Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels have been praised for their depiction of contemporary society and for giving the voiceless working-class a voice. Her two novels Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1854) are referred to as industrial novels, giving a contemporary depiction of nineteenth century England. However, Gaskell did receive contemporary criticism for being biased in her first novel, Mary Barton, by not givingthe upper class an adequate and honest depiction. This essay argues that North and South gives a more impartial impression by including a greater complexity with the use of more perspectives and contrasts, and that ultimately this is a response to the critique of Mary Barton. By analysing the mixed genres, the different perspectives of settingand select characters in North and South, and comparing it to Mary Barton, this essay aims to highlight the extensive inherent complexity of North and South. Comparisons between the novels North and South and Mary Barton have been done in earlier journal articles and essays, but never with the focus on the difference in relation to earlier criticism. Therefore this essay could contribute to future research in the sense of suggesting a possible reason for Gaskell’s choice or development in her complex depiction of society.

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Deception has long been a central component of Russian warfare, a fact that has become evident in modern conflicts where the state has been involved, not least during the annexation of Crimea in 2014. After the armed conflict, an unstable period unfolded in several Ukrainian regions, as well as in the adjacent maritime areas of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Russia’s aggressive behavior in the sea regions was driven by a goal of dominance, manifested through multifaceted actions that included both conventional and unconventional methods. A gray zone conflict was launched in the maritime domains. Existing research studying Russia’s naval warfare has paid only limited attention to use of deception, which means it misses a key aspect of its on-sea activity. With the aim to contribute more broadly to research on Russian naval warfare, this study has used a theory of deception to describe how and when the state has employed methods related to the phenomenon in the gray zone conflict. The result of the analysis shows that Russia, in its multidimensional conduct across the broad spectrum between war and peace, has utilized deception methods in various instances, with an increased intensity in the year preceding to the conflict’s escalation into full-scale war.

論文摘要 本研究所選取的產業為航太業與電子特化業，之所以會選取這兩個產業有下列幾個原因：（1）廠商本身都面臨著產業升級（精密機械□航太，化學/化工□電子特化品）與技術提昇（更高的品質要求，更快速的技術變遷）的壓力（2）在廠商能耐成長的過程中，研發機構（工研院、中科院）在此都扮演著舉足輕重的角色（3）這些廠商在過去的本業中，都有著優良的表現，廠商的核心能耐持續不斷地成長著，績效卓著。 本研究主要是以Leonard-Barton (1995)『知識創新之泉』一書為主軸架構，以個案訪談的方式進行。Leonard-Barton (1995)認為公司未來所需的知識，都係由下列四項主要的學習性活動加以創造及控制。這四項活動分別是（1）有創意地共同解決目前產品所產生的問題（2）採用及整合新方法與工具，以提高內部的作業效能（3）進行正式與非正式的實驗，以建立未來能力（4）從外部尋找專門技術。本研究主要是技術特質對知識創新活動的影響作為探討對象。研究發現如下： （一）、技術知識複雜性越高，響團隊成員的異質性越高，反之，越低。 本研究發現當技術知識的複雜性越低，團隊成員的異質/多元化越低，不需要太多的異業學門知識的挹注，成員的同質性高。反之，技術知識的複雜度越高，團隊成員的異質/多元程度也就越高，成員組成較為多樣。 （二）、技術專屬性越高，內部使用者參與的程度越高，反之，越低。 本研究發現當技術知識的專屬性越高，公司內部越傾向於自行開發新工具/程序，成為廠商專屬的技術能耐（firm-specific），使用者知識整合程度高。反之，當技術知識的專屬性越低，公司傾向於直接自外部買入新設備/儀器，不會自行開發，使用者知識整合程度低。 （三）、技術知識的不確定性越高，越會鼓勵成員做多方嘗試，失敗是必然的；反之，失敗是盡量避免的，不鼓勵團隊成員做無謂的嘗試。 本研究發現當技術知識的不確定越高，越會鼓勵團隊成員作多方常識，容許「智慧型失敗」，失敗是必經之路；對於原型，廠商會先動態地試一個出來，先用一個Idea試試看，粗略一點沒關係。反之，當技術知識的不確定性越低，公司內部比較不會鼓勵團隊成員作『無謂的嘗試』，失敗是要盡量避免的；對於原型，往往是一次就meet客戶的需求，要求精準、盡量完美。 （四）、技術知識變動越快，與下游廠商的網路關係越鬆散，反之，越緊密。 本研究發現，技術知識變動越慢，與下游廠商的關係越是長久且穩定，往來的重點在於品質的確保，而非價格的高低。反之，技術知識變動越快，與下游廠商的關係越偏向於單純的市場交易，合作時間不長，且會常常更換。 （五）、技術知識變動越快，知識吸收介面越廣泛，反之越集中。 本研究發現，技術知識變動越慢，吸收介面越為集中，資訊會特別集中在某幾個人身上。反之，技術知識變動越快，吸收介面越為廣泛，資訊取的管道較為多樣。 （六）、廠商會依循著特定的路徑去累積其特有的動態能耐 （七）、廠商在轉型的過程中，各個能耐構面均有長足的進步 章節目錄 第一章 序論 1-1 第一節 研究動機 1-1 第二節 研究目的 1-2 第三節 研究問題 1-3 第二章 文獻探討 2-2 第一節 知識的內涵與創造 2-2 壹、知識的定義與分類 2-2 一、人力資本 2-3 二、結構資本 2-4 三、顧客資本 2-5 貳、知識的轉換 2-6 參、知識創造過程 2-7 第二節 知識創新活動 2-10 壹、問題解決（Problem Solving） 2-11 一、Leonard-Barton (1995) 2-11 二、Tushman and O’Reilly（1996） 2-12 三、Clark & Wheelwright（1993） 2-13 四、Iansiti & Clark（1994） 2-15 貳、實做與整合（Implementing and Integrating） 2-17 Leonard-Barton（1995） 2-17 參、實驗與原型（Experimenting and Prototyping） 2-20 一、Maidique & Zirger（1985）□『從錯誤中學習』 2-20 二、Leonard-Barton (1995)□『向前失敗』 2-21 三、Tushman and O’Reilly（1996）□『犯錯許可證』 2-23 四、John Kao□『即興創意』 2-24 五、Clark & Wheelwright（1992） 2-24 肆、輸入知識（Importing knowledge） 2-26 一、Leonard-Barton (1995) 2-26 二、李仁芳，黃仁宏（民86） 2-28 三、Tripsas, Mary（1997） 2-29 四、Cohen and Levinthal(1990) 2-31 第三節 技術特質 2-32 一、技術知識的複雜性 2-32 二、技術知識的專屬性 2-32 三、技術知識內隱程度 2-35 四、技術的不確定性 2-37 五、技術知識變動程度 2-41 六、技術路徑相依度 2-42 第三章 研究方法 3-1 第一節 研究架構 3-1 第二節 研究變項說明 3-3 壹、技術知識特質 3-3 一、技術知識的複雜度 3-3 二、技術知識專屬性 3-3 三、技術知識不確定性 3-4 四、技術知識變動快慢 3-5 貳、知識創新活動 3-6 一、共同解決問題 3-6 二、執行與整合新工具 3-6 三、實驗與原型試製 3-7 四、外部輸入知識 3-7 第三節 研究設計與資料蒐集 3-8 壹、研究對象選取 3-8 貳、資料收集方式 3-9 一、初級資料 3-9 二、次級資料 3-11 三、個案撰寫 3-11 第四節 研究限制 3-11 第四章 研究個案彙整 4-1-1 第一節 三通航太 4-1-1 第二節 元富鋁業 4-2-1 第三節 利翔航電 4-3-1 第四節 長興化工 4-4-1 第五節 信通公司 4-5-1 第六節 永光化學 4-6-1 第五章 個案分析與研究發現 5-3 第一節 技術知識複雜度與知識創造活動關連 5-3 【個案驗證1-1】 5-4 【個案驗證1-2】 5-6 【次級個案一】 5-7 【綜合整理】 5-8 【異質性該如何管理】 5-9 第二節 技術知識專屬性與知識創造活動關連 5-11 【個案驗證2-1】 5-13 【個案驗證2-2】 5-15 【次級個案二】 5-16 【綜合整理】 5-16 第三節 技術不確定性與知識創造活動關連 5-18 【個案驗證3-1】 5-20 【個案驗證3-2】 5-22 【綜合整理】 5-24 【個案驗證3-3】 5-26 【綜合整理】 5-28 第四節 技術知識變動快慢與知識創造活動關連 5-29 【個案驗證4-1】 5-31 【個案驗證4-2】 5-32 【綜合整理】 5-33 【個案驗證4-3】 5-35 【個案驗證4-4】 5-36 【綜合整理】 5-37 第五節 其他研究發現 5-38 【個案驗證5-1】 5-39 【次級個案三】 5-48 【個案驗證5-2】 5-50 【個案_三通航太□核心能耐的轉變】 5-50 【個案_元富鋁業□核心能耐的轉變】 5-53 【個案_長興化工□核心能耐的轉變】 5-56 【個案_永光化學□核心能耐的轉變】 5-62 【個案_信通公司□核心能耐的轉變】 5-65 【次級個案四】 5-68 第六章 結論與研究建議 6-1 第一節 研究結論 6-1 第二節 研究建議 6-7 壹、對於廠商的建議 6-7 貳、對於後續研究的建議 6-11

The Barton Springs Segment, part of the karstic Edwards aquifer in Central Texas, is a Sole Source aquifer, is habitat to rare karst species, and provides water to a well-loved municipal swimming pool, yet its hydrogeologic properties remain insufficiently understood. For this study, the hydrogeologic characteristics of the Barton Springs Segment were investigated using several approaches, including mapping of hydrostratigraphic units and faults, measurement of upland infiltration, groundwater traces, and aquifer tests. The depositional environment, diagenesis, fracturing, down-dropped and dipping faulted blocks, and subsequent dissolution were determined to play important roles in controlling groundwater flow-path development within the Barton Springs Segment. In particular, downdropped fault blocks create groundwater gradients to the southeast that influence flow in the Edwards outcrop area. Upland internal drainage basins were found to be extremely efficient at conveying recharge to the underlying aquifer. The maturity of natural internal drainage sinkholes can be measured by its bowl volume, which grows in proportion to the catchment area it captures. A 19-hectare internal drainage basin, HQ Flat sinkhole, was monitored for rainfall, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and discrete runoff to the cave drain. During a 505-day period, 5.5% of measured rainfall entered the cave drain as discrete recharge, 26% of measured rainfall infiltrated through soils on the slopes, and the remaining 68% was lost through evapotranspiration. This amount of upland infiltration is consistent with infiltration measurements in other karst areas and is much larger than the 1% upland recharge of rainfall that was previously estimated. A chloride mass balance indicates that at the adjacent Tabor research site, about 50% of rainfall infiltrates to a 6-meter depth. Dye-tracing and pump tests demonstrated that primary and secondary groundwater flow paths are the major influence on transmissivity within the Barton Springs Segment. Groundwater tracing breakthroughs reveal very high advection and relatively low dispersion. Drawdown response to pump tests indicates a very high degree of anisotropy, controlled by location of groundwater flow paths. Overall the Barton Springs Segment is a mature karst aquifer with highly developed rapid, discrete network for both recharge and groundwater-flow. / text

This essay identifies a type of narrative dissonance in the depictions of working-class conditions within Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life and George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London. In this thesis, the dissonance is argued in part to be the effect created when an author belonging to one social class attempts to portray a class separate from their own. According to Marxist views, class constructs are well-defined and exist in opposition to one another. As such, there is a distinction between describing circumstances while viewing from outside and portraying conditions from within a class consciousness one does not share. The contrast between these perspectives introduces a discordant element into the narrative which interferes with a reader’s immersion. Furthermore, instances of both intranarrational and extratextual unreliability exacerbate the peculiar sense of dissonance when those elements conflict with the experiences of the reader. Understanding and sympathizing with the experiences of the Other, while beneficial in many regards, should not be conflated with knowledge of their lived experience. In order to establish this distinction, a close reading of the books, highlighting examples, is utilized. Additionally, by way of further explanation, Althusser’s concept of “internal distantiation” is used to define conflicting class viewpoints as a contributing factor to the dissonance perceived.

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Modern cities are often perceived as the antithesis of nature; the built environment is understood as the transformation of raw and untamed nature into a rationalized human landscape. However, a variety of scholars since the nineteenth century have noted the persistence of nature in cities, not only in providing essential services but also resisting human control. Most recently, urban geographers and environmental historians have argued that processes of urbanization do not entail the replacement of natural with artificial environments, but are more accurately understood as a reconfiguration of human/nature relations. In this dissertation, I employ this relational perspective to study a specific form of urban nature: stormwater flows. Urban drainage or stormwater management activities in US cities are a vivid example of the tensions between nature, society, and technology. In this study, I present a comparative case study of two US cities--Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington--where stormwater issues have been a central focus of public debate over the last four decades. Using textual analysis, in-depth interviews, and experiential research methods, I argue that stormwater management practices involve not only the rational management of technological networks but also implicate a wide range of seemingly unrelated issues, such as local governance, environmental protection, land use decisionmaking, community development, aesthetics, and social equity. To describe the relational implications of urban nature, I present a framework of ecological politics to characterize drainage activities as rational, populist, or civic. I argue that the latter form of politics has the greatest potential to relieve the tensions between urban residents and their material surroundings by embracing a systems perspective of human/nonhuman relations and engaging local residents in the hands-on management of environmental flows. It is through the development of deliberative and grounded forms of civic politics that urban residents can forge new relationships between technology and nature, and in the process, understand their place in the world. / text

This work describes a special kind of story about the journey there and back again or journey to gain experience. The nature of this narrative is given by the presence of several key points: the existence of primary and secondary world, wandering throughout secondary world, the transformation of a hero and a reader, homecoming. Presented definition of the story is the starting point from which are being searched connections with the professional disciplines of social work and ethics. In social work the diagram of these trips back and forth presents acquiring an expertise in various scientific fields. For plane of ethics it is particularly significant credibility of the moment from this journey back and forth when the story of the hero and the reader becomes a good (or bad) story positive or negative.

In this thesis I outline the contribution Community-based theatre has made to New Zealand theatre. This involves a defining of theatre production as a material practice. Community-based theatre was a tendency from the 1930s, a promise of the left theatre movement and, I argue, was being searched for as a form of practice by the avant-garde, experimental practitioners of the 1970s. At the same time, early Māori theatre began as a Community-based practice before moving into the mainstream. With the arrival of neo-liberalism to Aotearoa in 1984, community groups and Community-based theatre could become official providers within the political system. This led to a flowering of practices, which I describe, together with the tensions that arise from being a part of that system. However, neo-liberalism introduced managerial practices into state contracting and patronage policy, which effectively denied this flowering the sustenance deserved. At the same time, these policies commodified mainstream theatre production. In conclusion, I argue that in the current situation of global crisis, Community-based theatre practice has a continuing role to play in giving voice to the multitude and by being a practice of the Common.