Cette recherche porte sur la production d’un discours singulier, saisi dans le champ littéraire d’auteures autochtones au Québec, dans la compréhension de dynamiques de création et de reconnaissance de nouveaux imaginaires. Le point de départ de cette recherche est l’étude de la formation et de la consolidation d’un discours qui se veut singulier dans l’interaction avec les autres discours en présence — soulevant des questions de rapports de pouvoir. L’analyse discursive vise ainsi à faire valoir certaines des lignes de force du discours de la relation au territoire produit par la nation innue dans le discours social québécois, analysé au travers d’oeuvres de quatre écrivaines innues Marie-Andrée Gill, Naomi Fontaine, Natasha Kanapé Fontaine et Joséphine Bacon. Le registre de l’intime, révélé au cours du terrain auprès de la poétesse Marie-Andrée Gill, a composé un second corpus d’analyse. Il est alors question d’un déplacement de regard de l’objet d’étude dans le dévoilement du processus créatif qui s’articule dans une compréhension du soi pour tendre vers le commun. L’analyse transdiscursive avance finalement l’idée d’une position littéraire nommée poétique des possibles, qui se comprend comme un changement de paradigme et qui se caractérise par une approche décoloniale. Mots-clés : littérature; autochtone; Innu; analyse discursive; relation au territoire; poétique des possibles; décolonisation; Marie-Andrée Gill; Natasha Kanapé Fontaine; Joséphine Bacon; Naomi Fontaine. / This study delves into the production of singular discourse in the literary field of First Nations women writers in Quebec, in understanding the dynamics of creation and recognition of new imaginaries. The starting point of this research is the formation and consolidation of a singular discourse in interaction with other discourses — raising power relations issues. The discursive analysis focus on the discourse of the relationship to the territory produced by the Innu nation in Quebec social discourse, analyzed through the works of four Innu authors Marie-Andrée Gill, Naomi Fontaine, Natasha Kanapé Fontaine, and Joséphine Bacon. The register of intimacy, revealed during the fieldwork with the poetess Marie-Andrée Gill, shifted the focus of this study. This second corpus of analysis laid the groundwork for an enquire into the creative process that is articulated in an understanding of the self to tend towards the common. Lastly, the transdiscursive analysis advances the idea of a singular literary position named poetics of possibilities, a paradigm shift, which is characterized by an approach of decolonization. Keywords : Literature; First Nations; Innu; Discursive Analysis; Relationship to the Territory; Poetics of Possibilities; Decolonization; Marie-Andrée Gill; Natasha Kanapé Fontaine; Joséphine Bacon; Naomi Fontaine.

Le lien qu'entretient la communauté innue au territoire, d'où provient le mode d'être-au-monde, persiste malgré les nombreux changements survenus dans le mode de vie des Innus. Dans un contexte où le territoire n'est pas pratiqué de la même manière par les jeunes générations d'Innu.es, en raison notamment de la coupure engendrée par le colonialisme, les pratiques de transmission se transforment et adoptent une variété de supports pédagogiques. De nouveaux supports, dont la littérature écrite, se créent et s'adaptent afin de transmettre l'ontologie territoriale innue dans le nouveau contexte de vie. La question posée par ce mémoire est la suivante : est-ce que la résonance de Nutshimit, l'ontologie territoriale innue, peut se lire dans la poésie innue contemporaine, en l'occurrence la poésie de Joséphine Bacon, Rita Mestokosho, Marie-Andrée Gill et Natasha Kanapé Fontaine ? À cette question, je propose de répondre par l'affirmative, en montrant que Nutshimit, tel que vécu par les expériences au territoire de quatre femmes innues, s'articule dans et par le verbe poétique. Nutshimit vit et survit à travers les poèmes, qui se posent comme nouveaux médiums de transmission de l'ontologie territoriale innue. Je brosserai d'abord un portrait du genre de vie innu d'avant la coupure colonialiste, qui a mené Nutshimit à se transmettre via de nouveaux supports, afin d'ensuite faire une lecture de la transmission de l'ontologie territoriale innue au prisme du concept de souveraineté littéraire (Sioui-Durand 2003). En considérant que les poétesses sont telles les joueuses de tambour, je chercherai à montrer comment s'incarne la résonance de Nutshimit telle qu'elle s'exprime à travers leurs œuvres, sous trois caractéristiques qui s'entremêlent : marcher, portager, pagayer. La poésie assume ainsi un rôle de transmission et, comme le battement du tambour, elle permet d'entrer en dialogue avec un monde intangible.

[pt] Esta tese se move sob o peso de uma palavra. Também se pode dizer que é movida por certa força extensora e que deseja esticar ou pulverizar uma palavra. Essa palavra se move sob o peso de algumas consistências – da carne – e indicia um conjunto de perturbações: a carnificação do texto, o erotismo dos signos, a textualidade refratária à coagulação da textualidade. Carnigrafia, eis o que a tese tenta dizer. Para dizê-la, conta com um punhado de línguas: a língua de Francis Bacon, a língua de Ana Hatherly, a língua de Henri Michaux, a língua de Mira Schendel. Mais as línguas de Novalis, Roland Barthes, Tatsumi Hijikata, Herberto Helder, Hilda Hilst, Antonin Artaud, Ghérasim Luca, Anne Carson, Emil Cioran, Georges Bataille... Se, na esteira de Bataille, o espaço de uma tese deve hospedar as tarefas (e não os sentidos) dos conceitos, ao entregar esta tese a uma palavra, eu o faço mirando suas tarefas e buscando multiplicá-las. Dessa proliferação surgem outras: propagam-se, por exemplo, as ponderações sobre a textura, a gestualidade da escrita, e uma vontade de horizontalização passa a se impor. Numa tese que se quer ela própria carnigráfica, convém aumentar sempre a superfície de contato; por isso, a fragmentação pareceu inevitável e levou a dois modos que se alternam e entremeiam: “Os aparentados da carne”, ensaio dividido em três partes – a carne do corpo, a carne do signo, a carne da língua – e os quatro volumes de um dicionário carnigráfico, composto por um ecossistema de verbetes. Esses dois modos reciprocam, e é possível, até certo ponto, destrinchá-los: se o ensaio procura pensar a carne, ou farejá-la, aliando-se aos artistas e autores excitantes da pesquisa, os verbetes tentam espasmá-la, movendo-se sob o peso dessas poéticas, tanto quanto de alguns temas e motivos, como a dança, o barroco, o jogo, a embriaguez, o desejo, o anagrama. Pretendi espalhar verbetes e motivos e autores e temas e imagens e conceitos para que tudo pontilhe a tese e aumente a sua extensão; perseguir, enfim, a carnigrafia, lançá-la de vários jeitos, tocá-la com várias línguas. / [fr] Cette thèse se meut sous le poids d un mot. On peut aussi dire quil est mû par une certaine force d extension et quil veut étirer ou pulvériser un mot. Ce mot se meut sous le poids de certaines consistances – de la chair – et indique un ensemble de perturbations : la carnification du texte, l érotisme des signes, la textualité réfractaire à la coagulation de la textualité. La carnigraphie, c est ce que tente de dire la thèse. Pour le dire, il a une poignée de langues : la langue de Francis Bacon, la langue d Ana Hatherly, la langue d Henri Michaux, la langue de Mira Schendel. Plus les langues de Novalis, Roland Barthes, Tatsumi Hijikata, Lydia Davis, Herberto Helder, Ghérasim Luca, Anne Carson, Emil Cioran, Georges Bataille... Si, après Bataille, l espace d une thèse devait accueillir les besognes (et non les sens) des concepts, quand je livre cette thèse à un mot, je le fais en visant ses besognes et en cherchant à les multiplier. Cette prolifération en génère d autres : par exemple, des considérations de texture, des gestes d écriture, un désir d horizontalisation commencent à simposer. Dans une thèse qui se veut carnigraphique, il convient toujours d augmenter la surface de contact. Pour cette raison, la fragmentation semblait inévitable et conduisait à deux modes qui salternent et sentremêlent : Les parents de la chair , essai divisé en trois parties – la chair du corps, la chair du signe, la chair de la langue – et les quatre volumes d’un dictionnaire carnigraphique, composé d un écosystème d entrées. Ces deux modes se répondent, et il est possible, dans une certaine mesure, de les démêler : si l essai cherche à penser la chair, ou à la renifler, alliée aux artistes et auteurs qui font vibrer la recherche, les entrées tentent de la réverbérer et se meuvent sous le poids de ces poétiques, ainsi que quelques thèmes et motifs, comme la danse, le baroque, le jeu, l ivresse, le désir, l anagramme. J avais l intention de diffuser des entrées et des motifs et des auteurs et des thèmes et des images et des concepts afin que tout parsème la thèse et augmente son extension ; poursuivre, enfin, la carnigraphie, la lancer de diverses manières, la toucher avec plusieurs langues.

Before the publication of David Hockney’s book Secret Knowledge: rediscovering the lost techniques of the Old Masters in 2001, it was commonly believed that the first artist to use an optical aid in painting was the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. Hockney, however, believes that the use of projected images started much earlier, as early as the fifteenth-century, claiming that evidence can be found in the work of the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Without rejecting Hockney’s pioneering work in this field, I nevertheless make the perhaps bolder claim that Italian artists were using the aid of image projections even before the time of Jan van Eyck, that is, as early as 1270. Although much of the information required to make an earlier claim for the use of optics can be found in Hockney’s publication, the key to linking all the information together has been missing. It is my unique contention that this key is a letter that has always been believed to have been European in origin. More commonly referred to as Roger Bacon’s Letter I show in detail how this letter was, in fact, not written by Roger Bacon, but addressed to him, and that this letter originated in China. Chinese knowledge about projected images, that is the concept that light-pictures could be received onto appropriate supports, came directly to Europe around 1250. This knowledge was expanded upon by Roger Bacon in his Opus Majus, a document which arrived in Italy in 1268 for the special consideration of Pope Clement IV. The medieval Italian painter Cimabue was able to benefit directly from this information about optical systems, when he himself was in Rome in 1272. He immediately began to copy optical projections, which stimulated the creation of a new, more individualistic, mode of representation in Italian painting from this time forward. The notion that projected images greatly contributed towards the development of naturalism in medieval Italian painting replaces the previously weak supposition that the stimulation was classical or humanist theory, and shows that it was, in fact, far likely something more technical as well. / Art History / D.Litt. et Phil. (Art History)

Cette thèse propose une réflexion comparée entre les littératures des Premières Nations du Québec et celles d’Afrique subsaharienne et afro-descendantes et plus précisément la poésie de Natasha Kanapé Fontaine, Rita Mestokosho et Joséphine Bacon, ainsi que certains des romans de Léonora Miano et de Sami Tchak. Les textes de ces poètes et écrivain.e.s Innu, franco-camerounaise et togolais sont articulés à partir de la notion d’animisme. Au moyen de référents littéraires, anthropologiques et des études autochtones, ce travail questionne donc la présence de l’animisme dans la pratique d’écriture et interroge sa portée décoloniale. Cette réflexion se construit également à partir de séjours de terrains, et ce tenant compte d’une mise en valeur du savoir expérientiel préconisé par les études autochtones. Se construisant selon ce que la chercheuse Renate Eigenbrod nomme « narrative scholarship », à savoir l’alternance entre théorie et narration, cette thèse vise à penser l’être au monde animiste comme une épistémologie.À travers une pensée en deux temps, ce travail met en relief les différents effets de la colonisation sur l’animisme en tant qu’être au monde, ainsi que sa dynamique décoloniale, au prisme de leurs représentation et incarnation littéraires.Le premier chapitre analyse les stratégies d’objectification de l’animisme portées par les politiques coloniales. Le second chapitre s’attarde sur les traits saillants de la représentation littéraire de l’animisme. La question de la relation au territoire et la notion de souveraineté qui lui est inhérente sont examinées dans le chapitre trois. À rebours des mécaniques d’assignation et d’oppression, il s’agit ensuite de réfléchir sur les dynamiques d’émancipation portées par l’animisme au sein des textes du corpus. Le chapitre quatre analyse les enjeux liés à la notion de sujet selon une perspective décoloniale. Puis, c’est la potentialité résistante de l’animisme en tant qu’ontologie relationnelle qui est interrogée dans le chapitre cinq. Enfin, le chapitre six théorise sa dimension pratique et sa constitution en tant que résurgence, à rebours du colonialisme contemporain. L’ensemble de cette thèse travaille la possibilité de penser des savoirs situés, c’est ainsi qu’elle aboutit à considérer l’animisme comme une pratique et une éthique de recherche, un outil poétique et intellectuel à utiliser au sein d’autres champs que les disciplines ici convoquées. / This thesis proposes a comparative reflection between the literatures of the First Nations of Quebec and those of sub-Saharan Africa and Afro-descendants and more specifically the poetry of Natasha Kanapé Fontaine, Rita Mestokosho and Josephine Bacon, as well as some of the novels of Léonora Miano and Sami Tchak. The texts of these Innu, Franco-Cameroonian and Togolese poets and writers are based on the notion of animism. By means of literary referents, anthropological studies and Aboriginal studies, this work therefore questions the presence of animism in the practice of writing and questions its decolonial scope. This reflection is also built from fieldworks, by taking into account the promotion of the experiential knowledge advocated by Aboriginal studies. Building on what the researcher Renate Eigenbrod calls "narrative scholarship", namely the alternation between theory and narration, this thesis aims to think of the animist way of being in the world as an epistemology.Through a two-step thought, this work highlights the different effects of colonization on animism as a way of being in the world, as well as its decolonial dynamics through the prism of their literary representation and incarnation. The first chapter analyzes the objectification strategies of animism carried by the colonial policies. The second chapter focuses on the salient characteristics of the literary representation of animism. The question of the relation to the territory and the its inherent notion of sovereignty are discussed in chapter three. Unlike the mechanics of assignment and oppression, our aim is then to reflect on the dynamics of emancipation carried by animism within the texts of our corpus. Chapter four analyzes issues related to the notion of Subject from a decolonial perspective. Then, this is the resistant potentiality of animism as relational ontology which is questioned in chapter five. Finally, chapter six theorizes its practical dimension and its constitution as a resurgence, against contemporary colonialism. The whole thesis works on the possibility of thinking situated knowledge, this is how it leads to consider animism as a practice and research ethics, a poetic and intellectual tool to use in other fields than the ones carried in this work.

Before the publication of David Hockney’s book Secret Knowledge: rediscovering the lost techniques of the Old Masters in 2001, it was commonly believed that the first artist to use an optical aid in painting was the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. Hockney, however, believes that the use of projected images started much earlier, as early as the fifteenth-century, claiming that evidence can be found in the work of the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Without rejecting Hockney’s pioneering work in this field, I nevertheless make the perhaps bolder claim that Italian artists were using the aid of image projections even before the time of Jan van Eyck, that is, as early as 1270. Although much of the information required to make an earlier claim for the use of optics can be found in Hockney’s publication, the key to linking all the information together has been missing. It is my unique contention that this key is a letter that has always been believed to have been European in origin. More commonly referred to as Roger Bacon’s Letter I show in detail how this letter was, in fact, not written by Roger Bacon, but addressed to him, and that this letter originated in China. Chinese knowledge about projected images, that is the concept that light-pictures could be received onto appropriate supports, came directly to Europe around 1250. This knowledge was expanded upon by Roger Bacon in his Opus Majus, a document which arrived in Italy in 1268 for the special consideration of Pope Clement IV. The medieval Italian painter Cimabue was able to benefit directly from this information about optical systems, when he himself was in Rome in 1272. He immediately began to copy optical projections, which stimulated the creation of a new, more individualistic, mode of representation in Italian painting from this time forward. The notion that projected images greatly contributed towards the development of naturalism in medieval Italian painting replaces the previously weak supposition that the stimulation was classical or humanist theory, and shows that it was, in fact, far likely something more technical as well. / Art History / D.Litt. et Phil. (Art History)

No description available.

Translations of works containing Arabic and ancient Greek knowledge of the philosophical and mechanical underpinnings of the natural world—a field of study called natural philosophy—were disseminated throughout twelfth-century England. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, institutional (ecclesiastical/university) scholars received and further developed this natural philosophical knowledge by reconciling it with Christian authoritative sources (the Bible and works by the Church Fathers). The subsequent discourse that developed demonstrated ambivalence towards natural philosophical knowledge; institutional scholars expressed both acceptance and anxiety regarding the theory and practice of alchemy, astrology/astronomy, and humoral/astrological medicine. While the institutional development and discourse surrounding natural philosophical thought is well-represented within medieval scholarship, an examination of the transmission and reception of this institutional discourse by broader sectors of English medieval society is needed. Examining fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Middle English public writings, texts, and copies of Latin works provides an important avenue of analysis when exploring the transmission and reception of institutional natural philosophical discourse to the laity. By comparing the similarities of discourse evident between the institutional and lay texts and the textual approaches the Middle English writers employed to incorporate this discourse, these works demonstrate that the spheres of institutional and lay knowledge traditionally separated by medieval historians overlapped as the clerics and laity began sharing a similar understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of the natural world.

Within the field of theological aesthetics, this project assesses the divide between theological accounts of art and the re-emergence of religious imagery in modern and contemporary art. More specifically, American Protestant theologians and their accounts of visual art will be taken up as a representative set of contemporary theological inquiry in the arts. Under this category, evaluation will be made of three diverse traditions in American Protestant thought: Paul Tillich and Liberal Protestantism, Francis Schaeffer and the Neo-Calvinists, and the open evangelical accounts of Nicholas Wolterstorff and William Dyrness. With respect to modern and contemporary visual art, this evaluation judges the degree to which theologians have understood the primary concepts and dominant narratives of various modernisms and postmodernisms of art since the end of the nineteenth century, recognised the watershed moments in the lineage of the twentieth century avant-garde, and acknowledged the influence of critical theory not only upon the contemporary discourse in aesthetics and art production but also in the social reception of art. In tracing the re-emergence of religious imagery in modern and contemporary art, this project takes up three diverse traditions: the Crucifixions of Francis Bacon and the memento mori art of Damien Hirst, the ‘re-enchantment’ of art in the work of Joseph Beuys, and the art of ‘False Blasphemy’ associated with lapsed Catholics like Rober Gober and Andres Serrano. By assessing what theologians have written concerning visual art and the surprising return of certain religious imagery in modern and contemporary art, this study will intimate a new way forward in a mutually beneficial dialogue for art and religious belief.

Contemporary scholarship has seen increasing interest in the study of elegy. The present work attempts to elevate and expand discussions of death and survival beyond the ambit of elegy to a more genre-inclusive and ethically sensitive survey of Romantic posthumous life writings. Combining an ethic of remembrance founded on mutual fulfilment and reciprocal care with the Romantic tendency to hybridise different genres of mourning and commemoration, the study re- conceives 'posthumous life' as the 'inexhaustible' product of endless collaboration between the dead, the dying and the living. This thesis looks to the philosophical meditations of Francis Bacon, John Locke and Emmanuel Levinas for an ethical framework of human protection, fulfilment and preservation. In an effort to locate the origin of posthumous life writing, the first chapter examines the philosophical context in which different genres and media of commemoration emerged in the eighteenth century. Accordingly, it will commence with a survey of Enlightenment attitudes toward posthumous sympathy and the threat of death. The second part of the chapter turns to the tangled histories of epitaph, biography, portraiture, sepulchre and elegy in the writings of Samuel Johnson, Henry Kett, Vicesimus Knox, William Godwin and William Wordsworth. The Romantic culture of mourning and commemoration inherits the intellectual and generic legacies of the Enlightenment. Hence, Chapter Two will try to uncover the complex generic and formal crossovers between epitaph, extempore, effusion, elegy and biography in Wordsworth's 'Extempore Effusion upon the Death of James Hogg' (1835-7) and his 'Epitaph' (1835-7) for Charles Lamb. However, the chapter also recognises the ethical repercussions of Wordsworth's inadequate, even mortifying, treatment of a fellow woman writer in his otherwise successful expression of ethical remembrance. To address the problem of gender in Romantic memorialisation, Chapter Three will take a close look at Letitia Elizabeth Landon' s reply to Wordsworth's incompetent defence of Felicia Hemans. Mediating the ambitions and anxieties of her subject, as well as her public image and private pain, 'Felicia Hemans' (1838) is an audacious composite of autograph, epitaph, elegy, corrective biography and visual portraiture. The two closing chapters respond to Thomas Carlyle's outspoken confidence in 'Portraits and Letters' as indispensable aids to biographies. Chapter Four identifies a tentative connection between the aesthetic of visual portraiture and the ethic of life writing. To demonstrate the convergence of both artistic and humane principles, this cross-media analysis will first evaluate Sir Joshua Reynolds's memoirs of his deceased friends. Then, it will compare Wordsworth's and Hemans's verse reflections on the commemorative power and limitation of iconography. The last chapter assesses the role of private correspondence in the continuation of familiar relation and reciprocal support. Landon's dramatic enactment of a 'feminine Robinson Crusoe' in her letters from Africa urges the unbroken offering of service and remembrance to a fallen friend through posthumous correspondence. The concluding section will consider the ethical implications for the belated memorials and services furnished by friends and colleagues in the wake of her death.