Neste trabalho, a complexação do sistema ferro-III/azoteto em meio áqüeo-orgânico foi estudada para avaliar a formação dessas espécies sob diferentes forças iônicas: 1,00; 2,00 e 3,00 mol L-1 e em presença de diferentes solventes: tetraidrofurano, acetona e p-dioxano (T = 20 °C). Além disso, em meio contendo tetraidrofurano, as constantes de formação condicionais (b) foram determinadas sob diferentes percentagens deste solvente: 20, 30 e 40 % (v/v). O método empregado na determinação de tais constantes baseia-se na competição entre o metal e o íon hidrogênio pelo azoteto, no sistema tampão formado entre o ligante e o ácido azotídrico (N3-/HN3). Os parâmetros necessários para o cálculo das constantes de formação foram obtidos potenciometricamente por meio de variações de pH, provocadas pela complexação após a introdução do metal à célula. Tais parâmetros foram tratados preliminarmente pelo método de Leden e, posteriormente, refinados com alguns programas computacionais visando à caracterização das espécies e a determinação dos valores das constantes de formação globais dos complexos coexistentes no sistema Fe (III)/N3-. Os resultados mostraram evidências de que até quatro espécies complexas estáveis: [Fe(N3)]2+, [Fe(N3)2]+, [Fe(N3)3] e [Fe(N3)4]- podem coexistir tanto em meio contendo acetona quanto naquele contendo p-dioxano. Porém, em meio contendo tetraidrofurano, somente as três primeiras espécies foram detectadas (evidenciadas). Isto indica que uma maior competição entre o solvente orgânico e o ligante azoteto, na esfera de coordenação do íon metálico, ocorre em meios contendo tetraidrofurano, nestas condições estudadas. Verificou-se ainda que tanto a percentagem de solvente orgânico quanto a força iônica do meio têm forte influência na formação dos complexos sucessivos investigados, sendo que os complexos de maior estabilidade foram obtidos em soluções contendo 40 % (v/v) de tetraidrofurano e força iônica de 1,00 mol L-1. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que o método competitivo adotado neste trabalho, usualmente empregado em estudos realizados em meio totalmente aquoso, também se mostrou apropriado para a determinação das constantes de formação nas condições experimentais investigadas (meios áqüeos-orgânicos). / In this work, the system the iron-III/azide in aqueous-organic media was studied in order to evaluate the formation of complexes under different conditions: ionic strengths in the range of 1.00 to 3.00 mol L-1 and effect of the presence of organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran, acetone and p-dioxan) at T = 20 °C. Besides, in medium containing tetrahydrofuran, the conditional formation constants (b) were determined under different proportions of this solvent (20-40 %, v/v). The method used in the determination of these constants is based on the competition between the metal and the hydrogen ion for the azide, in the buffered system formed between the ligand and the azotidric acid (N3-/HN3). The parameters for the determination of the formation constant of each complexe were obtained by potentiometric measurements, through changes on the solution pH, caused by complexation due the iron ions added into the cell. These parameters were initially analysed by using the Leden method and, subsequently, refined by computational simulation in order to characterize the different complexes in the Fe (III)/N3- system, as well as to determine the value for the global constant of formation for each coexistent species. The results showed the possible coexistence of following four stable complexes: [Fe(N3)]2+, [Fe(N3)2]+, [Fe(N3)3] e [Fe(N3)4]- in aqueous medium containing acetone or p-dioxan. However, in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, the [Fe(N3)4]- was not evidenced. This indicates that a larger competition between the molecules of this organic solvent and the azide ligand, into the coordination sphere of the metallic ion occurs under these experimental conditions. Besides, the organic solvent proportion and the experimental medium are important parameters affecting the formation of these complexes. It was observed that iron complexes with higher stability were produced in the presence of 40 % (v/v) tetrahydrofuran and 1.00 mol L-1 ionic strength. Before the obtained results, it is observed that the competitive method adopted in this work, usually employed in studies accomplished in totally aqueous medium, it was also shown appropriate for the determination of the formation constants in the experimental conditions (aqueous-organic media) investigated.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are responsible for the regulation of a variety of important functions within living organisms. Compounds which can selectively modulate aberrant PPIs are novel therapeutic candidates for treating human diseases. Whilst PPIs have traditionally been considered as "undruggable", research in this area has led to the emergence of several effective methodologies for targeting PPIs. One such methodology is peptide stapling, which involves constraining a short peptide into its native alpha-helical form by forming a covalent link between two of its amino acid side-chains. The Sondheimer dialkyne reagent has previously been used in strain-promoted double-click cycloadditions with diazidopeptides to generate stapled peptides that are capable of inhibiting PPIs. However, the Sondheimer dialkyne suffers from poor water-solubility; it decomposes rapidly in aqueous solutions which limits its application in biological systems. This dissertation describes the design and synthesis of new substituted variants of the Sondheimer dialkyne with increased solubility and stability, that are suitable for application in strain promoted double click peptide stapling. In total, ten different derivatives were generated; of these, a meta-trimethylammonium substituted variant was found to have particularly high water-solubility and aqueous stability, as well as high azide reactivity. The substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were applied to the strain promoted double click stapling of p53-based diazido peptides in an effort to generate stapled peptide-based inhibitors of the oncogenic p53 MDM2 PPI, a validated target for anticancer therapeutics. Three stapled peptides were found to have inhibitory activity, thus demonstrating the utility of the novel dialkynes in the preparation of PPI inhibitors. The functionalised stapled peptide formed from a meta-fluoro substituted Sondheimer dialkyne was found to be the most potent inhibitor. All ortho-substituted Sondheimer dialkynes were found to be unreactive, whereas those with a meta-trimethylammonium substituent were highly reactive when compared to other meta-substituted dialkynes. These patterns in azide reactivity could be explained through X-ray crystallographic studies and density functional theory calculations.

As formas SO2, HSO3- e SO32- em meio aquoso, são espécies de enxofre (IV) que coexistem; suas concentrações no equilíbrio químico dependem do pH do meio. O estudo das oxidações do S(IV) encontrado na atmosfera, resultante de fontes naturais e antropogênicas, é de fundamental importância, pois os produtos formados têm caráter ácido. Como consequência, ocorre a precipitação ácida, com seus efeitos deletérios ao ecossistema. O presente trabalho procura adicionar novas informações às já acumuladas em estudos anteriores. O estudo praticamente se restringe às condições de laboratório, levando em conta as condições ambientais. Em uma projeção futura, a metodologia poderá ser estendida e adaptada para as determinações do S(IV) na natureza. O método analítico proposto para determinar S(IV) na atmosfera, em fase aquosa, é baseado na reação catalítica onde o S(IV) induz a oxidação do Co(II) a Co(III), em tampão HN3/N3- e na presença do Mn++. O principal composto de coordenação, hexaazidocobaltato (III), é consideravelmente estável e apresenta um máximo de absorção em 365nm, com absortividade molar próxima de 3.104 mol-1cm-1L. Com o uso de uma cubeta de quartzo de 1cm de caminho ótico, a faixa de concentração de uso deste método, é de 280 ppb a 3000 ppb (expressa em HSO3-). A equação que descreve a concentração do S(IV) tem um erro menor que 5%. Para a elaboração do método foram feitos ensaios preliminares, a fim de otimizar as condições experimentais. Os principais parâmetros estabelecidos foram: ordem de adição dos reagentes, tempo de espera para a adição dos outros reagentes, concentração das espécies envolvidas e a solução de referência mais adequada para a leitura espectrofotométrica. As medições foram geralmente feitas a 20°C e 60% de umidade relativa do ar. Também foram realizados estudos em temperatura acima e abaixo de 20°C. A análise das diferentes condições das reações estudadas foi feita pela avaliação da evolução da reação no tempo decorrido. Os compostos de S (IV) são instáveis e por isto foi necessário selecionar uma substância que fosse capaz de coletá-lo no meio ambiente, estabilizá-lo até o momento da reação e que não interferisse na formação do complexo em questão. Com estas finalidades foram estudadas as soluções de MEA, TRIS, NH3 e formaldeído. A reação proposta é catalisada pelo Mn(II), por isto foram feitos estudos visando encontrar o compromisso da concentração deste cátion com o desenvolvimento da reação. O cobalto (II) e o azoteto (N3-) estão em excesso com relação ao S(IV), pela estequiometria da reação. Foi feito um estudo relacionando à concentração de Co(II), N3- e de Mn(II) . Cobalto e manganês são elementos químicos de transição, assim como molibdênio e níquel. Portanto, os dois últimos metais, têm potencialidade de atuar como catalisador ou mesmo formar complexos que absorvam, em substituição ao cobalto. No caso do molibdênio, este, em uma reação competitiva, retira peróxidos da solução que podem oxidar o sulfito. Cobre e ferro interferem no método. Porém, como formam complexos com bandas de absorção máxima, distintas entre si e diferentes de 365nm, foi verificada a possibilidade de determinação das concentrações de S(IV), Cu(II) e Fe(III), em água de chuva, pelo princípio da aditividade. Uma vez que o oxigênio toma parte na reação, foi feito um estudo da possibilidade de utilização do etanol como solvente. Neste solvente, a solubilidade do oxigênio é aproximadamente 20 vezes maior do que na água. O sulfato é um produto da reação e a adição de sulfato de sódio foi estudada, pois o equilíbrio químico é deslocado no sentido de inibir a reação. Finalmente, como a luz pode interferir na reação foi verificada a sua influência no comportamento da mesma. / The proposed analytical method for determining S(IV) in the atmosphere, in aqueous medium, is based upon the catalytic reaction where S(IV) promotes the oxidation of Co(II) to Co(III) in a HN3/N3- - buffer and Mn(II) ions are the catalyst. The main coordination compound is hexaazidecobaltate (III) ([Co(N3)6]3-). This species is relatively stable, it shows an absorption maximum at 365 nm and ε near to 3 x 104 mol-1cm-1L. The concentration range of use for this method is from 280 to 3000 ppb (expressed in HSO3-). Preliminary assays were done for optimizing the experimental conditions. The main parameters established were: order of the added reagents, elapsed time until the addition of the other reagent, concentration of the involved species and the best reference solution for spectrophotometric reading. The measurements were carried out at 20°C and 60% relative humidity. Measurements were also done above and below 20°C. S (IV) compounds are unstable, so it was necessary to select a substance which was able to collect them in the environment, stabilize them until the determination and was not an interferent in the complex formed. For this purpose, solutions for MEA, TRIS, NH4OH and formaldehyde were studied. Copper and iron interfere but they form complexes with different absorption maxima. It was possible to determine the concentrations of S(IV), Cu(II) and Fe(III) in rain water Oxygen takes part in the reaction and the use of ethanol, which dissolves 20 times more oxygen than water, was studied. Finally, as sulphate is a reaction product, sodium sulphate addition was studied too, since the equilibrium is shifted towards reaction inhibition.

The aim of this research project was to study the possible synthesis of the morphine analog 3-oxo-5-phenylmorphan via the photochemical cyclization of the acyl azide of 1-phenylcyclohexaneacetic acid.

Abstract The Copper Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a paradigm of ¡§click¡¨ chemistry which has been applied in different fields. To understand the interaction between organic azides and a copper surface, we use benzyl azide (Bn¡ÐN£\¡ÐN£]¡ÝN£^) as an adsorbate on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The thermal reaction process was explored by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The TPD profiles show a multilayer desorption peak at 190K, two peaks for N2 , and H2 from 270K to 390K. At 345K, peak of desorption product (m/z=103) represents phenyl cyanide (PhCN) or phenyl isocyanide (PhNC). RAIR and XP spectra demonstrate that at 190K benzyl azide on Cu(111) readily adopt the imine intermediate formalism involving N£\¡ÐN£] scission and phenyl group shift from carbon to nitrogen. The mechanism is analogous to the organic reaction of Schmidt rearrangement. To heat the surface to 250K, the CH2 group of the imine intermediate undergoes C¡ÐH bond scission to produce a surface isocyanide intermediate, (M=C=N¡ÐPh). Therefore the final desorption product is phenyl isocyanide at ~350K. Intriguingly, the thermal chemistry of benzyl azide involves both imine and isocyanide intermediacy, despite the fact that azido species usually generate nitrene or imido complexes under thermal conditions.

In this research, a method for site-selective attachment of synthetic molecules into glycoproteins using Boronic acid (BA)-directed tosyl chemistry is proposed. The synthetic BA-tosyl chemical probes are composed of boronic asid as a affinity ligand, a tosyl group as a reactive group and a terminal alkyne group for reporting. In neutral and alkaline environment, boronic acid can act as a targeting head to react with the cis-diol of carbohydrates and therefore forms a covalently reversible boronic diester ring. The newly formed boronate ring can withdraw the probe moeular close to the molecular surface of glycoproteins of interest. Followed by a SN2 reaction with the nucleophilic residues of labeled glycoproteins, the report alkyne group can covalently shift to the protein surface apart from the BA-tosyl skeleton. With the competition of polyols, the BA modified carbohydrates can be recovered to the native glycan structures. The traceless labeling strategy developed in the work has been demonstrated in the specific interaction with a known glycoprotein feutin with negatives controls. We believe that the successful development of this methodology can certainly accelerate the study of glycoproteomics and glycobiology.

Es werden Umlagerungsreaktionen von Propargylaziden vorgestellt, die durch [3,3]-sigmatrope Isomerisierung der Azidfunktion zu kurzlebigen Azidoallen-Zwischenstufen führen. Allenyl-azide cyclisieren rasch zu Triazafulvenen, welche in Gegenwart von Nucleophilen als 1H-1,2,3-Triazol-Derivate abgefangen werden können. Die Einführung geeigneter Substituenten zeigt, daß die intermediär durchlaufenen Allenylazid- und Triazafulven-Zwischenstufen auch [4+2]-Cycloadditionsreaktionen oder intramolekulare Abfangreaktionen eingehen. Durch die NMR-spektroskopische Verfolgung einer Sequenz von zwei aufeinanderfolgenden sigmatropen Wanderungen wird nachgewiesen, daß ausgehend von 5-Azidopent-2-en-4-inen eine E/Z-Äquilibrierung der Stereoisomere erfolgen kann. Bei der Umlagerung von substituierten 3,4-Diazidobut-1-inen findet zunächst die Bildung von Azidoallenen statt, welche im zweiten Umlagerungs-schritt zu kurzlebigen 1,2-Diazidobuta-1,3-dienen isomerisieren. Diese Umlagerungsprodukte beinhalten die Substruktur eines vicinalen Vinyldiazids und reagieren unter Abspaltung von Stickstoff zu Nitrilen. Die Cyclisierung der Azidoallene steht dabei in Konkurrenz zur zweiten Azidwanderung und kann durch die Einführung geeigneter Substituenten in 4-Position vollständig zurückgedrängt werden. Durch den Einsatz der diastereomeren Edukte gelingt es, den stereospezifischen Verlauf der Umlagerungssequenz aufzuzeigen und anhand der durchlaufenen Übergangszustände zu diskutieren. Zur Aufklärung der relativen Konfiguration der Edukte erwiesen sich Lanthaniden-Shift-Experimente als wertvolle Methode. Der untersuchte Reaktionsweg stellt eine bequeme Synthesemethode für 1,2,3-Triazole dar. So können zahlreiche neue Triazolderivate generiert werden, beispielsweise auch tensidartige Strukturen, die durch die Einführung von Alkylketten am polaren Triazolring entstehen. Propargylazide, Azidoallene, Triazafulvene, 1H-1,2,3-Triazole, Allylazide, 3,4-Diazidobut-1-ine, Konfigurationsbestimmung, Lanthaniden-Shift-Experimente, sigmatrope Umlagerungen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Alkine bzw. organischer Azide für die katalysierte 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition dokumentiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass Popargylazid eine Sonderstellung bezüglich dieser katalysierten Cycloaddition einnimmt, da es diese zu inhibieren vermag. Der Hauptschwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Synthese makrocyclischer Triazolsysteme unter Verwendung der Cu(I)-katalysierten 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition. Durch die Entwicklung einer mehrstufigen Synthese gelingt die Darstellung eines makrocylischen Triazolsystems, das formal als cyclisches Tetramer von Propargylazid aufgefasst werden kann. Durch Übertragung des Syntheseprinzips auf andere Fünfring-Heterocyclen (Tetrazole, Imidazole), wird eine große Anzahl an makrocyclischen Verbindungen als potentielle Komplexliganden erzeugt. Der Vergleich der Zielprodukte liefert Aussagen über deren Eigenschaften, vor allem deren Löslichkeitsverhalten und deren Reaktivität. Anhand einer Kristallstruktur wird gezeigt, dass es sich um nichtplanare Verbindungen handelt, was aus den NMR-Messungen bei Raumtemperatur nicht hervorgeht. Des weiteren werden aus den Nebenprodukten des Syntheseweges ebenfalls neue heterocyclische Systeme gewonnen, die den Makrocyclen ähnliche Eigenschaften aufweisen. Ferner gelingt die Synthese einer neuartigen Käfigverbindung aus einem der erstmalig erzeugten Makrocyclen, deren Struktur kristallographisch belegt werden kann.

Porphyrins and their analogs are a class of chemically and biologically important compounds that have found a variety of applications in different fields such as catalysis, medicine, and materials. The physical, chemical, and biological dependence of the peripheral substituents of porphyrins on their properties has prompted great effort towards the synthesis of new porphyrins with different electronic, steric, and conformational environments. To this end, porphyrins have been prepared using a modular approach from bromo- and triflate synthons. These synthons underwent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with chiral amines, amides, alcohols, and boronic esters to create products that were tested for biological activity. Metalloporphyrins were screened as catalysts for cyclopropanation and C-H amination, yielding excellent results. By changing the porphyrin catalysts’ chiral groups, all four enantiomers could be produced in the cyclopropanation of styrene derivatives with ethyl diazoacetate (or t-butyl diazoacetate). Similarly, a variety of sultams were produced from benzenesulfonyl azides in high yields and high enantioselectivities using chiral cobalt porphyrins as catalysts. Porphyrins, metalloporphyrins, and the catalytic products generated were tested for activity in a variety of medicinal collaborations, namely as therapeutics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Alzheimer’s disease, malaria, viral infections that include influenza and herpes, and cancer, as well as biological studies with ferrochelatase. They were also used in materials experiments with two different polymer groups.

Protein-protein interactions are central to most biological processes. Although in the field of drug discovery there is a great interest in targeting protein-protein interactions, the discovery and development of small-molecules, which effect these interactions has been challenging. The purpose of this project is to determine if in situ click chemistry is a practical approach towards testing whether Bcl-XL is capable of assembling it's own inhibitory compounds. Abbott laboratories developed compound ABT-737, which binds with high affinity (Ki < 1 nM) to the binding sites of Bcl-XL.³⁶ Based on ABT-737, two acetylene anchor molecules AM3 and AM4 have been synthesized. These anchor molecules are distinguished by the reactivity of the their carbon-carbon triple bond. Compound AM3 contains an electron withdrawing carbonyl in the alpha-position to the acetylene resulting in an activating effect towards the [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition compared to compound AM4. To determine the reactivity of the activated system, ¹ H-NMR kinetic studies were performed to compare the relative rates of these two systems by reacting model alkynes 1,2,3, and 4 with azide AZ7. It was shown that the activated systems, 1 and 3, produce triazoles in an accelerated rate compared to the unactivated systems 2 and 3. To test for the self-assembly of inhibitory triazoles, the acetylenes AM3 and AM4 were incubated with Bcl-XL and 14 azide building blocks (AZ1-AZ12) for 12 hours at 37 degrees C. Subjecting these mixtures to LC/MS-SIM led to the discovery of two hit compounds, 35 and 36, of which 35 has been chemically synthesized confirming the hit. Future work includes the synthesis of all hit compounds. Since hit triazoles can be syn or anti, both need to be synthesized for each hit to investigate which regioisomer Bcl-XL generates. Tests to confirm if hit compounds are actually modulating Bcl-XL activity will be done using conventional bio-assays. This will validate that Bcl-XL is capable of assembling its own inhibitor via the in situ click chemistry approach to drug discovery.