Les systèmes intelligents sont de plus en plus présents dans notre société à l’instar des systèmes de surveillance et de protection de sites civils ou militaires. Leur but est de détecter les intrus et remonter une alarme ou une menace à un opérateur distant. Dans nos travaux, nous nous intéressons à de tels systèmes avec comme objectif de gérer au mieux la qualité de l’information présentée à l’opérateur en termes de fiabilité et précision. Nous nous concentrons sur la modalité image en vue de gérer des détections à la fois incertaines et imprécises de façon à présenter des objets fiables à l’opérateur.Pour préciser notre problème nous posons les contraintes suivantes. La première est que le système soit modulaire, l’une des briques (ou sous-fonctions) du système étant la détection de fragments correspondant potentiellement à des objets. Notre deuxième contrainte est alors de n’utiliser que des informations issues de la géométrie des détections fragmentaires : localisation spatiale dans l’image et taille des détections. Une menace est alors supposée d’autant plus importante que les détections sont de tailles importantes et temporellement persistantes.Le cadre formel choisi est la théorie des fonctions de croyance qui permet de modéliser des données à la fois imprécises et incertaines. Les contributions de cette thèse concernent la représentation des objets en termes de localisation imprécise et incertaine et le filtrage des objets.La représentation pertinente des informations est un point clé pour les problèmes d’estimation ou la prise de décision. Une bonne représentation se reconnaît au fait qu’en découlent des critères simples et performants pour résoudre des sous-problèmes. La représentation proposée dans cette thèse a été valorisée par le fait qu’un critère d’association entre nouvelles détections (fragments) et objets en construction, a pu être défini d’une façon simple et rigoureuse. Rappelons que cette association est une étape clé pour de nombreux problèmes impliquant des données non étiquettées, ce qui étend notre contribution au-delà de l’application considérée.Le filtrage des données est utilisé dans de nombreuses méthodes ou algorithmes pour robustifier les résultats en s’appuyant sur la redondance attendue des données s’opposant à l’inconsistance du bruit. Nous avons alors formulé ce problème en termes d’estimation dynamique d’un cadre de discernement contenant les ‘vraies hypothèses’. Ce cadre est estimé dynamiquement avec la prise en compte de nouvelles données (ou observations) permettant de détecter deux principaux types d’erreurs : la duplication de certaines hypothèses (objets dans notre application), la présence de fausses alarmes (dues au bruit ou aux fausses détections dans notre cas).Pour finir nous montrons la possibilité de coupler nos briques de construction des objets et de filtrage de ces derniers avec une brique de suivi utilisant des informations plus haut niveau, telle que les algorithmes de tracking classiques de traitement d’image.Mots clés: théorie des fonctions des croyances, association de données, filtrage. / Intelligent systems are more and more present in our society, like the systems of surveillance and civilian or military sites protection. Their purpose is to detect intruders and present the alarms or threats to a distant operator. In our work, we are interested in such systems with the aim to better handle the quality of information presented to the operator in terms of reliability and precision. We focus on the image modality and we have to handle detections that are both uncertain and imprecise in order to present reliable objects to the operator.To specify our problem, we consider the following constraints. The first one is that the system is modular; one subpart of the system is the detection of fragments corresponding potentially to objects. Our second constraint is then to use only information derived from the geometry of these fragmentary detections: spatial location in the image and size of the detections. Then, a threat is supposed all the more important as the detections have an important size and are temporally persistent.The chosen formal framework is the belief functions theory that allows modeling imprecise and uncertain data. The contributions of this thesis deal with the objects representation in terms of imprecise and uncertain location of the objects and object filtering.The pertinent representation of information is a key point for estimation problems and decision making. A representation is good when simple and efficient criteria for the resolution of sub problems can be derived. The representation proposed has allowed us to derive, in a simple and rigorous way, an association criterion between new detections (fragments) and objects under construction. We remind that this association is a key step for several problems with unlabelled data that extends our contribution beyond of the considered application.Data filtering is used in many methods and algorithms to robustify the results using the expected data redundancy versus the noise inconsistency. Then, we formulated our problem in terms of dynamic estimation of a discernment frame including the 'true hypotheses'. This frame is dynamically estimated taking into account the new data (or observations) that allow us to detect two main types of errors, namely the duplication of some hypotheses (objects in our application) and the presence of false alarms (due to noise or false detections in our case).Finally, we show the possibility of coupling our sub-functions dealing with object construction and their filtering with a tracking process using higher level information such as classical tracking algorithm in image processing.Keywords: belief functions theory, data association, filtering.

Cette thèse porte sur les rapports de pouvoir dans les associations d’entraide féminines. La sous-représentation des femmes dans les instances décisionnelles, justifiée par les formes de leadership féminins, notamment d’absence de pouvoir, nous ont conduite à la question de l’exercice de pouvoir au sein de ces associations. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que les associations féminines tendent à instituer de nouvelles formes de pratiques dont les cadres de référence s’inscrivent dans des chaines complexes de solidarité et de pouvoir, combinant des rapports de réciprocité tout en articulant intérêts collectifs et intérêts individuels. Pour cela, nous proposons une approche des associations féminines par l’analyse des rapports de pouvoir, où sont inclus des intérêts collectifs mais également des intérêts individuels. Nous avons étudié ces phénomènes à travers les observations de terrain notamment dans les associations de tontine, les associations ethniques et les associations de marchés et nous montrons que les pratiques d’entraide et de solidarité qui fondent ces associations sont remises en cause par des logiques de pouvoir, et d’accumulation de certains leaders. L’étude de ces associations laisse apparaître des luttes âpres pour leur contrôle et des modes de gestion de pouvoir autocratiques qui ne laissent pas de place à l’alternance à la tête de ces associations. / This dissertation explores power relationships in women mutual aid associations. Women underrepresentation in decision-making teams, which is justified by female leadership properties and notably lack of power, has led to the question of power exercise in those associations. We hypothesize that women associations create new practices whose reference frames are made of complex power and solidarity chains, intertwining reciprocal relationships as well as group and individual interests. To this end, we approach women associations under the power relationships angle where group interests mix with individual ones. We proceed through field observations in tontine groups, ethnic associations and market retailers associations. We show that mutual aid and solidarity practices are damaged by power relationships and some leader’s accumulation logics. Study of women associations shows fierce control taking contests. Autocratic power management methods prevent changes of management team.

Denna uppsats diskuterar den komplexa och undermedvetna process som ger upphov till spontana musikaliska idéer. Förhoppningen med detta arbete är att fungera som underlag för vidare och mer utarbetade teorier kring uppkomsten av spontana musikaliska idéer och hur vi kan kombinera vår intuitiva och diskursiva kunskap i syfte att få mer originella idéer. För att uppnå syfte har fyra musikaliska verk inspirerade av färger skrivits med fokus på det melodiska innehållet. De fyra verken är komponerade utan instrument (Idémedium) och har sedan på gehör programmerats och arrangerats (digitalt) med utgångspunkt i de respektive färgunderlagen. Övningen har sedan utvärderats och diskuterats med utgångspunkt i de idéer om den intuitiva härledningsprocessen som formulerats i samband med arbetet. Produkterna av de fyra musikaliska verken för detta arbete uppvisar tydliga olikheter sinsemellan. Vissa tydligt medvetna associationer går direkt att härleda ur respektive färgunderlag samtidigt som vissa mer svårmotiverade val har gjorts under komponerings- och arrangeringsprocessen. / This study has been formed through a series of thoughts regarding the complex and subconscious process that form spontaneous musical ideas - the process of intuition. The expectations with this essay is to underlay future, and more thorough, theories about the origin of spontaneous ideas and how we can combine our intuitive knowledge and our discursive knowledge in order to get more original ideas. In an attempt to test how spontaneous musical ideas might get affected by the use of a medium for translating ideas (in this case a musical instrument) four songs have been composed without the use of musical instruments. In the process of composing the songs, colours have figured as a source of inspiration in an attempt to “force” the intuitive process to take less direct ways to a source of information based on past experience of music. The argument for this is that a colour is a non-musical stimulus which in contrast to a musical stimulus (something with musical qualities to it) makes it harder for our intuition to take shortcuts to relevant data based on our past experiences of music. The four songs later got lightly arranged with an intuitive approach, which in this case means to ”as little as possible” reflect (discursively) over the choices of instruments and other aspects of the arrangement. This exercise has then been discussed and evaluated with reference to my assumptions about the intuitive process. The result of i this exercise shows four songs that are remarkably different from one another and also some potentially ”unwanted” side effects of the chosen method for testing these ideas.

L2 (second or foreign language) research indicates that vocabulary knowledge is not only the “single best predictor of text comprehension,” but also a strong indicator of listening, speaking, and writing proficiency (Alderson, 2000, p. 35). Understanding the development of vocabulary knowledge, including both vocabulary size and vocabulary depth, or quality of vocabulary knowledge—is therefore essential to the building of an overall insight into L2 proficiency. This study aims to explore the developmental status of vocabulary depth among postsecondary CFL (Chinese as a foreign language) learners of higher proficiency levels who have studied Chinese for over four years. In particular, it focuses on these learners' identification of two types of word association—synonym and collocational associations and how factors such as association type and target-word frequency impact association identification. The process and strategy use that are involved in the inference of word association are also explored. For these purposes, this study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Cross-sectional data were collected through a paper-and-pencil test of Chinese word associates from seventeen learners within five postsecondary CFL programs in the U.S. Each participant worked on two test booklets assessing synonym and collocational associates respectively for the same 44 adjectives selected from the three word frequency levels of below 1000, between 1000 and 5000, and above 5000. A two-factor within-subjects ANOVA revealed both significant main effects for association type and word frequency on association identification and a significant interaction between the two. Simple effect analysis and pair-wise comparisons further revealed that association identification became increasingly stronger with the increase of word frequency for collocational association, yet remained non-impacted by frequency before reaching the mid- to high-frequency transition for synonym association. Meanwhile, CFL learners' collocational knowledge was significantly higher than synonym knowledge at mainly the medium- and high-frequency levels. These reslts indicate that synonym knowledge seemed to lag behind in development as familiarity with words increased, but began to catch up at higher-frequency levels. Interview data collected from six CFL learners show that they employed a wide variety of knowledge sources, such as radical knowledge, morphological knowledge, contextual clues, sound information, or L1 in inferring word association. Inference success seemed to be influenced not only by their preexisting word knowledge, but also an integrated and flexible use of linguistic and contextual information in the inference process. Implications of these findings are discussed in relevance to curriculum and pedagogical development of CFL teaching and the understanding and definition of CFL proficiency in general. This study fills a gap in CFL vocabulary research by building a tentative measure of vocabulary depth and bringing greater insights into the developmental status of higher-level CFL learners in synonym and collocational association as well as the process that is involved in inference of word association.

Variations in gene expression have long been hypothesised to be the major cause of individual differences. An initial focus of this research thesis is to elucidate the genetic regulatory architecture of gene expression. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping analyses have been performed on expression levels of over 22,000 mRNAs from three tissues of a panel of recombinant inbred mice. These analyses are "single-locus" where "linkage" (i.e. significant correlation) between an expression trait and a putative eQTL is considered independently of other loci. Major conclusions from these analyses are: 1. Gene expression is mainly influenced by genetic (sequence) variations that act in trans rather than in cis; 2. Subsets of genes are controlled by master regulators that influence multiple genes; 3. Gene expression is a polygenic trait with multiple regulators. Single-locus mapping analyses are not designed for detecting multiple regulators of gene expression, and so observation of multiple-linkages (i.e. one expression trait mapped to multiple eQTLs) formed the basis of the second objective of this research project: to investigate the relationship between multiple-linkages and genotype pattern-association. A locus-pair is said to have associated genotype patterns if they have similar inheritance pattern across a panel of individuals, and these are attributed to one of fours sources: 1. linkage disequilibrium between loci located on the same chromosome; 2. non-syntenic association; 3. random association; 4. un-associated. To understand the validity of multiple-linkages observed in single-locus mapping studies, a newly developed method, bqtl.twolocus, is applied to confirm two-locus effects for a total of 898 out of 1,233 multiple-linkages identified from the three studies mentioned above as well as from seven publicly available eQTL-mapping studies. Combining these results with information of genotype pattern-association, a subset of 478 multiple-linkages has been deduced for which there is high confidence to be real.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Aktieägaravtal är ett frekvent använt sätt att mellan delägare i ett aktiebolag reglera frågor avseende det gemensamma aktieägandet. Aktieägaravtalet reglerar många gånger frågor som även i bolagsordningen reglerats. Vid ingående av ett aktieägaravtal riskerar en normkollision uppstå: är det bolagsordningsnormen som ska gälla eller är det aktieägaravtalet? Då rättsläget rörande sådana normkollisioner är oklart, är det av intresse att undersöka om en jämförelse mellan bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal kan klargöra rättsläget. Analysen har möjliggjorts genom insamling av historiska argument rörande bolagsordningens likhet med aktieägaravtal. Dessa argument härleds sedan till nu gällande rätt i den mån det är möjligt. Analysen baserar sig även på en beskrivning av aktieägaravtalet samt vissa avtalsrättsliga aspekter rörande tolkning. Resultatet av framställningen är att bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal uppvisar sådana likheter att en jämförelse kan göras för att lösa normkollisioner genom tillämpning av vissa avtalsrättsliga aspekter rörande tolkning. Vad som härvidlag framkommer är för det första att bolagsordningen genom dess tvingande normer begränsar vad som med aktiebolagsrättslig verkan kan föreskrivas i aktieägaravtal. För det andra, när alla aktieägare inte är part till aktieägaravtalet får parterna istället göra vad de kan för att söka uppfylla avtalets innehåll. Slutligen kan lojalitetsplikt användas för att fastställa hur aktieägaravtalet ska tillämpas för att så långt som möjligt undgå normkollisioner mellan bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal. / Shareholders agreements are a frequently used form for regulating issues arising as a result of a common interest as owners in a joint-stock company. The shareholder agreement often regulates issues already regulated in the articles of association. When entering into a shareholders agreement standard collisions may occur: shall the articles of association or the shareholders agreement supersede? As the legal situation as regards such standard collisions is unclear, it is of interest to find out if a comparison between the articles of association and shareholders agreement can clarify the legal situation. The analysis has been made possible by looking at the history. In the retrospective, arguments regarding the similarity of the articles of association and shareholders agreement are identified. Then these arguments are derived to current law to the extent possible. The analysis is also based of a description of the shareholders agreement and certain contractual aspects of interpretation. The result of the thesis is that the articles of association and shareholders agreements are similar to that extent that a comparison between the two can be conducted in order to solve standard collisions through an application of certain contractual aspects of interpretation. In this respect, firstly, the articles of association limit through its mandatory standards the issues that can be legally regulated in a shareholders agreement. Secondly, if not all shareholders are part to the shareholders agreement the parties have to do what they can to make sure the agreement is fulfilled. Finally, the duty of loyalty can be applied to determine an application of shareholders agreement that avoid standard collisions between the articles of association and the shareholders agreement.

Data mining techniques have been widely applied to extract desirable knowledge from existing databases for specific purposes. In real-world applications, a database usually involves the time periods when transactions occurred and exhibition periods of items, in addition to the items bought in the transactions. To handle this kind of data, temporal data mining techniques are thus proposed to find temporal association rules from a database with time. Most of the existing studies only consider different item lifespans to find general temporal association rules, and this may neglect some useful information. For example, while an item within the whole exhibition period may not be a frequent one, it may be frequent within part of this time. To deal with this, the concept of a hierarchy of time is thus applied to temporal data mining along with suitable time granules, as defined by users. In this thesis, we thus handle the problem of mining temporal association rules with a hierarchy of time granules from a temporal database, and also propose three novel mining algorithms for different item lifespan definitions. In the first definition, the lifespan of an item in a time granule is calculated from the first appearance time to the end time in the time granule. In the second definition, the lifespan of an item in a time granule is evaluated from the publication time of the item to the end time in the time granule. Finally, in the third definition, the lifespan of an item in a time granule is measured by its entire exhibition period. The experimental results on a simulation dataset show the performance of the three proposed algorithms under different item lifespan definitions, and compare the mined temporal association rules with and without consideration of the hierarchy of time granules under different parameter settings.

Participating students¡¦ association at school can enhance the students¡¦ learning, all kinds of life skills and social abilities. It¡¦s not simply a part of curriculum courses, but with more significance on cultivating the concept of being gregarious and law-abiding. Arising out of this, it comprehends positively the purpose of being well-developed education. The subject of this thesis is ¡§the Operation and Administration on the Student Arts Association at Elementary Schools¡¨, enphasizing mainly on the influences on students who have already participated the arts asssociation. From my observation on the anterior research, they emphasized more on the study of music asssociation as well as pedagogy, instead of expanding thoroughly on the operation and administration on arts asssociation. This thesis takes seven arts organizations as case studies, they separately are: Orchestra, Choir, Taiwanese Golden Loin Dance, Jazz Dance Group, Arts Association, Recorder Association, and Pottery-flute Association. The purposes of this research are, firstly, make a thorough investigation on the operation mode of the Elementary Schools¡¦ Arts Association, by the theory and method of management; secondly, in order to comprehend the operation mode of Yen-Chen Elementary School¡¦s Arts association, the interviews of each individual case are applied. Also, the interview groups can be divided into five: administrants, professors, students, graduated students, and parents of students, to the amount of twenty-two cases. This thesis draws two main conclusions.One is the suggestions for operation and administration:(1)arts association demand clearer objectives;(2)they require stronger organization;(3)they call for a flexible staff;(4)they need concise plans which should be excuted with good use of resourses;(5)with the ideas of ¡¥positive aspiration¡¦ and ¡¥encouragement leadership¡¦, arts associations aim to converge comradship;(6)arts association are supposed to recruit new members and hold the old ones;(7)The mainipulation of funds should be made public;(8)Relations among arts associations should be intensified. The other part suggests that students not only learn professions, but also cultivate appreciation. Students make friends, develop abilities and have a good time in clubs. Therefore, most of students join the same association when they go to high schools. This thesis is devided into five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction about research background and theme; Chapter Two is the literature review and theory framework; Chapter Three is the method; Chapter Four is the research process; Chapter Five is the conclusion and suggestions.

¡§Kaohsiung Farm Irrigation Association¡¨ is taken as the researching topic. By means of ways of interviewing and documents reviewing, to observe how does the farmers from farm society make communicating relation through this farmer, unit by the nation¡H And how is the reaction of farmers from farm society to the sovereign of the nation¡H In the relation of mutual action between nation and society, the Water Conservancy Association is sometime the agent of idea and the executive of policy of the nation, also sometimes the unifier of farmers, opinions in farm society. This dual status makes the Water Conservancy Association the governmental and private function. So the Water Conservancy Association is the unit of half-official and half-civil. From the mutual action of association working station and farmers, we could find out why the nation to dominate this association. The farmers are controlled under the Water Conservancy Association and this Association will be the bridge between the nation and farmers. As to the function why the nation try to dominate the Water Conservancy Association, we could see the function of economical politics to be reached from the mutual action between the Association and farmers and the role the nation acted in the irrigation system. In the function of economical aspect, the Association meaning of existing is to promote the crop production and the quality of crop to improve the living level of farmers to reach the purpose of service. In the function of political aspect, the Association will be acted the important role during the election event. For example of ¡§Kaohsiung Farm Irrigation Association¡¨, it has been classified as the Red Party since Taiwan Restoration. The organization system of the Association is very tight and the member are numerous. The organization of this Association has the structure of Administration Dept., Working Station, Water Conservancy Team, Water Conservancy Section and basic members. Under the complete organization system, the chairman of this Association will control the huge power of the farmers, hence, the Water Conservancy Association is acted as the influential role of politics in the current society system. Anyway, the Association is still to be acted as the important role of ¡§election¡¨ in the function of politics. The Whole sovereign will be performed and realized by the particular tool or means. The nation is also not excepted. Because the nation controls the ¡§power of allocating the social resource¡¨ and ¡§personnel power of appointing ¡® removing to the chairman¡¨, the social qroup of this association could be under controllng. In other woeds, the Water Conservancy Association is under governing of the nation. and the nation policy could be performed even the farmers are dominated by the Association just because the above mentioned two powers and owned by the nation. Finally, the future developing direction of the Association will be discussed in this article. The Water Conservancy Association will face the transferring industrial society from agricultural society. The agricultural production will be largely reduced and the farming area will also be gradually decreased. In another aspect, after entering the WTO and under the liberalized demanding, the agriculture will be suffered from the serious impact. Under these situations, the farm service of this Association will also face the terrible strike. Plus the current financial trouble of the government, the Water Conservancy Association has to find out its own bright way -- Diversifying Investments.