Thesis deals with the design of the technological process of anodic oxidation (creating elox coating) on aluminium film in the system steel-aluminium-elox, with the findings of characteristics of this system, comparing with the contemporary knowledge and practical utilization of this system in practice. My thesis in the teoretical part describes creating of anodic oxidation (elox coating) and the process of bending and stretching the sheet. Theoretical aspects of interaction among elox finish, process of bendings and process of stretching are implemented in the experimental part and they are supported by identified knowledge and results. The practical part is focused on improving adhesion, designing and constructing a multifunctional bending product for testing resistance of the finish applied on a tested product. Under the terms of determination distributing deformation and tension in bended coated plate, this plate is tested by statistic analysis with the help of the Finit Element Method (FEM) in the programme ANSYS. The experimental part compares discovered results of each experiment in the system steel – aluminium – elox with the results of aluminium plates with elox finish, stainless plates and steel plates with aluzinc.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21355号 / 工博第4514号 / 新制||工||1703(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 KIM Chul-Woo, 教授 杉浦 邦征, 講師 張 凱淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Projektet avhandlar en specifik testmetod avseende hur en kartongförpackning reagerar på krafter den utsätts för när den belastas av ett artificiellt finger (BioTac), detta i syfte att undersöka om testmetoderna genererar objektiva och repeterbara resultat.   Projektet analyserar också hur en förvald kartongförpackning böjs vid en specifik punktlast, samt vilken resulterande omslutning och nedböjningen som då registreras av BioTacen. Metoderna som används kompletteras med testresultat utförda med hjälp av laborativa verktyg; en dragprovsmaskin tillverkad av Lloyd instruments med tillsatsen en haptisk sensor (BioTac) från Syntouch.  Vidare forskning har lett till ett mer definierat och objektivt sätt att mäta bland annat en förpacknings grepp-styvhet, vilket bidragit till en ökad förståelse för hur en förpackning ska konstrueras för att bäst tjäna dess syfte. / The project deals with a specific test method regarding how a cardboard package reacts to the external forces when an artificial finger (BioTac) is forced upon it, the purpose being to examine if the method generates objective and repeatable results.  The project also analyses how a pre-selected cardboard package bends at a certain load, and which the resulting enclosure is registered by the BioTac. The methods used are supplemented with laboratory tools, such as: A tensile testing machine by Lloyd instruments, in addition with a tactile sensor (BioTac) by Syntouch.  Further research has led to a more defined and objective way of measuring, amongst other things, a packaging’s grip-stiffness, which has contributed to an increased understanding of how a package should be designed to best serve its purpose.

When designing structures and vehicles using composite materials, engineers need access to critical information regarding the composite materials in question. This information describes the strength, stiffness, failure mode, and other variables that can be used to properly determine how a structure will perform while undergoing various loads and effects. Within boat building industries, several ISO standards are leveraged to allow for easier and faster design of new craft. One suite of ISO standards that provide this information is the ISO 12215 group. Within this group, ISO 12215-5:2019 provides calculation methods for designing boats using fiberglass and carbon fiber composites as well as the values required to do so. Diab, a manufacturer of composite materials that are often used by boat building companies, provides guidance and its expertise when designing and building with the materials they fabricate and sell. Being familiar with the ISO 12215 standards, Diab has helped multiple customers better understand the process of designing small boats with composite materials. To ensure that it provides accurate information, Diab has validated many of the values outlined in ISO 12215-5:2019. One set of values still need to be validated, the compression strength and stiffness of an E type fiberglass. To do so, Diab engineers would like to fabricate and test coupons in a 4-point bending test then compare the results to the values outlined within ISO 12215-5:2019. This thesis outlines the theory, method, tests, and results found while validating this information. The project found that the fiberglass likely has a higher failure strength and a lower stiffness than outlined in the ISO standard. The team members in this project had hypothesized that the strength in the standard would be lower for safety reasons.

Settlement-Induced Bending Moments (SIBM) are an important design condition that must be considered whenever battered piles are placed in settling soils. The objective of this research was to investigate various parameters which can affect SIBM in battered piles within a levee embankment. The results from the current study were compared and verified against those obtained from centrifuge testing and alternative numerical simulations. A series of centrifuge testing as well as finite difference numerical simulations in Fast Langrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) were conducted. Different parameters which may affect the bending moments were investigated including pile connection fixity, batter, and stiffness of the pile as well as the magnitude of settlement. The simulations show that these parameters can have large impacts on the magnitude and location of the bending moments. Findings of this research can be used to validate or identify the need for adjustment of the current modeling/design approach.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are the predominant cell type in blood and have a two-layered outer shell which is composed of a cytoskeleton network tethered to a cytoplasmic membrane. In this thesis, I study the structure and mechanical properties of the RBC’s cytoplasmic membrane (RBCcm) on the nanoscale and utilize this knowledge to functionalize this biological structure on a molecular level. In a first case study, I measure the membrane’s bending rigidity from thermal fluctuations observed in X-ray diffuse scattering (XDS) and Neutron Spin Echo (NSE) experiments, as well as Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. I provide evidence of the RBCcm's highly deformable nature with a bending rigidity that is substantially softer as compared to synthetic membranes. The methods are applied to RBCs that were stored for up to 5 weeks. I demonstrate that storage of RBCs leads to an increased fraction of liquid ordered membrane domains and an increased bending rigidity. RBCs are ideal for pharmaceutical applications as they provide access to numerous targets in the body, however lack specificity. Functionalizing the cytoplasmic membrane is thus a prerequisite to use these cells in biotechnology. I develop protocols throughout two studies to tune the membrane's lipid and protein composition. I investigate the impact of synthetic lipid molecules on the membrane's structure and demonstrate that small molecules can be encapsulated into liposomes that are formed from these hybrid membranes. Further, I provide direct evidence that the SARS-CoV 2 spike protein can be anchored into the RBCcm through a detergent mediated insertion protocol. These virus-like particles are observed to trigger seroconversion in mouse models, which demonstrates the potential of functionalized RBC in biotechnology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis discusses how bending of Armox 500T and Armox 440T affects the ballistic properties; it also discusses the bending performance of Armox 500T and Armox 440T. The purpose is to develop new bending recommendations, and to investigate the correlation between bending radius and maintaining ballistic performance and offer more reliable bending recommendations to the Armox customers. The new bending recommendations will satisfy both mechanical and ballistic performance. To achieve the purpose, bending tests was made, and then the bended specimens were used to investigate the deformation from the bending. The method hardness mapping was used to describe the deformation in the specimen, because of the lack of information of deformation mechanism in martensitic steels. To test the ballistic properties, V50-tests were made on bended specimens at Åkers Krutbruk Protection AB. The V50-value is the calculated average value from six rounds, with three stops and three penetrations in a span of 40 m/s. The result from the testing shows that the bending does not have any significantly effect on the ballistic properties on the tested combinations of materials and ammunitions.   The conclusions from the testing results are that the bending does not significantly influence the ballistic properties for the tested materials and ammunitions and the bending recommendations were greatly improved.

Electric propulsion in the heavy truck industry require knowledge in certain new areas involved in electric machine manufacturing. One of these new manufacturing steps is copper bending for production of stator windings. This thesis aimed to look at whether finite element simulations can be used in gathering experience to improve an existing stator design. Existing winding scheme is modeled, and simplified cases of different bending steps are simulated using finite element method. The result shows the critical areas where the largest stress and strain occurs in the existing design, giving input of how the bending affects the copper wire as well as the isolation layer of the wire, to improve future bending scheme designs. / Transportindustrin för tunga fordon står inför ett teknikskifte, klassisk förbränningsteknik ersätts av elektrisk drift. Denna tekniska utveckling innebär nya produkter i tillverkningen, vilket kräver kunskap kring processer för statorlindning med koppartråd. Detta arbete har ämnat titta på huruvida simulering med finita element metod kan användas för att erhålla kunskap kring böjningens påverkan på koppartråd och dess isoleringsskikt. Det har ingått geometrisk modellering av ett befintligt böjningsmönster, finita element simulering av förenklade geometrier för att utvärdera kopparens samt isoleringsskiktets spänningar och töjning vid böjning, resultatet visar vart de största deformationerna är samt vilka böjningar som kan vara kritiska, vilket ger information för möjliga designförbättringar till kommande lindningsscheman.

The application of piezoelectric sensors such as the ultrasonic transducer has significantly enhanced the fields of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Their application of piezoelectric materials allows for the sensing of low energy, high frequency acoustic emission (AE) events such as fatigue cracking in metals and delamination in composites. Utilizing the physical characteristics of these AE waves, the location of these structural defects can then be source located by means of time-of-flight trilateration. The real time sensing of such events has led to the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and has revolutionized NDE. Furthermore, with the application of modern micro-electromechanical system-based (MEMS) technology, the fields of NDE and SHM can be improved greatly, and sensing instrumentation simplified. A novel piezoresistive-based MEMS strain sensor is presented as this improvement to NDE and SHM. The ultrathin silicon membrane-based (USM) strain sensor's ability to capture an AE signal is demonstrated by a Hsu-Nielsen source and shows comparable frequency content to a commercial piezoceramic ultrasonic transducer. To the knowledge of the authors, this makes the USM strain sensor the first known piezoresistive strain sensor capable of recording low energy AE. The novel improvements to NDE and SHM arise from the sensor's low minimum detectable strain and wide frequency bandwidth, enabling a dual-use application of both AE and static strain sensing. The USM sensor's ability to document quasi-static bending is demonstrated and once again compared with an ultrasonic transducer, which provides no significant response. This dual-use application is proposed to effectively combine the uses of both strain and ultrasonic transducer sensor types within one sensor, lending itself novel and useful to NDE and SHM. The potential benefits include enhanced sensitivity, reduced sensor size and cost, and reduced instrumentation complexity. / Master of Science / Visual inspection for cracks and defects has long been staples of assessing structural health throughout human history. These surface imperfections are an obvious hindrance to structural integrity and routine observation and inspection is needed to ensure a structure's safety. With the progression of technology and the discovery of piezoelectric materials, more advanced methods have been devised to detect and source locate not only surface level but sub-surface cracking. This has been accomplished through the use of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers to monitor the propagation of acoustic emission (AE) vibrations, which are the result of energy redistribution by events such as cracking. The remote monitoring of AE events has led to the growth of the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) field, where these cracks and defects can be located by the detection of their AE source. These transducers, however, are met with limitations in their applications. Operating off the piezoelectric effect allows for a superb response to low energy, high frequency excitation characteristic of AE, but results in no response to quasi-static strain measurements, such as that of a slowly applied bending load on a plate. In the work herein, modern micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) based technology is utilized to devise a sensor capable of both AE and static strain measurements. The dual sensing of both of these measurements can allow for the source location of cracking events along with the monitoring of structure strain, effectively combining the use of two sensors into one. This dual-application use can have a great impact on the evaluation of critical structures like bridges and aircraft and simplify and reduce costs inherent to nondestructive evaluation.