet visar även hur kändisar utgör enstor del av de ämnen som publiceras oavsett vinkling.Nyckelord: text, kultur, globalisering, hallyu, artikel, samhälle, medium

In the ever-changing digital era, the surge of online informal language learning platforms has revolutionized the way we learn new languages. This dissertation delves into the critical role of interactional feedback (IF) in synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC), a cornerstone for optimizing these digital learning spaces. Anchored in the interactionist perspective and usage-based linguistics, this research seeks to illuminate the pathways through which IF can enhance language acquisition in virtual settings. The proliferation of online language learning tools has not been matched by a comprehensive understanding of feedback dynamics. This study, therefore, sets out to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the impact of IF on language learners' proficiency, particularly in article usage - a notorious challenge for language learners. Over a span of ten weeks, ten pairs of native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS) engaged in SCMC sessions, generating a rich dataset of 49 hours and 197 transcripts. This corpus served as the foundation for a mixed-method analysis, scrutinizing the types of NS feedback, the NNS errors that prompted such feedback, and the subsequent NNS responses, with a focus on article usage across varying proficiency levels and discussion topics. The investigation uncovered a spectrum of eleven distinct feedback types, with embedded corrections and interrogative recasts emerging as the most potent in eliciting learner uptake. The comparative analysis of text-based and voice-based feedback revealed a notable disparity in effectiveness, with text-based feedback succeeding in 33% of instances, while voice-based feedback achieved a higher success rate of 43%. The study also highlighted article errors as the predominant trigger for NS corrective feedback, with a remarkable 69% of NNSs adjusting their article usage in response to such feedback. A qualitative dive into the data exposed personal subjects as the most frequent topics of conversation, underscoring the significance of contextually relevant interactions in language learning. Employing a dynamic coding approach, complemented by rigorous statistical analyses such as the Friedman test and subsequent post hoc comparisons, the study meticulously charted the evolution of article usage over the course of the ten-week period. The post hoc comparisons, in particular, shed light on the intricate relationship between learners' proficiency levels and their mastery of article usage. These analyses confirmed a positive correlation between proficiency and article accuracy, with higher proficiency learners consistently demonstrating more precise article usage in both text and voice-based SCMC. The implications of these findings are far-reaching for the field of language education. They underscore the necessity for educators to cultivate a nuanced understanding of the diverse feedback mechanisms at play in different communicative contexts. The study advocates for the strategic use of varied feedback techniques, such as integrated corrections and clarification requests, and the design of activities that foster target-like language production. In crafting SCMC tasks, educators are encouraged to prioritize feedback that bridges communicative gaps, ensuring that such activities are in harmony with pedagogical objectives and learner preferences. In conclusion, this research contributes to the body of knowledge on digital language learning by providing empirical evidence on the efficacy of IF in SCMC. It offers actionable insights for language educators seeking to refine online instructional practices and curriculum development, with the ultimate goal of enhancing learners' linguistic competence in an increasingly digitalized world.

L'article XXIV constitue le fondement et le cadre juridique des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) sur la base duquel sont examinés les accords notifiés à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Cet article est comme une exception au principe de la nation la plus favorisée, clé de voûte du système commercial multilatéral. L'article XXIV s'est au cours du temps, avéré être une disposition ambiguë et fluctuante. Ses imprécisions ont donné lieu à des interprétations divergentes. Ceci a engendré des controverses entre les Membres de l'OMC qui, malgré les efforts, n'ont pas réussi à résoudre ses lacunes. L'ambiguïté des critères de l'article XXIV a été exploitée par les États donnant lieu à une pléthore d'ACR dont la portée et le contenu sont loin d'être conformes à l'Article XXIV. Cette situation a créé une brèche dans les principes fondamentaux du système commercial multilatéral à cause de la discrimination que ces systèmes préférentiels engendrent au détriment des tierces parties. La première partie de cette thèse décrit la genèse de l'article XXIV et les objectifs que les fondateurs de l'accord Général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) attendaient de la création d'intégrations économique plus poussées. Ces derniers n'ont pas prévu les abus dans son application, qui ont été tels qu'ils pouvaient mettre en péril l'intégrité du système commercial multilatéral. Cet état de fait déclencha une alarme appelant à une remise en question de tout le système. Malgré les efforts, l'article XXIV ne semble pas encore refléter une évolution décisive dans son application. De nombreux défauts intrinsèques et extrinsèques du système commercial multilatéral sont considérés dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, expliquant l'échec des tentatives d'amélioration. Il est clair qu'une évolution ne pourrait être notable que si elle était « endogène », exprimant une volonté commune des Membres. Ainsi, nous faisons des suggestions d'ordre autant formel que matériel, pouvant permettre à notre avis, d'apporter une contribution à l'amélioration de cette situation conflictuelle. Il reste néanmoins clair que la nature complexe et « dynamique » du problème rend toute évolution incertaine. Il faut rester vigilant afin que la situation évolue vers la réalisation de plus d'ouverture mais ne retourne pas vers une remise en cause du multilatéralisme.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / This thesis examines the evolution of NATO as an institution in the International System by reference to Articles 4, 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty of 1949. Initially, the thesis considers NATO from an international relations perspective. It then proceeds to examine the institutional evolutionary process of the Alliance since its inception and implementation in 1949. Furthermore, it explores the significance and the meaning of the aforementioned Articles. This thesis utilizes the case study method and refers to four distinct events that have shaped allied policies and strategies: the Suez Crisis of 1956, the establishment of the politico-military consultation process, the Yom Kippur War (1973), and the end of the Cold War (1989-1991). It also examines the allied policies after the events of September 11, 2001. Moreover, it identifies a general pattern of events pertinent to crisis creation inside NATO when the organization is facing a defense issue outside the Euro-Atlantic area. Finally, the thesis concludes that NATO is more than an ordinary military Alliance, as advocated by its longevity, agility and adaptability, which allows the Alliance to maintain a central position in the International System as a robust politico-military organization. / Lieutenant Commander, Hellenic Navy

Europe is facing a climate and environmental crisis. To respond to this, the European Commission has launched several programmes, which aim to increase sustainability and environmental protection. This aim has been condensed into the policy document that is the European Green Deal. The European Green Deal sets out the aim of making the Union’s economy climate neutral, while improving environmental protection and protecting biodiversity. To this end, several different sectors of the economy need to be overhauled.  In EU Law, a key policy area is to protect free competition. Article 101 TFEU sets out that agreements between undertakings which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition are prohibited. Similarly, Article 102 TFEU prohibits abuse by an undertaking of a dominant position.  This thesis explores what happens when competition law thus intersects with the environmental policy of the Union. The thesis identifies two main situations  of interaction. Undertakings can invoke environmental protection to justify a restriction of competition. The Union may also rely on its antitrust provisions to enforce sustainability by holding unsustainable practices as restrictive agreements or abuses of dominant behaviour, respectively, and thus prohibited by the antitrust provisions.  Generally, the thesis concludes that there is not enough information on how the Commission and the CJEU will approach arguments relating to sustainability in its antitrust assessment. The Commission’s consumer welfare standard appears to limit environmental integration to points where a certain factor results affects the environment or sustainability on the one hand, and consumer welfare on the other. The lack of information, moreover, is in itself an issue as undertakings may abstain from environmental action if they believe they will come under scrutiny due to violations of the antitrust provisions. Therefore, a key conclusion in the thesis is that the Commission and the CJEU should set out clear guidelines for environmental action by undertakings, in relation to the antitrust provisions. Similarly, the Commission appears to be cautious to use antitrust as a tool against unsustainable practices. The Commission has, however, recently decided to open an investigation into agreements which limit sustainability, which shows that the picture may be changing.

This study aims to describe and analyse the ideas behind and the function of the NGO Maskrosbarn’s advocate services for children (barnombud) during child welfare investigations. The main focus is the advocate services relation to children’s participation. The study has a qualitative case-study approach and contains documents from the local authorities and interviews with eight representatives in six different positions such as child advocates, youth and social workers. An analysis has been made using Shier’ (2001) and Hart’s (1992) theories of child participation and theories about human service organisations (Hasenfeldt, 1983), the New Institutional Theory (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) and the street-level bureaucrat theory (Lipsky, 1980). One main obstacle for child participation in child welfare investigation, shown in the study, is organisational conditions and social workers’ position in public authority. By creating a relationship built on trust, the child advocate supports the child in the investigation process and has the ability to increase the child’s participation and thereby overcome the gap between the social worker and the child. This study highlights the importance of an active cooperation between the child advocate services and the social services, and also of a shared view on the meaning of participation.