This Master's thesis takes a look at the construction of the new Roman baths and sauna world with adjacent premises, all connected to the premises in the section TG02, such as the water park, restaurant, administration and rehabilitation. The plot of land intended for the implementation is situated in an undeveloped area in the urban district of Zidenice on the outskirts of the city of Brno. The entire complex of buildings forms a wave landscape with a cube as the centrepiece symbolizing water in a quarry and the reaction to the neighbouring Růženin quarry. The buildings also react to significant visual axes, one of which is the view from the Hady quarry, another of the Hady access roads. Emphasis is also placed on the views from the Roman baths, simultaneously preserving the privacy of visitors. Entrance to the two-storey Roman baths and sauna world is possible from the communal changing rooms in the water park, but also separately. The Sauna world located on the first floor is lit by an atrium that connects it with the Roman baths on the second floor. There are eight dry saunas from different corners of the world, various cold-zones, three massage rooms and three relaxation rooms. A relaxing swimming pool and a fountain in the seating area of the saunabar are significant elements of the central space. Located inside the Roman baths are nine heating rooms all of different temperatures and moisture levels, a large cooling room, and a small swimming pool with an adjacent jacuzzi in the central area, both with beautiful views. From this section, you can walk out onto the adjacent terrain, where there is a large outdoor swimming pool and sauna. There is a polarium, a private spa, a small spa shop, massages and special baths each with their own entrance. On the third floor there is accommodation, a conference room and a fitness centre.

Ressource naturelle aussi précieuse qu’indispensable à nos sociétés contemporaines que pendant l’Antiquité, l’eau est le point central de ce sujet de doctorat, que nous avons décidé d’aborder sous l’angle de sa gestion par les différents échelons du pouvoir au sein de l’Empire romain mais également au niveau individuel et privé, et cela à travers l’exemple de la ville romaine de Dougga, située en Afrique Proconsulaire, l’actuelle Tunisie. Cette problématique propose ainsi de s’intéresser aux moyens mis en œuvre par les différents niveaux de responsabilités dans le but d’approvisionner et de gérer les besoins en eau d’une importante ville romaine d’Afrique, en se consacrant à l’étude des différents types d’installations hydrauliques. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types d’édifices, permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle de la ville. / Natural resource as precious and indispensable to contemporary society during ancient times, water is the central topic of this thesis. We decided to address in terms of its management by different levels of power within the Roman Empire but also at individual and private, through the example of the provincial city of Thugga, in Africa Proconsularis, now Tunisia. This issue proposes to focus the resources used by the different levels of responsibilities in order to supply and manage the water needs of an important Roman city of Africa, dedicated to the study of different types of hydraulic structures.

On étudie ici comment les Romains de la fin de la République et du début de l’Empire envisagent les opérations de nettoyage corporel. En suivant plusieurs questions pratiques (de quoi se nettoie-t-on ? dans quel but ? où le fait-on, avec quels moyens et comment ?) et en se fondant sur des analyses anthropologiques, archéologiques et lexicologiques, on délimite les domaines dans lesquels les Romains rangent les catégories du sale, du soin corporel et de la juste présentation de soi. Le vocabulaire de la saleté, en particulier, permet de circonscrire un ensemble varié de réalités indésirables : il n’y a pas « une » mais « des » saletés – tout est fonction de contextes – et le lexique reflète cette diversité.La justification de la propreté, au contraire, se fonde sur des prescriptions morales remarquables par leur permanence et leur cohérence tout au long de la période. La propreté doit être entendue comme la traduction concrète de la notion plus large de soin ; et réciproquement, la saleté traduit celle de négligence. Par conséquent, être un bon citoyen, et au-delà, un être humain véritable, cela passe par la propreté – avec une insistance telle qu’elle fait de cet état un marqueur de reconnaissance sociale. Plus on est propre et « brillant », plus on se situe en haut des hiérarchies civiques. Ces prescriptions morales aboutissent à l’émergence de cette réalité bien romaine qu’est le balneum : le lieu privilégié de l’entretien de ce modèle civique, au croisement entre univers moraux, cosmétiques et médicaux. Elles sont appuyées par un ensemble de techniques spécifiques accordant une place privilégiée au frottement du corps, à l’aide d’huile ou de détergents. / This thesis investigates how the Romans envision the operations related to body cleansing at the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire. Starting from practical questions – What has to be cleaned? For which purpose? Where does this operation take place? How is it completed? – and leveraging on approaches stemmed from anthropology, archeology and lexicology, we delimitate categories that the Romans link to concepts such as dirtiness, body care or appropriate self-presentation. The terminology of dirtiness, in particular, reveals a manifold set of undesired realities, which nonetheless never appears totally consistent; Depending on the context, there is not one, but several types of dirtiness. On the contrary, the justification of cleanliness is based on a whole range of moral prescriptions which are remarkable by their continuity and their consistency throughout the whole period. It appears that the concept of cleanliness should be understood within the frame of the broader notion of self care. Conversely, dirtiness more generally relates to self negligence. Consequently, being a good citizen, or even living as a genuine human being requires to be clean, to a point where cleanliness becomes a social marker: A clean and “shiny” appearance indicates a higher social status. Hence the growing importance of the balneum as a Roman institution – the place where this model is maintained, across civic, medical and cosmetic representations, through the development of techniques primarily based on body rubbing using oil and detergents.

Depuis sa fréquentation par les premiers curistes étrangers en 1820 jusqu’à l’édification du pont de Saint-Nazaire et de la Route Bleue en 1975, le paysage de la Côte de Jade a connu de profondes mutations. Terre inculte et délaissée à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, cette partie du littoral atlantique devient, dès les premières années du XIXe siècle, la destination privilégiée de baigneurs étrangers attirés par les bienfaits des eaux ferrugineuses et des bains de mer. Le charme pittoresque de ce paysage caractérisé par l’alternance de côtes escarpées et de longues étendues de sable fin sous un couvert de pins maritimes invite à l’évasion et au dépaysement. D’abord réservées à l’exigence d’une clientèle aristocratique et bourgeoise, les stations deviennent au milieu du XXe siècle le rendez-vous d’un tourisme de masse et la silhouette de la côte est profondément modifiée. Ces villes de bord de mer sont le reflet des grandes mutations de la société et répondent à des contraintes fonctionnelles, morphologiques et idéologiques liées à leur implantation géographique et à leur époque. L’habitat balnéaire, représentatif des goûts de son propriétaire et de l’enthousiasme croissant des maîtres d’œuvre pour cette nouvelle architecture saisonnière, consacrée au repos et aux loisirs, est conditionné par la présence de la mer puis du soleil. Malgré la diffusion de modèles de construction dans les catalogues d’architecture, la liberté d’interprétation de ces programmes crée une importante diversité stylistique, spécifique à l’architecture balnéaire. / Between the time that it was first frequented by foreign visitors taking the waters for their health in 1820 and the building of Saint Nazaire’s bridge and the Blue Road in 1975, the landscape of the Jade Coast has undergone significant changes. On virgin coastline that had been left undeveloped at the end of the 18th century, this part of the Atlantic coast became a favourite destination for foreign bathers in the early years of the 19th century, attracted by the benefits of chalybeate spring waters and the chance to bathe in the sea. The picturesque charm of this varied landscape, with its steep coast mixed with long sandy beaches and pine trees, was an invitation to enjoy an escape and a change of scenery. Having been initially devoted to the demands of an aristocratic and middle class clientele, seaside resorts became, in the middle of the twentieth century, the meeting place for large numbers of tourists and consequently the form of the coastline has been modified substantially. These seaside resorts reflect the profound changes to our society, and as well as being constrained by function, morphology and ideology, they are responses to their geographical location and to their date. Seaside housing reflects the taste of owners and a growing enthusiasm among developers for this new seasonal architecture dedicated to relaxation and leisure, architecture conditioned by the presence of the sea and the sun. Despite the spread of building models through architectural catalogues, the variety of interpretation of these models creates a broad stylistic diversity, which is specific to seaside resort architecture.

Une monographie sur la ville antique de Sura s’imposait pour mettre l’accent sur un site-clef, peu étudié, parmi les villes fortifiées du Moyen-Euphrate. L’objectif de ce travail est d’en offrir une description et une analyse poussées et d’élargir le champ des recherches à l’ensemble de la région. À 22 km à l’ouest de Raqqa et à 29 km au nord de Resafa, à l’emplacement du village moderne d’«el-Hammam», Sura (autrefois «Souriya») domine la rive droite de l’Euphrate. Le site est une agglomération fortifiée de forme rectangulaire (76,5 ha) divisée en deux parties, enceinte nord-est et enceinte sud-ouest. Nous présentons Sura de l’époque romaine jusqu’au début de l’époque omeyyade (Ier-VIIIe s.), d’après les résultats de nos recherches qui, entre 2003 et 2011, se sont concentrées sur trois pôles : fortifications, structures domestiques et édifices civils (fouilles intra-muros), nécropole(fouilles extra-muros). Nous étudions ensuite sa culture matérielle à travers le mobilier archéologique et les éléments architecturaux issus des fouilles. Les résultats de ces recherches doivent enrichir le dossier des sites de référence de l’Antiquité tardive pour la région de l’Euphrate et de la Syrie du Nord, en offrant une base de comparaison de premier ordre pour l’architecture civile et funéraire et, surtout, pour le matériel céramique, le verre, les inscriptions. Occupant une position géographique stratégique, Sura fut florissante pendant l’époque romaine et byzantine, jusqu’à la conquête arabe de la région en 639-640, qui scella son déclin – contrairement aux autres villes de l’Euphrate –, puis elle ne fut plus occupée que par des chrétiens locaux, dans des habitats modestes. / A monograph about the ancient city of Sura was necessary in order to bring to light a site little studied so far, in spite of its key importance among the Middle Euphrates fortified towns. The present work aims at offering a thorough description and analysis of it, while broadening the scope of comparison to its larger region. Sura(previously “Suriya”) is situated 22 km west of Raqqa and 29 km north of Resafa, on the location where nowadays stands the village of “el-Hammam”, overlooking the right bank of the river Euphrates. The site, a fortified agglomeration of rectangular shape (76,5 ha), is divided into two parts, the northeast and the southwest enclosures. We present Sura from Roman times until the beginning of the Umayyad period (1st-8th cent.), through the results of our researches, which, from 2003 to 2011, have been focusing, intra-muros, on its fortifications, on its domestic and public structures, and, extra-muros, on its necropolis, then through its material culture, that is, thesmall finds and architectural elements. Such a research should contribute to enhancing the extant knowledge about Late Antiquity in the Euphrates region and North Syria, by bringing forth an additional reference site, especially for civil and funerary architecture and, above all, pottery, glass, and inscriptions. The floruit of Sura, set in a strategic location, lasted from the Roman through Byzantine times, until the Arab conquest of the region, in 639-640, threw it into oblivion – a fate not shared by other cities on the Euphrates. Afterwards, only local Christians maintained some modest settlement there.

Stockholm is considered as a tourist destination which has a lot of offers to attract tourists and if it utilizes it water better it can give a wonderful and unique experiences and cold baths may become an image to it. The aim of this study is to shed light on the open-air swimming-baths and shores of Stockholm. Also how to use this advantage as it’s a city based on many islands, the purest water in Europe and this makes Stockholm as a destination a very attractive place for tourism. For a better understanding of our study, we have studied the quality and quantity to see how people began to exploit open-air swimming-baths throughout history everywhere in Europe and specifically of Stockholm city sea shore. We did a study on the history traditions of open-air swimming-baths and how it can be a tourist attraction through books and interviews, scientific articles and our personal observation, so that we can analyze how to develop sustainable tourism in the future and how Stockholm city can make development of opportunities for the future. Research has shown that the City does not focus specifically on cold baths, their marketing is on permanent attractions focusing on culture and events to attract tourists. Equally important is the range of secondary and tertiary attractions at your destination and give a greater value for the tourist. The growth of the tourism benefits the city, local businesses and local people including contributing to more jobs. Some players feel that the demand for swimming in Stockholm's city center has risen and some not, but they agree that demand is high. It is interesting to know whether the open-air baths in the future could become part of Stockholm's image or not.

Architectural study offers solution of space of the Roman baths and sauna world in object next to the previously designed building of Aquacenter in Brno - Hády. Location of aquacenter is based on architectural search study Aquacenter - "The Water Temple" Brno (on development areas which are set by ÚPmB). Wellness facilities are today an important part of the water parks. The designed spaces of Roman baths and sauna world offers visitors the use of modifications of Roman baths and Finnish saunas, as well as other supporting treatments such as various massages, herbal baths, massage whirlpools, etc. It is not just a place to relax or to the curative stay, but there is also included a social function as a private spas (for business meetings), caldarium, possibly tepidarium, a rest rooms and relaxation bar. The form of a building, which is based on the form of the previously designed building of aquacentre, is a block with inclined SE, SW and NE wall (inclination of walls is 20 degrees from the vertical). In the center part of a layout is rest room and bar, along which sides are atriums. Around them are then arranged an individual operating units into single wings. The overall layout is also trying to build on the traditional content and linking space of Roman baths, abide the Finnish concept of the sauna and join both together in related wings. While the traffic of balneotherapy is as a "dirty" separated by hall, the wing with massages and less traditional saunas and spas (such as Sweden, Japan, etc.) together with the water baths wing are separated from the central area by corridor. Accommodation is dedicated the space of the second floor, which does not occupy the whole floor space as a first floor and is arranged in a T-shape. The basement which is partly sunk into the ground is located covered parking and service facilities.

"The sick body needs a doctor friend sick souls." (Menandros)