Background: The role of the placenta in fetal programming has been recognized as a highly significant, yet often neglected area of study. We investigated placental size in relation to psychopathology, in particular attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, in children at 8 years of age, and later as adolescents at 16 years. Methodology/Principal Findings: Prospective data were obtained from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) 1986. Placental weight, surface area and birth weight were measured according to standard procedures, within 30 minutes after birth. ADHD symptoms, probable psychiatric disturbance, antisocial disorder and neurotic disorder were assessed at 8 years (n = 8101), and ADHD symptoms were assessed again at 16 years (n = 6607), by teachers and parents respectively. We used logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between placental size and mental health outcomes, and controlled for gestational age, birth weight, socio-demographic factors and medical factors, during gestation. There were significant positive associations between placental size (weight, surface area and placental-to-birth-weight ratio) and mental health problems in boys at 8 and 16 years of age. Increased placental weight was linked with overall probable psychiatric disturbance (at 8y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.04-1.25]), antisocial behavior (at 8 y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.03-1.27]) and ADHD symptoms (inattention-hyperactivity at 16y, OR = 1.19 [95% CI = 1.02-1.38]). No significant associations were detected among girls. Conclusions/Significance: Compensatory placental growth may occur in response to prenatal insults. Such overgrowth may affect fetal development, including brain development, and ultimately contribute to psychopathology.

In recent years, the possibility to deduct expenses for research and development (R&D) has been interpreted narrowly. As a response, the Income Tax Act chapter 16, section 9 (the R&D-rule) was amended to increase the possibility to deduct R&D of more general character. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the meaning of the R&D-rule to be able to decide if the amendment is an extension of the deductibility and whether this amendment can be considered adequate. According to the R&D-rule, the recipient of the grant needs to conduct R&D activity and there needs to be a sufficient connection between the R&D activity and the company to be allowed deduction. The difficulty in applying the R&D-rule is mainly when the research is conducted outside the company and the aim of the research is not to solve the company’s specific problem.The connection between the R&D-activity and the company needs to be reasonable. This means that only R&D-activity that falls completely outside the company’s activities should be excluded from deductibility. However, even R&D where some connection can be shown has been excluded from deductibility, which makes the application of the R&D-rule complex. The amendment of the R&D-rule means that deduction is now possible where a reasonable interest can be shown with either the principal business or the other business. The assessment if a reasonable interest can be shown between the R&D and the company’s activities, must now take into account all aspects of the company not only the principal activity. In conclusion, the amendment creates an extension of the deductibility. The purpose of the amendment of the R&D-rule was to extend the deductibilityof R&D. The amendment must therefore be considered adequate. The addition of the other business to the wording of the R&D-rule will lead to an actual extension of the deductibility of R&D. / De senaste åren har möjligheten till avdrag för FoU tolkats snävt vilket försvårat för företagen att få avdrag för FoU av allmän karaktär. Svaret på kritiken mot den snäva tolkningen förde med sig en lagändring av IL 16 kap 9 § (FoU-regeln). Uppsatsens syfte är att fastställa innebörden av FoU-regeln för att utreda om lagändringen är en utvidgning i förhållande till den tidigare lydelsen av lagregeln samt bedöma om lagändringen är ändamålsenlig.  Enligt FoU-regeln krävs det att mottagaren av bidraget utgör en FoU verksamhet samt att tillräckligt samband finns mellan FoU:n och företaget för att erhålla avdragsrätt. Svårigheten att bedöma sambandet är då FoU:n utförs av någon extern och syftet med forskningen inte är inriktad på att lösa företagets specifika problem utan forskningen är av mer allmän karaktär. Det måste finnas ett rimligt intresse mellan FoU-verksamheten och företaget, vilket innebä ratt bara sådan FoU som hamnar helt utanför företagets område ska uteslutas från avdragsrätt. I praxis har även dock FoU med visst samband uteslutits varför tillämpningen av FoU-regeln är komplex. Lagändringen av FoU-regeln innebär att avdrag får göras när det finns samband mellan FoU-verksamheten och den huvudsakliga verksamheten eller verksamheten i övrigt. Vid bedömningen ska hänsyn alltså tas till hela verksamheten. Det här innebär en utvidgning av avdragsrätten i förhållande till den tidigare lydelsen, då avdrag endast medgavs när samband fanns med kärnverksamheten. Det huvudsakliga ändamålet med lagändringen är en utvidgad avdragsrätt. Utifrån ordalydelse är det nu tydligt att avdrag får göras även då samband inte finns med den huvudsakliga verksamheten, men samband finns med den övriga verksamheten. Tillägget verksamheten i övrigt innebär således en faktisk utvidgning av avdragsrätten för FoU i förhållande till den tidigare lydelsen av FoUregeln.

Conflict and injustice are endemic to the imperfectness of human existence, and the Church of Christ is not immune to them. Various means can be adopted to solve conflict in the church. This study is concerned with legal restitution through calling at a major assembly, as provided in Article 31 Church Order. Statement of the problem Biblical grounds for the right of appeal are largely lacking in the Reformed church polity. In addition, there is no clear definition of the concept 'injustice' in Article 31 Church Order. In the case of appeals brought to a synod of the RCSA, the verdict usually contains no guidelines on how the matter should be dealt with in practice in order to effect reconciliation. Consequently, the outcome of an appeal does not necessarily contribute to the solution and restoration of broken relationships. Aim and method of work This study endeavours to determine the biblical grounds of appeal and legal restitution in Reformed church polity through scriptural study; establish the essence and content of appeal in Reformed church polity; and examine the functioning, treatment and application of appeal with a view to legal restitution in the RCSA, and address shortcomings in this respect. Findings Legal restitution occurs when an appeal is judged according to clearly defined norms; the verdict rests on the same norms; and the necessary steps had been taken to reconcile the parties involved in the appeal Organisation The study is divided into four main sections: biblical foundation of appeal with a view to legal restitution; historical development of appeal with a view to legal restitution; fundamental definition of appeal with a view to legal restitution; and practical treatment of appeal with a view to legal restitution. Finally, the research questions born from the problem statement are answered by means of concluding statements. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church Polity))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Nous entamons notre étude par l'examen de cinq justifications avancées au soutien de la liberté de religion: la tolérance, la rationalité, l'utilitarisme, le perfectionnisme et la neutralité. Ensuite, nous exposons de façon générale le droit relatif à liberté de religion tel qu'il est mis en oeuvre au Canada. Ces deux étapes préliminaires nous amènent à analyser de façon critique l'interaction entre la liberté de religion et les droits et intérêts des enfants. La thèse générale que nous développons est la suivante: lorsqu'une situation met en présence la liberté de religion ainsi que les droits et intérêts fondamentaux d'un enfant qui n'est pas assez mature et intellectuellement indépendant pour pouvoir faire des choix éclairés, nous sommes d'avis que le test de proportionnalité n'est pas appliqué par la Cour suprême et que généralement, il ne devrait pas l'être. Nous concluons que l'intérêt et les droits fondamentaux de l'enfant ont un poids prépondérant. / First, the author analyses five reasons that may be advanced to justify freedom of religion: tolerance, rationality, utilitarianism, perfectionism and neutrality. Then, the author generally sets out the mechanisms by which freedom of religion is interpreted in Canada. These two preliminary steps lead to a critical analysis of the interaction between freedom of religion and children's rights and interests. The author submits that when a legal situation involves freedom of religion and the fundamental interests or rights of children that are not capable of autonomous choices, the Supreme Court does not apply a proportionality test and, generally, courts should not apply it. The author concludes that the fundamental rights and interests of children are preponderant. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. en droit option recherche"

La Cour suprême du Canada (« Cour ») prône « ses propres valeurs» dans la détermination des droits économiques des Autochtones, dont la prédominance des intérêts économiques des non Autochtones, ainsi que la protection du couple souveraineté canadienne/primauté du droit. Ces valeurs sont maintenues avec constance par la Cour, malgré l'évolution du cadre juridique canadien applicable aux revendications des droits économiques par les Autochtones. Ce mémoire démontre que, depuis la constitutionnalisation des droits économiques des Autochtones en 1982, le domaine de la preuve - tant par l'invocation de règles de preuve que par l'appréciation de la preuve - est le principal outil invoqué par la Cour en rhétorique au soutien de la détermination des droits économiques des Autochtones selon ses propres valeurs. De plus, notre recherche nous a également permis de formuler plusieurs critiques relatives à l'indiscipline de la Cour dans l'application du domaine de la preuve dans les décisions portant sur les droits économiques des Autochtones. / When determining the scope of Aboriginal economic rights, the Supreme Court of Canada (« Court ») values the economic interests of non-Aboriginals and the reaffirmation of Canadian sovereignty/rule of law over Aboriginal claims. These values are advanced by the Court despite developments in the Canadian legal framework applicable to Aboriginal economic rights claims. This thesis demonstrates that, since 1982, when Aboriginal economic rights were granted constitutional protection, the Court began to utilize the law of evidence to justify the espousal of their values when determining the scope of Aboriginal economic rights. The Court manipulates both its weighing of the evidence and the rules of evidence in order to justify their values. My research has led me to develop several criticisms related to the methodology used by the Court in its manipulation of the rules and in its appreciation of evidence.

Conflict and injustice are endemic to the imperfectness of human existence, and the Church of Christ is not immune to them. Various means can be adopted to solve conflict in the church. This study is concerned with legal restitution through calling at a major assembly, as provided in Article 31 Church Order. Statement of the problem Biblical grounds for the right of appeal are largely lacking in the Reformed church polity. In addition, there is no clear definition of the concept 'injustice' in Article 31 Church Order. In the case of appeals brought to a synod of the RCSA, the verdict usually contains no guidelines on how the matter should be dealt with in practice in order to effect reconciliation. Consequently, the outcome of an appeal does not necessarily contribute to the solution and restoration of broken relationships. Aim and method of work This study endeavours to determine the biblical grounds of appeal and legal restitution in Reformed church polity through scriptural study; establish the essence and content of appeal in Reformed church polity; and examine the functioning, treatment and application of appeal with a view to legal restitution in the RCSA, and address shortcomings in this respect. Findings Legal restitution occurs when an appeal is judged according to clearly defined norms; the verdict rests on the same norms; and the necessary steps had been taken to reconcile the parties involved in the appeal Organisation The study is divided into four main sections: biblical foundation of appeal with a view to legal restitution; historical development of appeal with a view to legal restitution; fundamental definition of appeal with a view to legal restitution; and practical treatment of appeal with a view to legal restitution. Finally, the research questions born from the problem statement are answered by means of concluding statements. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church Polity))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

技師服務具有高度專業性與技術性，且與一國基礎建設具重大關係，攸關人民生命財產安全，往往受到各國政府之管制。各國為確保技師服務提供之品質，通常對於技師服務進行證照管制，令技師服務之提供限於取得該國技師資格與執業執照者始得為之。有關技師資格與核發執業執照之規定通常散落於各國國內規章中，該等國內規章之適用勢必將對技師服務貿易產生影響。 在世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization，以下簡稱WTO)之服務貿易總協定下(General Agreement on Trade in Services)，WTO會員基於自願性之基礎對各項服務部門之市場開放提出承諾，技師服務屬於專業服務之範疇，亦包含於會員可能提出開放承諾之範圍內。由於各會員國內規章之規定並不須納入會員服務貿易特定承諾表內，因此若欲了解技師服務貿易自由化之情形，除須檢視各國對於技師服務所為之開放承諾外，亦應瞭解國內規章對於技師服務貿易所造成之限制。 本文以技師資格相關之國內規章為出發點，探討國內規章對於技師服務貿易自由化所產生之影響，並針對目前國際間有關技師資格之相互認許進行討論，最後對於未來技師服務貿易自由化提出建議。 / Engineering services, with high professional specialty and technical background, plays an essential role in national infrastructure and is fatal to public security. To ensure the quality of the services provided, national governments usually implement the license regulation on engineering services. Only those who obtain the engineer qualification and acquire the license can practice their own specialty. The requirement for engineer qualification and license issuing, containing in the domestic regulations, will definitely have the impact on trades of engineering services. Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter the “WTO”), WTO members make market-access commitments on a number of service sectors on the basis of voluntary. Since engineering services belongs to the category of professional services, it may also be the subject included in the commitments made by members. Since members have no obligations to inscribe domestic regulations in their schedules of specific commitments, with the purpose to understand the practical trade liberalization of engineering services, we should not simply focus on the commitments made by members, the limitation to trade of engineering services caused by domestic regulations should also be taken into consideration. This thesis initiates with the relevant domestic regulations of engineer qualification, observing how those regulations would affect the trade liberalization of engineering services. It accordingly discusses the nowadays international mutual recognition system of engineer qualification, and ends with some suggestions and thoughts regarding the future trade liberalization of engineering services.

Denna studie är en jämförelse med en tidigare studie om hur den grafiska designen på en nyhets webbplats påverkar studenternas tillit till webbplatsen och påverkar artiklarnas trovärdighet utifrån studenternas perspektiv. Undersökningen genomfördes utifrån två metodansatser, kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. För insamling av data användes enkäter och intervjuer. Syftet med denna undersökning är att få en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar tilliten till nyhetswebbplatser och om det finns likheter mellan denna studie och en tidigare studie. / This study is a comparison with previous studies on how the graphic design on a news site influences students’ trust in the website and influences the articles credibility from the perspective of the students. The studie was conducted on the basis of two methods, qualitative and quantitative method. Data collection was conducted through use of questionnaries and interviews. The purpose of this studie is to gain an understanding of the factors that affect the trust of news websites and if there are similarities between this study and previous studies.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with a detailed analysis of the daily Rudé právo in 1951 - 1960. It is focused in detail on leading representatives of the Communist Party and their impact on the situation in the former Czechoslovakia in ´50s, as well as on significant events in this period. The work will consist in comparing the real facts and distorted facts about personalities and events of that time as they were presented by Rudé právo as the propaganda newspaper of the Communist Party. The main aim of the thesis is to make a reader aware of the impartiality of Rudé právo which played a dominant role in the former media scene and greatly influenced the general public who did not have the opportunity to compare information with other news. It is important as well to the reader understand how powerful the media had already been that time, when Rudé právo was able to significantly support a cult of personality mainly around Klement Gottwald and J. V. Stalin, when a reader had no opportunity to gain any information than what the governance of communist Czechoslovakia wanted to. Besides the already mentioned cults of personalities the work will deal with propaganda of communism, the Soviet Union and the anti-Americanism which was propagated mainly between 1950 - 1953 in almost every issue of the newspaper. After reading this thesis, the reader should understand the content of Rudé právo and its importance. He should realize that the main aim was to arouse belief of the citizens of Czechoslovakia that "Western world", especially the United States, is an enemy that wants to control the whole world and that its leaders are the aggressors and the enemies of peace. The Soviet Union and its leaders should then be the protection against so-called warmongers from the USA. Due to then lack of information it was very difficult for an average working Czechoslovak reader to know that the reality was quite the opposite.