Bacteriocinas são peptídeos pequenos sintetizados por bactérias que possuem propriedades antimicrobianas. O presente estudo teve por objetivos identificar e caracterizar uma bacteriocina produzida por Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006, isolado de solo da Mata Atlântica, Santa Catarina, Brasil. A produção da substância antimicrobiana tem início na fase exponencial de crescimento e sua atividade máxima ocorre na fase estacionária. O efeito do cocultivo de B. amyloliquefaciens com diferentes bactérias na produção do antimicrobiano foi investigado. O cultivo de células de Escherichia coli intactas ou inativadas pelo calor com a cepa produtora aumentou a síntese da substância antimicrobiana. A bacteriocina LBM 5006 apresentou amplo espectro de ação, produzindo atividade antagonista contra bactérias, fungos e amebas patogênicas. O modo de ação contra células de Listeria monocytogenes e Paenibacillus larvae foi bactericida e bacteriolítico. Atividade esporicida foi observada contra esporos de P. larvae após tratamento com 1600 UA mL-1. Efeitos amebistático e amebicida contra trofozoítos de Acanthamoeba polyphaga com a consequente lise celular foram observados. A bacteriocina não teve efeito inibitório em células Vero nas concentrações que foram efetivas contra as amebas. A substância antimicrobiana foi isolada por precipitação com sulfato de amônio, cromatografia de gel filtração e extração com 1-butanol. O espectro ultravioleta foi típico de um polipeptídeo e o infravermelho indicou a presença de ligações peptídicas e grupamentos acil na sua estrutura. Análises por espectroscopia de massas indicaram que B. amyloquefaciens LBM 5006 produziu dois peptídeos antimicrobianos, com 1058 Da e 1464 Da, correspondentes a peptídeos tipo-iturina e tipo-fengicina, respectivamente. / Bacteriocins are small peptides synthesized by bacteria which have antimicrobiall properties. This study aimed to identify and characterize a bacteriocin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006, isolated from soil of Mata Atlântica, Santa Catarina, Brazil. It has been observed that the antimicrobial substance production starting at the exponencial grown phase and maximum activity occur at stationary phase. The effect of different bacteria on the production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 was investigate. It was concluded that the presence of intact or thermally inactivated cells of Escherichia coli enhanced the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides by B. amyloliquefaciens strain. Bacteriocin LBM 5006 showed broad spectrum of action, producing antagonistic activity against bacteria, fungi and pathogenic amoebas. The mode of action against Listeria monocytogenes and Paenibacillus larvae was bactericidal and bacteriolytic. Sporicidal activity was observed against P. larvae spores after treatment whit 1600 AU mL-1. Amoebicidal and amoebistatic effects were detected against throphozoites of Acanthamoeba poliphaga and cell lysis. The bacteriocin had no inhibitory effect on Vero cells at concentrations that were effective against amoebas.The antimicrobial substance was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography and 1-butanol extraction.The ultraviolet spectrum was typical of a polypeptide and the infrared spectrum indicates the presence of peptide bonds and acyl group(s) in its structure. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces two antimicrobial peptides, with main peaks at m/z 1058 Da and 1464 Da, corresponding to iturinlike and fengycin-like peptides, respectively.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biossurfactantes são moléculas de origem microbiana que possuem importante ação na redução tensão superficial. Dentre os biossurfactantes mais efetivos estão os lipopeptídeos produzidos por bactérias do gênero Bacillus, especialmente a Surfactina. Estes biocompostos apresentam uma série de vantagens que potencializam suas aplicações, tais como: estabilidade frente a condições extremas (pH, temperatura), diversidade de estruturas químicas, excelentes propriedades superficiais e ecológicas, ação antibiótica frente a microrganismos patógenos, dentre outras. Diante deste contexto, neste trabalho foi avaliada a produção de biossurfactantes totais e a Surfactina por Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT45, quando variada a concentração dos reagentes presentes no meio de cultivo. As fermentações submersas foram realizadas em mesa agitadora industrial e em biorreator piloto de capacidade 40 litros. Para aperfeiçoar a concentração dos reagentes presentes no meio de cultura, um Planejamento Composto Central foi desenvolvido com propósito de avaliar a influência de três variáveis (xarope de glicose, extrato de levedura e cloreto de cálcio) na tensão superficial, na produção de biossurfactantes totais e no açúcar residual. Depois das análises estatísticas, quando as variáveis estavam nas concentrações (g.L-1) de 20 para xarope de glicose, 15 para extrato de levedura e 4 para cloreto de cálcio, a tensão superficial (mN/m) foi reduzida de valores acima de 50 para 30, o açúcar residual foi mínimo e igual a 31% e a produção de biossurfactantes totais foi máxima e igual a 5,5 g.L-1, depois de um período de cultivo de 48 horas. A caracterização do biossurfactante sugeriu a presença da Surfactina e este composto foi quantificado no tempo de retenção de 13,5 minutos. Com intuito de saber a real produção de Surfactina e crescimento biomassa celular, foram feitas fermentações em biorreator piloto de 40 litros e os resultados mostraram bastantes favoráveis. O tratamento com maior destaque foi referente à receita sugerida pelo Planejamento Composto Central em que o xarope de glicose, extrato de levedura e cloreto de cálcio estavam nas concentrações (g.L-1) de 20, 15 e 4, respectivamente. Neste cultivo o crescimento celular de 6,0 x 109 CFU.mL-1, produção de Surfactina de 0,63 g.L-1 e açúcar residual de 28%. Também foi realizado teste de atividade antimicrobiana contra 5 fungos patogênicos de diferentes gêneros. O caldo fermentado livre de células mostrou-se promissor, pois causou inibição em 4 fungos dos 5 estudos. Portanto, os resultados demonstram que o Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT45 tem potencial para produção de biocompostos, uma vez que não necessita de altas concentrações de fonte de carbono e nitrogênio para seu desenvolvimento. / Biosurfactants are molecules of microbial origin that have superficial action. Among the most effective are the lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by Bacillus, especially surfactin. These biological products have a number of advantages that potentiate their applications, such as: stability to extreme conditions (pH, temperature), diversity of chemical structures, excellent surface and ecological properties, antibiotic action against pathogenic microorganisms, etc. In this context, the productions of total biosurfactants and Surfactin by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT45 were evaluated when the reagents concentration present in the culture medium varied. The submerged fermentations were carried out in an industrial shaker and in a pilot bioreactor of 40 liters capacity. In order to improve the reactants concentration, a Central Composite Design was developed to evaluate the influence of three variables (glucose syrup – Glucodry, yeast extract and calcium chloride) on superficial tension, total biosurfactant production and residual sugar. After statistical analyzes, when the variables were in the concentrations (g.L-1) of 20 for Glucodry, 15 for yeast extract and 4 for calcium chloride, the superficial tension (mN/m) reduces values above 50 to about 30, the residual sugar was minimal, around 31% and the total biosurfactant production was maximum, around 5.5 gL-1, after a period of 48 hours. The characterization of the biosurfactant identified Surfactin presence that was quantified in the retention time of 13.5 minutes. In order to know the real production of Surfactin and cellular biomass growth, fermentations were made in a 40 liter pilot bioreactor and the results were quite favorable. The most important culture medium suggested by the Central Composite Design, where glucose syrup, yeast extract and calcium chloride were in the concentrations (g.L-1) of 20, 15 and 4, respectively. For this fermentation, the cellular growth was 6.0 x 109 CFU.mL-1, Surfactin production was 0.63 g.L-1 and residual sugar was 28%. The results demonstrate that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT45 has potential to produce biosurfactants and does not require high concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources for its development. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Les phytases hydrolysent les phytates représentant la forme majeure de stockage du P dans les céréales. Ces phytates sont aussi des facteurs anti-nutritionnels qui chélatent les cations réduisant leur absorption. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse, une nouvelle souche bactérienne produisant une phytase extracellulaire a été isolée et identifiée comme Bacillus amyloliquefaciens US573. L’enzyme «PHY US573» a été purifiée et caractérisée en comparaison avec deux phytases commerciales Ronozyme PL et Natuphos. PHY US573 se distingue par sa forte thermostabilité en présence de calcium. En outre, PHY US573 se caractérise aussi par une tolérance remarquable aux sels comme le NaCl et LiCl. L’ensemble de ces propriétés montre que PHY US573 pourrait être une candidate intéressante pour des applications en alimentation animale ou en agriculture pour améliorer la biodisponibilité du P-phytique pour les plantes. Dans le deuxième volet, la souche Streptomyces sp. US42 produisant une activité phytase extracellulaire a été sélectionnée. L’enzyme «PHY US42» a été purifiée et caractérisée. PHY US42 est calcium dépendante également une grande stabilité en présence de sels biliaires et des protéases digestives. La modélisation moléculaire de PHY US42 indique qu'elle appartient au groupe des β-propeller phytases qui sont généralement calcium-dépendantes. Vu ses propriétés biochimiques intéressantes, PHY US42 constitue une bonne candidate comme additif dans les aliments pour animaux monogastriques en combinaison avec une histidine acide phytase. Enfin dans un troisième volet, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de la régulation de l'expression du gène phytase de S. coelicolor M145 (sco7697) chez S. coelicolor M145, S. lividans TK24 ainsi que chez ses deux mutants ppk et phoP. Ainsi, en plus des boites pho localisées en amont de la région promotrice -35 siège de la régulation positive PhoP-dépendante, nous avons révélé pour la première fois que la RD localisée en aval de la région promotrice -10 est le siège d’une forte régulation négative par un répresseur inconnu. Ce dernier empêcherait l’activation PhoP-dépendante de l’expression du gène phytase. / Phytases hydrolyse phytate representing the major storage form of P in cereal. phytates are also anti-nutritional factors that chelate cations such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Z²⁺ reducing their absorption. The low bioavailability of phytic phosphorus in monogastric animals require their food supplementation with Pi to meet the needs of the animal in P. This creates an extra cost and increases the environmental pollution by the manure excretion highly charged phosphate. In the first part of this thesis, from soil samples taken near hot hydrothermal waters of the region Elhamma in southern Tunisian, a new bacterial strain producing extracellular phytase was isolated and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens US573. The enzyme referred "PHY US573" was purified and characterized in comparison with two commercial acid histidine phytases Ronozyme PL and Natuphos. PHY US573 is calcium dependent and has an optimum activity at pH 7.5 (5 for Ronozyme and 5.5 for Natuphos) and 70°C (55°C for Ronozyme and Natuphos). PHY US573 is distinguished by its high thermostability, in fact, it keeps 93% of its activity after incubation for 10 min at 75°C in the presence of calcium while Ronozyme and Natuphos keep only 45% and 53% of their activity, respectively. This enzyme is specific for phytic acid and also has a very good stability at pH 3 to 9 and a perfect stability in presence of bile salts. In addition, PHY US573 is also characterized by a remarkable salt tolerance because it retains 80 to 95% of its activity in the presence of 20 g/l of NaCl and LiCl, respectively. All these properties shows that PHY US573 could be an interesting candidate for applications in feed industry alone or in combination with an histidine acid phytase. In a second part of this thesis, from the Streptomyces collection of LMB-CBS, a strain producing extracellular phytase activity was selected and identified as Streptomyces sp. US42. The enzyme "PHY US42" was purified and characterized. PHY US42 has a calcium-dependent activity (such as Bacillus phytases), optimally active at pH 7 and 65°C. PHY US42 is perfectly stable at pHs ranging from 5 to 10 and its thermal stability is greatly increased in the presence of calcium. Indeed, PHY US42 maintains 80% of its activity after 10 min of incubation at 75 °C in the presence of calcium. PHY US42 has also a high stability in the presence of bile salts and digestive proteases. Molecular modeling of PHY US42 indicates that it belongs to the β-propeller phytase group which are usually calcium-dependent. Given its interesting biochemical properties, PHY US42 which would operate mainly in the intestine, is a good candidate for use as an additive in agastriques fish food or in combination with an histidine acid phytase in feed industry. Finally in a third part, we are interested in studying the regulation of the expression of the phytase gene of S. coelicolor M145 (sco7697) in S.coelicolor M145, S.lividans TK24 and among its two mutants ppk and phoP. To do this, we merged the wild promoter regions (phyWT) or mutated (phym1, phym2, phym1+2) of sco7697 gene with the GUS reporter gene encoding ß-glucuronidase activity. Thus as expected, we demonstrated that the deletion of the PHO box located upstream of the -35 reduces the level of induction of sco7697 in conditions of Pi limitation. Moreover, we have revealed for the first time that the alteration of RD located downstream of -10 correlates with a dramatic increase of GUS expression when PhoP is present. Our results demonstrate that this RD is the seat of a strong negative regulation by an unknown repressor. This would prevent the PhoP-dependent activation of expression of the phytase gene.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 ist ein grampositives Bakterium, das in der Rhizosphäre das Pflanzenwachstum fördert (PGPR - Plant Growth Promotion) und pathogene Organismen hemmt. Abgesehen von dieser Fähigkeit produziert es eine Vielzahl von sekundären Metaboliten, die sowohl ribosomale als auch nicht-ribosomale Peptide umfassen. In dieser Arbeit erfolgte die Untersuchung der transkriptionellen Aktivierung und Regulation der Bacilysin- Biosynthese an den Promotoren der bac- und ywfH- Gene. Durch 5´-Deletionsanalysen wurde der Promotor von Bacilysin identifiziert. Die A (Sigmafaktor A) - abhängige Transkription startet über die konservierten Promotorelemente (-10 und -35) von den bac- und ywfH Genen. Die Untersuchungen der Promotoraktivitäten vom Wildtyp und den erzeugten Regulationsmutanten erfolgten über in vivo ß-Galaktosidase-(Reporter)-Assays. Die Ergebnisse der Reporter-Aktivitäten zeigten, dass Transkriptionsregulatoren die Expression der Bacilysin- Gene aktivieren. Mehrere globale Regulatoren wie DegU, ComA, Hpr und AbrB beeinflussen die Genexpression. In dieser Arbeit wurde mithilfe von DNaseI Footprinting-Analysen die DegU-Bindung an die bac- und ywfH- Promotoren bestätigt.Die negative Regulation der Bacilysin-Biosynthese wird durch den Regulator der transienten Phase Hpr bewerkstelligt. Eine direkte Hpr-Bindung an bac Promotor wurde mit DNaseI Footprint-Analysen gezeigt. Der Promotor des monocistronischen Gens ywfH wurde aber durch Hpr nicht beeinflusst. Die anderen Transkriptionsregulatoren, wie ComA und AbrB, regulieren die Genexpression von Bacilysin indirekt über DegQ und Hpr. In dieser Arbeit konnte demonstriert werden, dass der globale Regulator AbrB den Promotor vom hpr-Gen direkt kontrolliert. Zusammenfassend liefert diese Studie neue Informationen über die genetische Regulation der Bacilysin- Biosynthese in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42. / Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a Gram-positive, pathogen-suppressing and plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium. Apart from this ability, it produces a vast array of secondary metabolites, which includes both ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides. In this work, the transcriptional activation and regulation of bacilysin biosynthesis were studied at the promoters of bac and ywfH genes. The promoter of bacilysin was identified using 5''-deletion analysis. Sigma factor A (σA) was found to start transcription via conserved promoter elements (-10 and -35) of bac and ywfH genes. lacZ reporter fusion studies were performed in wild type and regulatory mutants. The results show the involvement of transcriptional regulators to activate the expression of bacilysin genes. Several global regulators such as DegU, ComA, Hpr and AbrB were identified and found to influence gene expression. In particular, I confirmed DegU binding in bac and ywfH promoters using radioactive DNase I footprinting. Furthermore, Hpr, a transition state regulator was found negatively to control bacilysin biosynthesis. Hpr binding to bac promoter was demonstrated using radioactive DNase I footprinting. Remarkably, Hpr does not influence the promoter of the monocistronic gene, ywfH. The other transcriptional regulators, such as ComA and AbrB, were correlated indirectly to affect the gene expression of bacilysin via DegQ and Hpr, respectively. The gene regulation of hpr was studied in this work. It was demonstrated that AbrB, a global regulator, directly controls the promoter of the hpr gene. However, the consensus sequence for AbrB binding was not identified, since it covers the entire promoter region in the DNA-protein interaction study. To conclude, this study provides new information regarding the genetic regulation of bacilysin biosynthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 besitzt einen beeindruckenden Effekt zur Verbesserung des Pflanzenwachstums. Um die Mechanismen, vor allem auf molekularer Ebene, zu verstehen, wurde das komplette Genom von FZB42 in dieser Arbeit sequenziert. Abwesenheit von der weit verbreiteten Phagen-verwandten Genen im Genom von B. subtilis 168, der in enger Verwandtschaft zum FZB42 steht, ist ein besonderes Merkmal. Dagegen enthält das Genom von FZB42 viele DNA-Inseln, in denen unikale Gene in FZB42 als Cluster gefunden wurden. Viele Gene, die möglicherweise zur Pflanzenwachstumsförderung beitragen, wurden in dieser Arbeit identifiziert. B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 ist natürlich kompetent. Das kompetente Stadium in FZB42 kommt früher als in B. subtilis 168, nämlich während der späten exponentiellen Wachstumsphase. Das FZB42-Genom enthält den kompletten Satz von Genen, die für die Entwicklung der genetischen Kompetenz nötig sind. Ausgenommen von Gene für Quorum-Sensing-System ist die Mehrzahl der Kompetenz-Gene von FZB42 sehr ähnlich zu denen in B. subtilis 168. Das FZB42 Genom birgt ein enormes Potential zur Produktion von sekundären Metaboliten. Genetische Manipulationen wurden durchgeführt, um die Funktionen der trans-AT Domänen und der Modifikationsdomänen in den PKS-Gen-Clustern zu erklären. Mit Ausnahme von fünf Gen-Clustern in B. subtilis 168 (Surfactin, Fengycin, Bacillibactin, Bacillaene und Bacilysin), sind Bacillomycin D, Difficidin, Macrolactin und ein hypothetisches Tripeptid einzigartig im Genom der FZB42. FZB42 kann kein bekanntes ribosomal synthetisiertes Bacteriocin produzieren kann. Gleichzeitig beinhaltet sein Genom ein Gen-Cluster, das wahrscheinlich für die Produktion eines neuartigen Bacteriocins verantwortlich ist. Die eindrucksvolle genetische Kapazität zur Herstellung von antagonistischen sekundären Metaboliten ermöglicht es FZB42, nicht nur erfolgreich neben konkurrierenden Organismen innerhalb seiner natürlichen Umgebung zu überleben, sondern auch Pflanzen gegen pathogene Bakterien und Pilze zu schützen. / Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has an impressive effect to improve plant growth. In order to understand the mechanisms, especially at the molecular biological level, the whole genome of FZB42 was sequenced in this work. The absence of extended phage insertions which are typical for the closely related B. subtilis 168 genome is a particular feature. On the other hand, several DNA islands where unique genes in FZB42 were found clustered. Many candidate genes that may contribute to the plant growth promotion were identified in this works. B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is naturally competent. FZB42 exhibited its maximal competence earlier than B. subtilis, during late exponential growth. Not surprisingly, the FZB42 genome harbors the complete set of genes necessary for development of genetic competence. The majority of competence genes are highly homologous to their counterparts in B. subtilis 168, excluded from genes for the quorum-sensing system. The FZB42 genome harbors enormous potential for producing secondary metabolites. Genetic manipulation was carried out to investigate the trans-AT domains and some modification domains in the pks gene clusters. With the exception of five gene clusters in B. subtilis 168 (Surfactin, Fengycin, Bacillibactin, Bacillaene and Bacilysin), Bacillomycin D, Difficidin, Macrolactin and a hypothetical tripeptide are unique in the genome of the FZB42. A remarkable feature of the FZB42 genome is that it does not produce any known ribosomally synthesized bacteriocin, whereas a gene cluster probably responsible for production of a new bacteriocin was identified in this work. The impressive genetic capacity to produce antagonistic acting secondary metabolites not only enables FZB42 to cope successfully with competing organisms within its natural environment, but also to protect plants from pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

In dieser Arbeit wurden zunächst die Kolonisationen von drei verschiedenen Pflanzengattungen durch den GFP-markierten Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 mittels confocaler Lasermikroskopie und Elektronmikroskopie verfolgt. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, dass FZB42 alle ausgewählten Pflanzen besiedeln konnte. Bei Arabidopsis- und Maiskeimlingen wurden die Wurzelhaare und Verbindungen, an denen laterale Wurzeln entstehen, durch FZB42 bevorzugt besiedelt. Weiterhin wurden bei Arabidopsis die Spitzen der Primärwurzeln, und bei Mais die Wurzelkerben bevorzugt besiedelt. Bei Lemna wurden FZB42 Zellansammlungen entlang der Furchen, die zwischen den Epidermiszellen der Wurzel liegen, sowie den intrazellulären Hohlräumen an der Blattunterfläche gefunden. Anschließend wurden die Transkriptome von FZB42, der mit Maiswurzelexudat angezogen wurde, mittels Microarray analysiert. Insgesamt wurden 302 Gene, die 8,2 % des Transkriptoms ausmachen, signifikant durch das Wurzelexudat beeinflusst, wobei die Mehrzahl (260 Gene) hochreguliert wurde. Die induzierten Gene, dessen Funktion bereits bekannt ist, sind hauptsächlich an dem Nährstoffwechsel, Chemotaxis und Beweglichkeit, sowie an der Produktion von Antibiotika beteiligt. Auch wurden die Trankriptome von sieben FZB42-Muatnten durch Microarray analysiert. Diese hatten jeweils eine Deletionen in fünf Sigmafaktor-Genen (sigB, sigD, sigM, sigV,and sigX) und zwei globalen Transkriptionsregulator-Genen (degU und abrB). Die Expression vieler Genen wird durch diese Genprodukte beeinflusst. Mögliche Mechanismen, wie diese Faktoren die bakterielle Reaktion auf Wurzelexsudaten beeinflüssen, wurden vorgeschlagen. Schließlich wurden Northernblott-Untersuchungen an möglichen sRNA-Kandidaten durchgeführt, dessen Expression signifikant durch Wurzelexudate beeinflusst wurde. Dabei konnten 6 von 20 vermeintlichen sRNA-Kandidaten betätigt werden. Dies weist auf eine noch unbekannte Rolle der sRNAs bei der Pflanzen-Mikroben-Wechselwirkung. / In this work colonization of three different plants genera, maize, Arabidopsis, and Lemna, by GFP-labeled Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 in a gnotobiotic system was firtly studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. It was shown that FZB42 is able to colonize all these three plants with a specific pattern. Root hairs and the junctions where lateral roots occurred were a preferred area of FZB42 on both maize and Arabidopsis seedlings. On Arabidopsis, tips of primary roots were another favored site of FZB42; while, on maize, the concavities in root surfaces were preferred. FZB42 cells were also able to colonize Lemna, preferably accumulating along the grooves between epidermis cells on roots and the concaved intercellular space on fronds. Secondly, microarray experiments were performed concerning the transcriptomic response of FZB42 to maize root exudates. A total of 302 genes representing 8.2% of FZB42 transcriptome were significantly altered in transcription by the presence of root exudates, the majority of them (260) were up-regulated in expression. The induced genes with known function were mainly involved in nutrition utilization, chemotaxis and motility, and antibiotic production. The transcriptome of seven FZB42 mutants, defective in five sigma factor genes (sigB, sigD, sigM, sigV, and sigX) and two global transcriptional regulator genes (degU and abrB), were also investigated through microarray experiments. A vast number of genes were indentified to be controlled by the protein factors respectively. Possible mechanisms were proposed of how these protein factors are involved in the response to root exudates. Finally, by northern blot existence of six out of 20 small RNA (sRNA) candidates was identified, which were significantly altered in expression by root exudates. This suggests that sRNA may play a hitherto unrecognized role in plant-microbe interaction.

Submitted by Tatiana da Silva Santos (ta.tianasantos@hotmail.com.br) on 2019-01-29T23:13:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao SANTOS Tatiana.pdf: 1460829 bytes, checksum: 860ca0a833bcae646664af005f5e7c5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2019-01-30T10:20:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 1460829 bytes, checksum: 860ca0a833bcae646664af005f5e7c5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-30T10:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 1460829 bytes, checksum: 860ca0a833bcae646664af005f5e7c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O manejo eficiente do solo pode provocar mudanças benéficas na qualidade física, química e microbiológica do solo refletindo em alta produtividade de grãos de milho. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais exigido pela planta de milho. A aquisição de fertilizantes nitrogenados pode ser responsável por 50% dos custos variáveis da lavoura. Dessa forma, a utilização de bactérias diazotróficas é considerado uma fonte alternativa economicamente viável e sustentável para aquisição desse nutriente por meio da fixação biológica de N por esses microrganismos. Em vista do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o desenvolvimento, componente produtivo e produtividade de grãos de milho sob diferentes manejos de solo e inoculado via foliar por Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola de 2016/17 em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico localizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) – Setor de Produção Vegetal pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, município de Selvíria - MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, esquema de faixas. Foram estabelecidos 12 tratamentos com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 3 tipos de sistemas de manejo do solo: Sistema convencional (SC), cultivo mínimo (CM) e sistema plantio direto (SPD). Os tratamentos de inoculação via foliar de bactérias diazotróficas consistiram em: Azospirillum brasilense (AB), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), Azospirillum brasilense + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (AB + BA) e sem inoculação (SI). Não houve efeito significativo da aplicação de bactérias sobre a altura de planta, diâmetro do colmo, diâmetro de espiga e comprimento de espiga. Houve interação para a altura de inserção da primeira espiga e produtividade de grãos. A inoculação com Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promoveu acréscimos à altura de inserção da primeira espiga quando utilizado o cultivo mínimo (1,31 m). A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens proporcionou aumento da produtividade de grãos no preparo convencional. / Efficient soil management can lead to beneficial changes in the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the soil, reflecting high yields of corn grains. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most required by the corn plant. The acquisition of nitrogen fertilizers can account for 50% of the variable costs of the crop. Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria is considered an economically viable and sustainable alternative source for the acquisition of this nutrient through the biological fixation of N by these microorganisms. In view of the above, the objective of this research was to verify the development, productive component and productivity of corn grains under different soil management and foliar inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense and / or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The experiment was conducted during the agricultural year of 2016/17 in a Distroferric Red Oxisol located at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (FEPE) - Vegetable Production Sector belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Selvíria - MS. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Twelve treatments with four replicates were established. The treatments were constituted by 3 types of soil management systems: Tillage (SC), minimum tillage (CM) and notillage (SPD). The treatments of foliar inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria consisted of: Azospirillum brasilense (AB), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), Azospirillum brasilense + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (AB + BA) and No Inoculation (SI). There was no significant effect of the application of bacteria on plant height, stalk diameter, ear diameter and ear length. There was interaction for the first ear insertion height and grain yield. The inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promoted increases at the insertion height of the first ear when using the minimum culture (1,31 m). Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens provided an increase in grain yield in conventional tillage. / CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

Bibliography: leaves 118-130 / v, 130 leaves, [23] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1984

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2002.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T22:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Levando-se em consideração os grandes índices de morbidade causados pela contaminação de alimentos, fica evidente a necessidade de desenvolver novas alternativas de conservação para disponibilizar para a população alimentos de qualidade cada vez melhor e mais seguros, do ponto de vista microbiológico e toxicológico. Frente a essa realidade, esse estudo teve como objetivo otimizar a técnica de extração da substância antimicrobiana e sua caracterização bem como realizar uma avaliação preliminar da citotoxicidade do extrato bruto produzido por Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. O extrato bruto foi obtido de uma cultura de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens em caldo triptona de soja suplementado com extrato de levedura, incubado a 35oC por 24 h, precipitado com sulfato de amônio, ressuspendido em tampão fosfato 0,2 M pH 7,2, dialisado em membrana de 3,5 kDa e esterilizado por filtração em membrana de 0,22 mm. O mesmo procedimento foi repetido substituindo o tampão fosfato por água destilada. Todos os ensaios desse estudo foram realizados com dois pools de extrato bruto, sendo um obtido pela mistura de extratos brutos extraídos em tampão e o outro obtido pela mistura de extratos brutos extraídos em água. O extrato bruto foi submetido aos seguintes ensaios de caracterização: atividade antimicrobiana em ágar triptona de soja suplementado com extrato de levedura e em ágar sangue, perfil de proteínas em gel de poliacrilamida e aminograma. Como microrganismo indicador foi utilizado Listeria monocytogenes a 105 UFC/mL. Foram realizados ensaios preliminares de citotoxicidade como atividade hemolítica em tubos e em placas de ágar sangue e citotoxicidade em células VERO. Nos ensaios de atividade antimicrobiana em ágar triptona de soja suplementado com extrato de levedura o extrato bruto apresentou um halo de inibição máximo de 8,3 mm (profundidade) e 7,5 mm (superfície) numa concentração de 80 mg e 10 mg de proteína, respectivamente; em ágar sangue observou-se um halo de inibição máximo de 4,5 mm (profundidade) e 6,6 mm (superfície) numa concentração de 80 mg e 10 mg de proteína, respectivamente. Para determinação da composição global de aminoácidos em eletroforese PAGE (7,5 a 20%)/SDS (10%) foram constatadas seis bandas com pesos moleculares aparentes de: 14,8; 20; 29; 30; 34 e 56,2 kDa e composto principalmente de aminoácidos hidrofóbicos (não polares), incluindo a prolina (446,77 ppm), leucina (11,03 ppm), valina (6,27 ppm), isoleucina (4,59 ppm), alanina (2,91 ppm) e glicina (1,87 ppm). A quantidade de aminoácidos totais presentes no extrato bruto foi de 526,59 ppm. Em ensaios de citotoxicidade, o extrato bruto apresentou uma concentração hemolítica 50% em tubos na concentração de 11,43 mg de proteína numa suspensão de eritrócitos de carneiro e uma concentração citotóxica 50% na concentração de 32,14 mg de proteína em células VERO; o halo de hemólise máximo em placas de ágar sangue foi de 5,6 mm (profundidade) e 5,7 mm (superfície) numa concentração de 80 mg e 10 mg de proteína, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o extrato bruto produzido por Bacillus amyloliquefaciens é composto principalmente de proteases e outras enzimas bacteriolíticas.