CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Trabalhar com o processo de referenciaÃÃo representa a possibilidade de voltar o olhar para os elementos linguÃsticos que colaboram para a tessitura do texto e para a construÃÃo do discurso. Fundamentado nesse pressuposto, este trabalho de dissertaÃÃo apresenta atividades organizadas em uma sequÃncia didÃtica (SD) cujo propÃsito à desenvolver habilidades no uso produtivo e eficiente dos mecanismos de referenciaÃÃo anafÃrica em alunos do Ensino Fundamental II. Para o alcance desse propÃsito, tÃm-se como objetivos: a) propor atividades que tratam da referenciaÃÃo, sobretudo da anafÃrica; b) refletir em que medida o conhecimento dos mecanismos de referenciaÃÃo pelos alunos, sobretudo os relacionados ao processo anafÃrico, favorece o desenvolvimento da escrita; c) sugerir atividades voltadas para a produÃÃo de textos de forma a alcanÃar o uso eficiente de recursos de referenciaÃÃo anafÃrica responsÃvel pela manutenÃÃo e pela progressÃo da referÃncia no texto. Como apoio teÃrico, fundamentalmente, para a referenciaÃÃo, numa perspectiva sociocognitiva e interacional, recorre-se a Mondada e Dubois (2005), Cavalcante (2011) e Cavalcante, Brito e CustÃdio Filho (2014), e, para a sequÃncia didÃtica, a Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004). Concebida para aplicaÃÃo junto a alunos do 9 ano de uma escola pÃblica de Fortaleza, a SD proposta busca conscientizÃ-los a respeito dos mecanismos de manutenÃÃo e progressÃo temÃtica, especificamente em um texto argumentativo, o artigo de opiniÃo. Acredita-se que a SD propicie o uso mais consciente e produtivo dos mecanismos de referenciaÃÃo anafÃrica e a percepÃÃo de que os referentes sÃo estabelecidos entre os interlocutores, em uma perspectiva compartilhada, pois à na interaÃÃo que os sentidos do texto se constroem e sÃo reconstruÃdos. / Working with referential process represents the possibility of regarding the linguistic elements that contribute to the textsâ organization and the speech construction. Based on that foundations, this dissertation presents activities organized in a pedagogical sequence (PS) in which its purpose is developing abilities by using productive and efficient anaphoric reference mechanisms in Middle school students. In order to achieve that, the objectives are: a) propose activities that are related to referencing, more specific anaphoric reference; b) reflect on to what extent the acquisition of anaphoric reference mechanisms by the students, especially related to the anaphoric reference, favor the writing development; c) suggest activities concerning text production in order to achieve efficient manners of anaphoric reference mechanisms responsible for maintenance and for progression of referencing in the text. As to theoretical support, fundamentally, to reference, in a sociocognitive interactional perspective, according to Mondada and Dubois (2005), Cavalcante (2011), Cavalcante, Brito and CustÃdio Filho (2014), and, as to pedagogial sequence, to Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004). Conceived to apply to 9th grade students in public school in Fortaleza, the PS proposed aims at raising awareness about the maintenance mechanisms and theme progression, specifically in a argumentative text, the opinion article. It is believed that the PS give a more conscious and productive use of anaphoric reference mechanisms and the perception that the referents are established between the interlocutors in a shared perspective because it is in the interaction process that the ideas are constructed and reconstructed.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Existem poucas pesquisas que exploram textos argumentativos no Ensino Fundamental. Trabalhar com prÃticas de letramento em uma sala de nono ano e construir um evento de letramento, no qual o gÃnero discursivo artigo de opiniÃo tenha sido produzido pelos discentes, mostra que o aluno do Ensino Fundamental à capaz de argumentar e defender sua tese e que essa capacidade de escrever textos argumentativos nÃo deve ser somente abordada e desenvolvida no Ensino MÃdio. Com esse propÃsito, trabalhamos com o conceito de letramento com base em Street (2014), Soares (2014), MagalhÃes (2012) Kleiman (1995; 2007; 2008). Ao falar sobre os tipos de argumento presentes em textos argumentativos e sobre argumentaÃÃo, baseamo-nos em Fiorin (2015), Cavalcante (2016) e em Gonzaga (2016). Sabe-se que hà dificuldades no alunado do Ensino Fundamental de construir textos argumentativos, pois esse gÃnero exige a construÃÃo de tese, sustentada e legitimada por argumentos e contra-argumentos, mais conclusÃo coerente. Docentes buscam formar o alunado para a escrita com significado, logo a produÃÃo do artigo de opiniÃo à um veÃculo importante de argumentaÃÃo, refutaÃÃo e defesa de posiÃÃo. Com o tema prÃticas de letramento escolar, objetivamos, nesta dissertaÃÃo, fazer a ponte entre o letramento e a produÃÃo do gÃnero discursivo artigo de opiniÃo e essa aÃÃo à vista como ferramenta de aprendizagem que docentes do Ensino Fundamental possam utilizar e transmitir didaticamente para seu alunado. Utiliza-se a abordagem qualitativa (FLICK, 2009) nesta pesquisa, da qual participaram 18 estudantes do nono ano de uma escola pÃblica que trabalharam com a estrutura do gÃnero discursivo artigo de opiniÃo. ApÃs a preparaÃÃo, os estudantes redigiram seu prÃprio artigo de opiniÃo, em norma culta da lÃngua, sobre o tema âGravidez na adolescÃncia: causas e consequÃnciasâ. As categorias de anÃlise dos textos produzidos pelos discentes foram: a) diferenciaÃÃo do tema da tese; b) desenvolvimento da tese; c) tipos de argumento. Antes da intervenÃÃo, apenas 10 discentes diferenciaram o tema da tese; depois da intervenÃÃo, 17 diferenciaram e desenvolveram a tese. Houve a utilizaÃÃo de vÃrios tipos de argumento na defesa da ideia central dos produtores dos textos na primeira e na Ãltima produÃÃo textual. A presente dissertaÃÃo contribui para o debate acerca do letramento escolar, mediante prÃticas de letramento (Street, 2012), pois o objetivo final do ensino de lÃngua portuguesa à ampliar a capacidade de utilizar leitura e escrita como prÃticas sociais. / There is little research which shows argumentative texts being worked in elementary education. Working with literacy practices in a ninth grade class and build a literacy event, in which the opinion article discursive genre was produced by students, shows that the elementary school student knows how to argue and defend his thesis and it show that ability to write argumentative texts must not only be addressed and developed in high school. We work with the concept of literacy based on Street (2014), Soares (2014), MagalhÃes (2012) Kleiman (1995; 2007; 2008). When we talk about the argument types present in argumentative texts and about argumentation, we rely on Fiorin (2015) Cavalcante (2016) and Gonzaga (2016). It is known that there are difficulties among the elementary school students in building argumentative texts, because this genre requires thesis construction, supported and legitimized by arguments and counterarguments, plus a coherent conclusion. Teachers seek to form the students for meaningful writing, thus the production of the opinion piece is an important vehicle of argumentation, refutation and point of view defense. With the theme School Literacy Practices, we aim, in this work, to bridge the gap between literacy and production of the opinion article discursive genre as a learning tool that teachers of elementary school can use and transmit didactically. We use a qualitative approach (FLICK, 2009) in this study, which was attended by 18 students from the ninth grade of a public school, who worked with the structure of the discursive genre opinion article. After preparation, the students wrote their own opinion pieces in Standard Portuguese language, on the theme "Teenager pregnancy: causes and consequences". The analysis categories of texts produced by students were: a) differentiation of the theme from the thesis; b) development of the thesis; c) argument types. Before the intervention, only 10 students had differentiated the theme from the thesis; after the intervention, 17 had differentiated and developed the thesis. There was the use of various types of argument to defense the central idea of the producers of the texts in the first and last text production. This work contributes to the debate about school literacy through practices of literacy (Street, 2012), since the ultimate goal of the Portuguese language teaching is to enlarge the ability to use reading and writing as social practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Cristina da Silva.pdf: 313607 bytes, checksum: 773990615eb011e538b50af40e2d8971 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / One of the factors that negatively interfere in text productions which are considered unsatisfying is the unfamiliarity, by writers, with the oral modality lexicogrammar which differs from that of the written modality and the fact that specific genres of speech require specific language choices. As a result and based on the fact that the oral modality is acquired before the written modality, it is not surprising that several features of the oral text end up permeating the written text, marking it with oral nuances. One of such features concerns the discourse markers (DMs). By the way, there is much controversy about the meaning of the expression discourse markers . Thus, to Taboada (2006), the first difficulty concerning the DMs is exactly defining what they are and what to call them. Hempel e Degand (2008) have studied such markers which they name frame marker or organization metadiscourse marker, based upon the textual metadiscourse classification (HYLAND; TSE, 2004: 169). Thompson and Thetela (1995), examining the interpersonal metafunction (HALLIDAY, 1994), propose to divide such metafunction into three functions: (a) personal, the writer´s stance; (b) interactional, the carrying of relations between reader and writer and (c) interactive, having tools that lead the reader through the text, thus considered as an interpersonal element. Halliday, however, would consider it part of the textual metafunction. The objective of this dissertation is examining the occurrences of organization textual discourse markers (TDMs) and interpersonal discourse markers (IDMs) in Portuguese in oral and written texts, according to Dafouz-Milne (2008), based on the classification of Hyland e and Tse (2004). Therefore, it must answer the following questions: (1) what are the TDMs and IDMs that mostly occur in the oral and written modalities? (2) How can these occurrences help to understand the syntax characteristics of these modalities? The corpus of this research is composed by an interview made by Projeto Nurc and by an opinion article published by Folha de São Paulo. The research is supported by Systemic Functional Linguistics, an approach that tries develop a theory about language as a social process and a methodology that allows a detailed description systematic description of the linguistic patterns / One of the factors that negatively interfere in text productions which are considered unsatisfying is the unfamiliarity, by writers, with the oral modality lexicogrammar which differs from that of the written modality and the fact that specific genres of speech require specific language choices. As a result and based on the fact that the oral modality is acquired before the written modality, it is not surprising that several features of the oral text end up permeating the written text, marking it with oral nuances. One of such features concerns the discourse markers (DMs). By the way, there is much controversy about the meaning of the expression discourse markers . Thus, to Taboada (2006), the first difficulty concerning the DMs is exactly defining what they are and what to call them. Hempel e Degand (2008) have studied such markers which they name frame marker or organization metadiscourse marker, based upon the textual metadiscourse classification (HYLAND; TSE, 2004: 169). Thompson and Thetela (1995), examining the interpersonal metafunction (HALLIDAY, 1994), propose to divide such metafunction into three functions: (a) personal, the writer´s stance; (b) interactional, the carrying of relations between reader and writer and (c) interactive, having tools that lead the reader through the text, thus considered as an interpersonal element. Halliday, however, would consider it part of the textual metafunction. The objective of this dissertation is examining the occurrences of organization textual discourse markers (TDMs) and interpersonal discourse markers (IDMs) in Portuguese in oral and written texts, according to Dafouz-Milne (2008), based on the classification of Hyland e and Tse (2004). Therefore, it must answer the following questions: (1) what are the TDMs and IDMs that mostly occur in the oral and written modalities? (2) How can these occurrences help to understand the syntax characteristics of these modalities? The corpus of this research is composed by an interview made by Projeto Nurc and by an opinion article published by Folha de São Paulo. The research is supported by Systemic Functional Linguistics, an approach that tries develop a theory about language as a social process and a methodology that allows a detailed description systematic description of the linguistic patterns

The new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes new challenges for both authorities and private actors in ensuring the protection of individuals personal data. With stricter rules comes more responsibility and the risk offacing a civil action for damages. Article 82 in GDPR gives the data subject aright to receive compensation from the controller or processor for any material or non-material damage suffered as a result of an infringement of the regula-tion. The study examines what could constitute a compensable non-material damage and how the compensation could be determined according to Swedish law and EU-law. This is done through the legal dogmatic method. The study finds that a lot of discretion is left up to the member states themselves when it comes to assessing damage. However, “damage” is to be interpreted accordingto the principles laid down by the European Court of Justice and the member states also need to take into account the principles of equivalence and effectiveness. The data subject also has the right to full compensation for the damage suffered and the compensation needs to be proportionate in relation to the damage. It is found that there is no scope for a punitive damage nor is it either possible to delimit the amount of compensation available without regard to the circumstances in each case. When it comes to awarding damages for non-material damage however, it becomes necessary to use flat-rates as long as they are related in a way that takes into consideration the circumstances of each individual case.

One aspect of the English language which has been overlooked by English-as-a-Second-Language educators is the article system, a, the, and 0. For students from articleless first languages such as Japanese, learning this complex system is a formidable challenge. Performance studies show an error rate among advanced Japanese students of approximately thirty percent. There may be several reasons for this high rate: 1) the differences between Japanese and English, 2) the unusually high degree of complexity/difficulty of the article system itself compared to other English morpheme systems and 3) inadequate treatments of the subject as revealed in this thesis' survey of forty ESL textbooks. Recent pragmatic discoveries about article function reveal subtle, contextual influences which have not been well integrated into traditional treatments. Definiteness may be dependent on sentential, discourse, and situational contexts, on whether referents are unique and manifest to the hearer, and on the nature of certain implicatures induced by the articles. Computerized, interactive tutorials are the best way to capture how these variables interact to constrain article choice. A prototype for a tutorial is submitted with this thesis. In addition to exhaustive explanations of contexts and implicatures in the form of actor's "asides," it features Japanese translations throughout, and, to show how uniqueness may be culture bound, utterances that take place within Japanese culture. Although the tutorial presented here needs enlargement, it is believed that an animated, computerized tutorial emphasizing subtle pragmatic features is more illustrative of actual article usage than have been traditional hard copy explanations.

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<p>An empirical study of how Malaysian pluralism is understood through Islam Hadhari, Article 11 and the Inter-faith Commission against the backdrop of current Malaysian political and social history, coupled with a theoretical analysis through John Rawls' Political Liberalism, with particular emphasis on the idea of Overlapping Consensus.</p><p>The thesis is an attempt at applying Rawls' theory on the practical case of Malaysia, as a plural society, while at the same time using the practical case of Malaysia to highlight parts of Rawls' own theory.</p>

An empirical study of how Malaysian pluralism is understood through Islam Hadhari, Article 11 and the Inter-faith Commission against the backdrop of current Malaysian political and social history, coupled with a theoretical analysis through John Rawls' Political Liberalism, with particular emphasis on the idea of Overlapping Consensus. The thesis is an attempt at applying Rawls' theory on the practical case of Malaysia, as a plural society, while at the same time using the practical case of Malaysia to highlight parts of Rawls' own theory.

The literature on the capabilities of weak states to withstand pressure from strong states suggests that more often than not, weaker states tend to give into the stronger power. What are the motivating factors that enable weak states to withstand pressure from strong states? To ensure that the International Criminal Court (ICC) does not gain jurisdiction over its nationals, the United States is currently seeking to sign Bilateral Immunity Agreements (BIAs) with all countries under the rubric of the American Servicemembers' Protection Act. This thesis examines through a comparative case study analysis how a number of African Countries are able to withstand the pressure to sign a BIA by taking advantage of internal and external institutional structures and mechanisms. It also fills a gap in the literature by examining one regions response to the BIAs relative to the U.S. position concerning the ICC.

Enterprises when transacting with each other, are not subjected to the same market forces as independent enterprises. From a Swedish perspective the applicable rule to transactions between associated enterprises is chap. 14 para. 19. Both the Swedish arm’s length rule and its international equivalence are abstract rules of law as they merely provides the legal ramification if associated enterprises interact in a manner that independent enterprises would not. The international equivalence to the Swedish arm’s length rule is not a separate rule of law per se it is the gateway by which the Swedish rule is made applicable in international situations, through the use of a double tax agreement, with the fundamental principle that a double tax agreement can only limit, never expand a countries right to tax. The OECD Guidelines governing the general aspects of transfer pricing states that the fundamental meaning of the Guidelines is to find ways of establishing a price used between associated enterprises that are similar to what independent enterprise would conclude. The first step towards finding such a price is though the comparability analyses were all the relevant characteristics of the transferred goods is analysed. The chapter in the Guidelines that governs business restructurings is meant to be applied alongside the general aspects of transfer pricing. The Guidelines proposed way of finding an appropriate price for the transaction of a branch of production with respect to profit potential is with special consideration to risks. The profit potential is irrevocably linked with the risks transferred since it is a presumption that with increased risk there is a potential for higher profits. Although the risks are the most important aspect there are other things to look at such as other options realistically available and benefits from concluding a business restructuring.