A subject of this diploma paper is to follow practise of putting children into alternative family care. The key method of finding answers is analysis of interviews with social workers and a worker of socially legal protection of children, and content analysis of texts and documents connected with the issue of alternative family care. The paper examines the role of social workers in the process of putting applicants into register for any form of alternative family care and workers' influence in forming such a process. The aim is to focus on social workers' activity analysis and to discover in which moments and in which ways ideological and normative settings of social workers might affect practice of putting children into alternative family care. One of the points of activity analysis is description of social workers' fulfilment of a concept - the best interest of a child and family. The paper is looking for the answer to what extent and in which moments normative ideas of family and topics family related might affect putting or not putting a child into a particular applicant's care.

Child protection is one of the most demanding fields of social protection and requires comprehensive solutions which have a major impact on the lives of children and their families. It also includes the agenda of parental conflicts and related child custody proceedings. The thesis deals with the practice of child protection social workers at the municipal authorities with extended powers in the Czech Republic in solving parental disputes. The theoretical part introduces legal, educational and competence framework of child protection and sets it into the context of specific aspects and pitfalls associated with the profession and approach of child protection social workers to solving parental conflicts. It also provides recommendations on how to solve parental conflicts followed by a case study of child protection department at the Prague 8 Municipality District Authority. It identifies attributes of best practice that contribute to the best interests of the child, including participation of families, multidisciplinary cooperation, transparency of processes and neutrality, professionalism and reflexivity of child protection social workers. The empirical part focuses on the understanding of working conditions and attitudes of child protection social workers at the municipal authorities with extended...

The thesis deals with the ethical principles of multidisciplinary cooperation with family at the case conferences of social and legal protection of children. The objective was to establish the essential ethical criteria for using the partnership approach and paternalism in social work with family on the example of the case conferences of Authority for Social and Legal Protection of Children and submit critical reflection of practice of conferences in light of ethical principles. Keywords Social work, family, ethical principles, multidisciplinary cooperation, case conference, best interest of the child, paternalism, partnership approach

The Diploma Thesis called The exercise of parental responsibility by persons serving prison sentence deals with the institute of parental responsibility, which means fulfilling and execution of rights and duties of parents serving prison sentence towards their underage children. Legal framework of this institute pursuant to current legislation in the Civil Code is described in detail in the theoretic part, the next part deals with the execution of sentence prison sentence as a specific life circumstance in which a human being is caught in as a parent. The research survey carried out in selected Czech penitentiaries for execution of prison sentence of men and women. The thesis analyses the current legislation of rights and duties of parents serving prison sentence and maps their carrying out in practice. Using the quantitative methodology, the results of the research survey show that rights and duties of parents acknowledged by legislation and in practice of the Constitutional court of the Czech Republic are substantially restricted during the execution of prison sentence. This restriction is caused by system obstacles as well as material and legal ones, both on the side of convicted parent and on the side of penitentiary and other state and non- state subjects that are supposed to take part in the...

Child protection is one of the most demanding fields of social protection and requires comprehensive solutions which have a major impact on the lives of children and their families. It also includes the agenda of parental conflicts and related child custody proceedings. This thesis focuses on the practice of Czech social workers operating in the field of child protection at the municipal authorities with extended powers and on their approaches used to resolve parental disputes. The theoretical part is based on the conceptualization of practice from the perspective of a dynamic model of practice by Karen Healy, which builds on the interaction of several contexts, i.e. institutional contexts, formal professional base of social work, service users and their communities and framework for practice, and surveys them with regard to the agenda of parental disputes in detail. The empirical part aims to identify the variability of approaches used by Czech social workers operating in the field of child protection to resolve parental disputes. The research combines both qualitative and quantitative methodology and identifies a typology of defensive practice, reflexive practice, and intuitive practice. Individual types differ in the attitudes the child protection social workers express towards recognized...

År 2021 trädde en ny lag om barnfridsbrott i kraft, vilket innebär att det är straffbart att barn bevittnar brott i nära relationer. Studiens syfte var att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser och erfarenheter av hur barnfridsbrottslagen påverkat det praktiska arbetet med barn som har bevittnat våld i nära relationer. För att uppnå syftet valdes en kvalitativ ansats och sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare genomfördes. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt för analysen valdes organisationsteori ur ett Human Resource-perspektiv samt begreppen “barnperspektivet” och “barnets bästa”. Resultatet tolkades även mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning om barnfridsbrottslagen och socialtjänstens praktiska arbete med barn som upplevt våld. Resultatet visade att ett fåtal av socialsekreterarna upplevde sig ha tillräckligt med kunskap om lagstiftningen och majoriteten önskade mer kunskap. De mest påtagliga förändringarna i arbetet efter införandet av lagen var att socialsekreterare bör överväga om polisanmälan ska göras, det blir tydligare i kommunikation med föräldrar att det är brottsligt för barn att bevittna våld samt att lagen möjliggör att kunna bryta det våldsamma mönstret. De mest framträdande utmaningarna var att det krävs ett grundbrott, att det är svårt att närma sig våldsproblematiken med både föräldrar och barn samt att polisförhör tenderar att dröja. Förbättringsmöjligheter som socialsekreterare önskade var tydligare beskrivningar på; centrala begrepp och ansvarsfördelningar mellan olika professioner. Slutsatsen var att socialsekreterare är i behov av mer stöd och resurser för att kunna arbeta med barnfridsbrottslagen på bästa sätt och för att de ska kunna ha en samsyn kring arbetet. / In Sweden, since 2021, it is illegal to let children witness domestic violence. In this qualitative study, we investigate social workers’ experiences regarding the question of how the respective law affects their work with children and adolescents. We conducted seven semi-structured interviews with social workers. The data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical starting point of the analysis was organization theory from a Human Resource-perspective and the concepts “child perspective” and “best interest of the child”. We also refer to previous research on the new law and the practical work of the social services. The results of the study show that a few social workers feel that they have enough knowledge of the legislation and the majority wish for more knowledge. The most obvious change is that social workers need to consider filing a police report, that it can be clearly communicated that it is criminalized to let children witness domestic violence and a possibility to break the violent pattern. Challenges with the law was that a fundamental crime is required, to approach the problem of violence with parents and children and that police interrogation tends to be delayed. Suggestions for improvements are clearer descriptions of central concepts and distribution of responsibilities between different professions. The conclusion was that social workers need additional support and resources to be able to work with the new law in the best way to be able to have a consensus regarding the work.

Les droits de l’enfant constituent un domaine juridique relativement récent et toujours en construction. Ils sont aujourd’hui souvent déclinés dans une perspective dichotomique se balançant entre les droits-protection, qui visent à secourir l’enfant vulnérable, et les droits-libertés, qui s’appuient sur son besoin grandissant d’autonomie. Face à cette tension théorique, les décideurs, notamment les juges, se prêtent à un jeu continuel de mise en balance des droits et intérêts dans un équilibre variant à la lumière des contextes. À partir du constat de la dualité de l’approche moderne des droits de l’enfant, nous effectuerons un détour du côté de l’étude de la régulation sociojuridique, et ce, afin d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur notre champ d’études. Nous étudierons alors l’évolution du phénomène régulatoire depuis le régime moderne vers le régime dit « post-moderne ». À la faveur d’un glissement épistémologique dans l’appréhension des phénomènes vers l’étude dialectique de leurs interactions, le régime de régulation sociojuridique post-moderne est associé à une figure réseautique s’articulant autour du droit réflexif, de l’État propulsif, du juge équilibriste et du justiciable, nouvel acteur de la scène régulatoire. De la présentation de ces différents pôles, nous dégagerons cinq composantes qui constituent, selon nous, la nouvelle matrice des interactions régulatoires : la négociation, la flexibilité, le pluralisme, la complexité et l’incertitude. Finalement, ce régime de régulation sociojuridique post-moderne constituera la grille d’analyse à travers laquelle nous reviendrons sur les droits de l’enfant. Disposant de nos nouveaux outils d’analyse, nous entendons, dans notre dernière partie, approfondir les traits fondamentaux des droits de l’enfant, peut-être en découvrir d’autres, tenter d’apporter un regard différent sur ce champ juridique et explorer les perspectives d’ouverture qui se dessineront avec lui. Pour ce faire, nous reviendrons tout d’abord sur les principes fondateurs de l’intérêt de l’enfant, puis de sa participation aux décisions qui le concernent, afin de les décliner sous l’angle des interactions post-modernes. Enfin, nous terminerons en nous arrêtant sur un champ plus spécifique des droits de l’enfant, la protection de la jeunesse, et userons de notre grille d’analyse dégagée du régime de la régulation post-moderne et de la matrice qui caractérise ses interactions, pour en proposer des recommandations. / Children’s rights are a relatively recent legal field, which is still under construction. They are often presented in a dichotomous perspective, oscillating between protection-based rights, which aim to help vulnerable children, and freedoms-based rights, which are based on their growing need for autonomy. Faced with this theoretical tension, decision-makers, especially judges, lend themselves to a continuous game of balancing rights and interests with results varying in the light of the contexts. Based on the observation of the duality of the modern approach to children’s rights, we will study socio-legal regulation in order to shed new light on our field of study. Moreover, we will study the evolution of the regulatory phenomenon from the modern regime to the so-called "postmodern" regime. Thanks to an epistemological shift in the apprehension of phenomena towards the dialectical study of their interactions, the post-modern socio-legal regulation regime is associated with a network structure articulated around reflexive law, the propulsive state, the balancing judge and the citizen. From the presentation of these different poles, we will identify five components which constitute, in our opinion, the new matrix of regulatory interactions: negotiation, flexibility, pluralism, complexity and uncertainty. Finally, once this postmodern socio-legal regulatory regime is established, we will use it as the analytical grid through which we will return to our study of children’s rights. With our new analytical tools in hands, we intend, in our last part, to deepen the fundamental features of the rights of the child, perhaps to discover others, to bring a different perspective to this legal field and to explore opening avenues that will emerge with it. To do this, we will first come back to the founding principles of the best interests of the child, then of his participation in decisions that concern him, in order to decline them under the angle of post-modern interactions. Finally, we will conclude by focusing on a more specific field of the rights of the child, the youth protection, and will use our analytical grid drawn from the regime of post-modern regulation and the matrix that characterizes its interactions, to offer recommendations.

This paper examines how a group of preschool teachers describe their work with transitions in preschool, between departments, from the best interest of the child. The study uses semi-structured interviews, conventional qualitative content analysis, and the hermeneutic spiral. The selection consists of preschool teachers from various preschools in Sweden working on departments with children aged 1-4 years, 1-3 years, and 1-2 years. The purpose is to demonstrate how preschool teachers within the same preschool can create continuity in children's development and learning from one department to another. Results show that group size and resources sometimes conflict with what teachers perceive as quality and individual children's needs. In the selection process, the most crucial factor was the child's social development and maturity, as well as maintaining friendships. In cases where children needed to move to another department due to logistics, teachers evaluated if the child was "ready." However, it was clear that some children who were not ready still had to move due to the number of children. The study also shows that the preschool teachers had different time frames for transitions and planning. While some had a specific time of the year for transitions, others had them throughout the year. The conditions for transitions varied depending on how the operations were structured. Finally, the study concludes that preschool teachers need more time to plan, prepare, and execute well-planned transition visits to avoid frustration. Overall, this paper highlights how preschool teachers work with transitions, the factors affecting the decision-making process, and the challenges of creating continuity in children's development and learning. Despite practical challenges and limitations, teachers strove to make decisions in the best interest of both the children and the preschool. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur en grupp förskollärare beskriver sitt arbete med övergångar i förskolan, mellan avdelningar, utifrån barnets bästa. Studien använder sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer, konventionell kvalitativ innehållsanalys och den hermeneutiska spiralen. Urvalet består av förskollärare från olika förskolor i Sverige som arbetar på avdelningar med barn i åldrarna 1-4 år, 1-3 år, och 1-2 år. Syftet är att visa hur förskollärare inom samma förskola kan skapa kontinuitet i barns utveckling och lärande från en avdelning till en annan. Resultaten visar att gruppstorlek och resurser ibland strider mot vad lärare uppfattar som kvalitet och individuella barns behov. I urvalsprocessen var den mest avgörande faktorn barnets sociala utveckling och mognad, samt att upprätthålla vänskap. I de fall barn behövde flytta till en annan avdelning på grund av logistik, utvärderade lärare om barnet var "färdigt". Det stod dock klart att en del barn som inte var redo ändå måste flytta på grund av antalet barn. Studien visar också att förskollärarna hade olika tidsramar för övergångar och planering. Medan vissa hade en specifik tid på året för övergångar, hade andra det under hela året. Förutsättningarna för övergångar varierade beroende på hur verksamheten var uppbyggd. Slutligen drar studien slutsatsen att förskollärare behöver mer tid för att planera, förbereda och genomföra välplanerade övergångsbesök för att undvika frustration. Sammantaget belyser denna uppsats hur förskollärare arbetar med övergångar, de faktorer som påverkar beslutsprocessen och utmaningarna med att skapa kontinuitet i barns utveckling och lärande. Trots praktiska utmaningar och begränsningar strävade lärare efter att fatta beslut i både barnens och förskolans bästa intresse.

Cette étude vise à démontrer les limites de la responsabilité alimentaire des grands-parents, car la charge qui leur est imposée par l’ordonnancement juridique brésilien les oblige au-delà des limites constitutionnelles. Le système judiciaire brésilien impose aux grands-parents des sacrifices et des privations indus, auxquels ils ne sont pas tenus, surtout quand, de l’autre côté, il y a un enfant ou un adolescent dont ce sont les parents qui ont le devoir de les nourrir. Le meilleur intérêt de l’enfant doit être considéré et interprété avec pondération, notamment quand il se heurte à un meilleur intérêt des grands-parents. Il faut établir une distinction entre l’obligation des parents et celle des ascendants ; la première concerne la responsabilité découlant du pouvoir familial tandis que la deuxième se situe dans le contexte de la parenté. Aux parents revient une responsabilité illimitée, et non aux grands-parents ; il revient aux parents d’assurer l’entretien de leurs enfants, alors qu’aux grands-parents ne peut être assignée que la responsabilité de nourriture, et encore, à titre subsidiaire. L’obligation alimentaire entre parents et enfants n’implique pas la réciprocité: il s’agit d’une obligation unilatérale ; entre grands-parents et petits-enfants, au contraire, la réciprocité est prévue par la loi, les grands-parents devront subvenir aux besoins de leurs petits-enfants, une fois leurs propres besoins satisfaits. Entre parents et enfants, se posent d’abord les intérêts des enfants ; entre grands-parents et petit-enfants, d’abord les besoins des grands-parents. Une détermination différente n’est pas conforme aux préceptes constitutionnels, et porte atteinte aux droits les plus élémentaires des ascendants, en blessant leur dignité. Etablir la distinction entre obligation légale et libéralité affective, à la lumière de la constitution, c’est le but de cette thèse. / O presente estudo visa a demonstrar os limites da responsabilidade alimentar dos avós, pois o ônus que lhes é imposto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro os obriga além dos limites constitucionais. O sistema judiciário brasileiro atribui aos avós sacrifícios e privações indevidos, a que não estão obrigados, principalmente quando, do lado oposto, se encontra uma criança ou adolescente, cujos pais é que detêm o dever de os alimentar. O melhor interesse da criança deve ser lido e interpretado com ponderação, notadamente quando colide com o melhor interesse dos avós. É preciso estabelecer a distinção entre a obrigação parental e a obrigação avoenga: esta se situa no âmbito do parentesco, enquanto aquela diz com a responsabilidade decorrente do poder familiar. Aos pais cabe responsabilidade ilimitada, e não aos avós; os pais devem prover os alimentos naturais e civis de seus filhos, ao passo que aos avós somente pode ser atribuída a responsabilidade dos alimentos naturais, e ainda assim, em caráter subsidiário. A obrigação alimentar entre pais e filhos não implica reciprocidade: trata-se de uma obrigação unilateral; entre avós e netos, ao contrário, existe a reciprocidade prevista em lei, e deverão os avós complementar as necessidades dos netos somente depois de supridas as suas próprias. Entre pais e filhos, em primeiro lugar, põem-se os interesses do filho; entre avós e netos, em primeiro lugar, estão as necessidades dos avós. Determinar de forma diversa desrespeita os preceitos constitucionais, atentando contra os mais elementares direitos dos progenitores, ferindo sua dignidade. Demonstrar a distinção entre a obrigação legal e a liberalidade afetiva, à luz da constituição, e situar o papel dos avós nesse contexto é o que se propõe este estudo. / The present thesis aims at analyzing the limits of child support by grandparents as the Brazilian Judicial System imposes them an obligation beyond constitutional boundaries. Furthermore, the Brazilian Judiciary inflicts on them sacrifices, ordeals and privations which ought to be imputed to parents. Moreover, it is necessary to distinguish between parenting and grandparenting obligation – the latter is related to family ties, and the first to family power; therefore, parents have an unlimited responsibility, contrary to grandparents, whose responsibility should be regarded as subsidiary. In view of that, the best interest of the child has to be interpreted with ponderation, mainly when it collides with the best interest of the grandparents; nonetheless, parental child support is a unilateral obligation which does not require reciprocity. Regardless of the fact grandparent child support reciprocity is lawful, grandparents should ensure the needs of the child only after providing for their own. Notwithstanding, parents are the ones to secure for the best interest of their children; consequently, in a relationship involving grandparents and grandchildren, the best interest of the grandparents are to come first - the contrary would not only be unconstitutional, but would also hurt their dignity. Finally, it is also the aim of this paper to establish the difference between legal obligation and liberality at the light of the Constitution. / El presente estudio pretende demostrar los límites de la responsabilidad alimentaria de los abuelos y abuelas, pues el encargo que les da el ordenamiento brasilero los obliga allá de los límites constitucionales. El sistema jurídico brasileño hace que los abuelos y abuelas tengan sacrificios y privaciones indebidas, a los cuales no están obligados, principalmente cuando en el otro lado se encuentra un niño, una niña o un adolescente cuyos padres y madres tienen el deber de los alimentar. El mejor interés del niño y de la niña, debe ser leído e interpretado con ponderación, principalmente cuando se encuentra con el mejor interés de los abuelos y abuelas. Es necesario que se establezca la distinción entre la obligación de los padres y madres y la obligación de los abuelos y abuelas; esa está ubicada en el ámbito del parentesco, mientras la otra deviene del ejercicio de la responsabilidad parental. A los padres y madres les compete la responsabilidad sin límites, y no a los abuelos o abuelas; los primeros deben dar sustento a los hijos e hijas y darles los alimentos naturales y civiles, al paso que a los abuelos y abuelas solamente se les puede atribuir la responsabilidad de los alimentos naturales, en carácter subsidiario. La obligación alimentar entre los padres y madres y los hijos e hijas no implica reciprocidad, pues es una obligación unilateral, al paso que entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, al contrario, existe reciprocidad establecida en ley y los abuelos deben, sí, complementar las necesidades de sus nietos y nietas, pero solamente después que sus propias necesidades están ya satisfechas. Entre padres y madres e hijos e hijas, en primero lugar se ponen los intereses de éstos últimos, pero entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, primeramente están ubicadas las necesidades de las personas adultas mayores. Hacerlo de forma diversa es irrespeto a los preceptos constitucionales, y atenta con los más elementares derechos de los progenitores, hiriendo de muerte su dignidad. Demostrar la distinción entre la obligación legal y la liberalidad afectiva, bajo de la luz de la Constitución Política, y ubicar el rol de los abuelos y abuelas en ese contexto, es lo que se propone en este estudio.

Cette étude vise à démontrer les limites de la responsabilité alimentaire des grands-parents, car la charge qui leur est imposée par l’ordonnancement juridique brésilien les oblige au-delà des limites constitutionnelles. Le système judiciaire brésilien impose aux grands-parents des sacrifices et des privations indus, auxquels ils ne sont pas tenus, surtout quand, de l’autre côté, il y a un enfant ou un adolescent dont ce sont les parents qui ont le devoir de les nourrir. Le meilleur intérêt de l’enfant doit être considéré et interprété avec pondération, notamment quand il se heurte à un meilleur intérêt des grands-parents. Il faut établir une distinction entre l’obligation des parents et celle des ascendants ; la première concerne la responsabilité découlant du pouvoir familial tandis que la deuxième se situe dans le contexte de la parenté. Aux parents revient une responsabilité illimitée, et non aux grands-parents ; il revient aux parents d’assurer l’entretien de leurs enfants, alors qu’aux grands-parents ne peut être assignée que la responsabilité de nourriture, et encore, à titre subsidiaire. L’obligation alimentaire entre parents et enfants n’implique pas la réciprocité: il s’agit d’une obligation unilatérale ; entre grands-parents et petits-enfants, au contraire, la réciprocité est prévue par la loi, les grands-parents devront subvenir aux besoins de leurs petits-enfants, une fois leurs propres besoins satisfaits. Entre parents et enfants, se posent d’abord les intérêts des enfants ; entre grands-parents et petit-enfants, d’abord les besoins des grands-parents. Une détermination différente n’est pas conforme aux préceptes constitutionnels, et porte atteinte aux droits les plus élémentaires des ascendants, en blessant leur dignité. Etablir la distinction entre obligation légale et libéralité affective, à la lumière de la constitution, c’est le but de cette thèse. / O presente estudo visa a demonstrar os limites da responsabilidade alimentar dos avós, pois o ônus que lhes é imposto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro os obriga além dos limites constitucionais. O sistema judiciário brasileiro atribui aos avós sacrifícios e privações indevidos, a que não estão obrigados, principalmente quando, do lado oposto, se encontra uma criança ou adolescente, cujos pais é que detêm o dever de os alimentar. O melhor interesse da criança deve ser lido e interpretado com ponderação, notadamente quando colide com o melhor interesse dos avós. É preciso estabelecer a distinção entre a obrigação parental e a obrigação avoenga: esta se situa no âmbito do parentesco, enquanto aquela diz com a responsabilidade decorrente do poder familiar. Aos pais cabe responsabilidade ilimitada, e não aos avós; os pais devem prover os alimentos naturais e civis de seus filhos, ao passo que aos avós somente pode ser atribuída a responsabilidade dos alimentos naturais, e ainda assim, em caráter subsidiário. A obrigação alimentar entre pais e filhos não implica reciprocidade: trata-se de uma obrigação unilateral; entre avós e netos, ao contrário, existe a reciprocidade prevista em lei, e deverão os avós complementar as necessidades dos netos somente depois de supridas as suas próprias. Entre pais e filhos, em primeiro lugar, põem-se os interesses do filho; entre avós e netos, em primeiro lugar, estão as necessidades dos avós. Determinar de forma diversa desrespeita os preceitos constitucionais, atentando contra os mais elementares direitos dos progenitores, ferindo sua dignidade. Demonstrar a distinção entre a obrigação legal e a liberalidade afetiva, à luz da constituição, e situar o papel dos avós nesse contexto é o que se propõe este estudo. / The present thesis aims at analyzing the limits of child support by grandparents as the Brazilian Judicial System imposes them an obligation beyond constitutional boundaries. Furthermore, the Brazilian Judiciary inflicts on them sacrifices, ordeals and privations which ought to be imputed to parents. Moreover, it is necessary to distinguish between parenting and grandparenting obligation – the latter is related to family ties, and the first to family power; therefore, parents have an unlimited responsibility, contrary to grandparents, whose responsibility should be regarded as subsidiary. In view of that, the best interest of the child has to be interpreted with ponderation, mainly when it collides with the best interest of the grandparents; nonetheless, parental child support is a unilateral obligation which does not require reciprocity. Regardless of the fact grandparent child support reciprocity is lawful, grandparents should ensure the needs of the child only after providing for their own. Notwithstanding, parents are the ones to secure for the best interest of their children; consequently, in a relationship involving grandparents and grandchildren, the best interest of the grandparents are to come first - the contrary would not only be unconstitutional, but would also hurt their dignity. Finally, it is also the aim of this paper to establish the difference between legal obligation and liberality at the light of the Constitution. / El presente estudio pretende demostrar los límites de la responsabilidad alimentaria de los abuelos y abuelas, pues el encargo que les da el ordenamiento brasilero los obliga allá de los límites constitucionales. El sistema jurídico brasileño hace que los abuelos y abuelas tengan sacrificios y privaciones indebidas, a los cuales no están obligados, principalmente cuando en el otro lado se encuentra un niño, una niña o un adolescente cuyos padres y madres tienen el deber de los alimentar. El mejor interés del niño y de la niña, debe ser leído e interpretado con ponderación, principalmente cuando se encuentra con el mejor interés de los abuelos y abuelas. Es necesario que se establezca la distinción entre la obligación de los padres y madres y la obligación de los abuelos y abuelas; esa está ubicada en el ámbito del parentesco, mientras la otra deviene del ejercicio de la responsabilidad parental. A los padres y madres les compete la responsabilidad sin límites, y no a los abuelos o abuelas; los primeros deben dar sustento a los hijos e hijas y darles los alimentos naturales y civiles, al paso que a los abuelos y abuelas solamente se les puede atribuir la responsabilidad de los alimentos naturales, en carácter subsidiario. La obligación alimentar entre los padres y madres y los hijos e hijas no implica reciprocidad, pues es una obligación unilateral, al paso que entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, al contrario, existe reciprocidad establecida en ley y los abuelos deben, sí, complementar las necesidades de sus nietos y nietas, pero solamente después que sus propias necesidades están ya satisfechas. Entre padres y madres e hijos e hijas, en primero lugar se ponen los intereses de éstos últimos, pero entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, primeramente están ubicadas las necesidades de las personas adultas mayores. Hacerlo de forma diversa es irrespeto a los preceptos constitucionales, y atenta con los más elementares derechos de los progenitores, hiriendo de muerte su dignidad. Demostrar la distinción entre la obligación legal y la liberalidad afectiva, bajo de la luz de la Constitución Política, y ubicar el rol de los abuelos y abuelas en ese contexto, es lo que se propone en este estudio.