The chicken BG system is a highly polymorphic and polygenic multigene family encoding type I transmembrane proteins, with butryophilins as homologues in mammals, some of which are crucial in T cell regulation. There are three genomic locations where BG genes are found: one singleton BG gene (BG0) on chromosome 2, another singleton gene (BG1) in BF-BL region (the so-called minimal essential chicken MHC) on chromosome 16, and many BG genes arranged tandemly in the BG region just outside the MHC. BG genes in BG region have copy number variation between different chicken haplotypes, so it has been unclear which BG genes are alleles, as very little sequence information has been available for haplotypes other than B12, the best characterized one. Also, the functions of chicken BG genes have been a mystery for half a century, although there is evidence for cytoskeletal regulation and for viral disease resistance. Therefore, the aim of the research was to develop new procedures and reagents to understand the BG system. A novel PCR protocol was established to overcome the difficulty of amplifying full length polymorphic BG transcripts, and then was applied to systematically examine the BG cDNA sequences from T cells and B cells of four different chicken haplotypes. In total 23 BG genes were found, most with alternative splicing isoforms; most strikingly, the transcripts potentially encoding soluble BG proteins were only seen in B cells, indicating functional differences of the same gene in T and B cells. By comparing the dominantly expressed BG genes as 'functional alleles' in these cells, only the cytoplasmic tail region is clearly seen to be under selection, based on the overwhelming preponderance of non-synonymous changes. With many other unexpected findings discovered in this project, a clearer picture of chicken BG genes is presented, and more questions were raised for future study. In order to explore BG functions and further characterize BG proteins, fourteen stable cell lines were developed expressing fusion proteins of the Ig-V domains of the 14 BG genes from the B12 haplotype chicken with the human IgG1 Fc fragment. These BG-Fc fusion proteins were used in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to screen 290 BG monoclonal antibody (mAb) tissue culture supernatants, and these BG mAbs were further characterized for specificity by western blot using BG-Fc fusion proteins. These solid tools (BG-Fc fusion proteins and BG mAbs) provide the basis to further understand chicken BG functions and answer other interesting questions.

Submitted by FERNANDA DA SILVA VON PORSTER (fdsvporster@univates.br) on 2016-04-19T17:17:11Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 22064 bytes, checksum: ef48816a10f2d45f2e2fee2f478e2faf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) 2015JuraciaraPaganellaPeixoto.pdf: 1109329 bytes, checksum: 8bdc20836e6823ec9ca9e899ac79db2b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2016-04-26T12:59:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 22064 bytes, checksum: ef48816a10f2d45f2e2fee2f478e2faf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) 2015JuraciaraPaganellaPeixoto.pdf: 1109329 bytes, checksum: 8bdc20836e6823ec9ca9e899ac79db2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T12:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 22064 bytes, checksum: ef48816a10f2d45f2e2fee2f478e2faf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) 2015JuraciaraPaganellaPeixoto.pdf: 1109329 bytes, checksum: 8bdc20836e6823ec9ca9e899ac79db2b (MD5) / Esta pesquisa aproxima-se de um Estudo de Caso cujo problema central reside em investigar quais as contribuições do curso de Pedagogia Parfor – IFRS-BG para a melhoria das práticas pedagógicas de professores que atuam na Educação Infantil. Com base nas entrevistas das quatro professoras de Educação Infantil da rede pública municipal de Educação Básica, este estudo focaliza as aprendizagens e mudanças nas práticas pedagógica dessas professoras a partir do Parfor. O referencial teórico, que embasa o estudo, fundamenta-se nos pressupostos metodológicos de Ghedin e Franco (2008). A metodologia utilizou-se dos dados oriundos de entrevistas semiestruturadas, tratados com o aporte teórico- metodológico da Análise de Conteúdo, proposta por Bardin (2009). O campo empírico da investigação é o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul – Câmpus Bento Gonçalves, situado na serra gaúcha. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa são quatro professoras, duas do município de Nova Prata/RS e duas de Salvador do Sul/RS, docentes da Educação Infantil da rede municipal de ensino, licenciadas em Pedagogia pelo Parfor- IFRS-BG. Dos resultados emergentes da pesquisa foram formadas cinco categorias: 1. Caminhos Percorridos, Histórias Construídas...; 2. Dimensões Pessoal e Profissional das Professoras; 3. Dimensão Cultural das Professoras; 4. Contribuições do Parfor; 5. Diversos Olhares para o Parfor. Essas foram analisadas por meio de uma reflexão dialógica com autores como Arroyo (2000), Freire (1998), Mosquera (2006), Nóvoa (1991,2009), Pérez Gómez (1998), Sacristán (1998), Tardif (2007) e outros. Ao final do trabalho observou-se que muitas foram as contribuições advindas do Parfor, legitimando, dessa forma, a Pedagogia do IFRS-BG bem como reafirmando a importância do Parfor como política pública para a formação inicial de professores. / This research approaches a Case Study whose main problem is the investigation of which the current contributions of PARFOR Pedagogy - IFRS-BG to improve pedagogical practices of teachers working in kindergarten. Based on the interviews of the four Basic Education teachers from municipal public Basic Education, this study focuses on learning and changes in pedagogical practices of these teachers from PARFOR. The theoretical framework that underlies the study, is based on the methodological assumptions of Ghedin and Franco (2008). The methodology we used the data from semi-structured interviews, dealt with the theoretical and methodological support of Content Analysis, proposed by Bardin (2009). The empirical field research is the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Bento Gonçalves Campus, located in the Serra Gaucha. The subjects of the research are four teachers, two from Nova Prata / RS and two from South / RS Salvador, teachers of early childhood education in municipal schools, licensed in Pedagogy by Parfor- IFRS-BG. Emerging research results five categories were formed: 1. paths taken, Built stories ...; 2. Personal Dimensions and Professional Teaching; 3. Cultural Dimension Teaching; 4. Contributions of PARFOR; 5. Other looks for PARFOR. These were analyzed by means of a dialogic reflection with authors such as Arroyo (2000), Freire (1998), Mosquera (2006), Nóvoa (1991, 2009), Pérez Gómez (1998), Sacristan (1998), Tardif (2007) and others. At the end of the work it was observed that there were many contributions from the PARFOR, legitimizing thus IFRS-BG Pedagogy and reaffirming the importance of PARFOR as public policy for initial teacher training.

Tax avoidance is an exceedingly complex area of law. It is also a matter generally found not far from the headlines, or from the concerns of state and policy forums such as the G8 and the OECD. In an increasingly capital mobile world, the concern on the part of Governments for the protection of their sources of revenue has increased. Adam Smith’s four canons of taxation are well known. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Smith regarded the values of certainty, equity, efficiency and convenience as integral to the functioning of a tax system. Among these, however, Smith would seem to have regarded certainty as of particular significance. The prominence afforded to the value of certainty, in conjunction with the smaller role afforded the state likely contributed to the formalistic approach taken by the courts of the British Commonwealth to the interpretation of taxing statutes. In recent times, however, the importance of certainty among policy makers and jurists has declined. Although this is not to contend that the value of certainty has ceased to be a consideration, it would seem to have come to be regarded as a lesser value among many rather than an end in itself. Although the optimal level of certainty within a jurisdiction is undoubtedly a matter for debate, the presence of uncertainty may carry with it a number of risks and unintended consequences which may hinder the achievement of the ends sought after by policy makers. These may include an increase in the rate of capital flight and in the use of asset sheltering devices, a decrease in the incidence of economic activity, and decreased rates of compliance among taxpayers. The value of certainty, in other words, may be of greater significance to the efficient functioning of a tax system than it has in recent times been thought to be. In contending with tax avoidance, the countries of the British Commonwealth tend to employ either one of two instruments; a statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) or a judicial doctrine; an innovation of the common law. In this thesis, the writer sets out to examine the judicial doctrine applied in the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom (UK), and the statutory GAARs deployed in Canada and New Zealand, and the respective implications of each instrument for the value of certainty. While the difference in the implications presented by the application of a broad judicial doctrine and a narrow GAAR may be slight, it is the writer’s contention that, all things held equal, the use of a judicial doctrine is likely to have a less deleterious effect on the value of certainty than a GAAR. Accordingly, it is the writer’s contention that the use of a judicial doctrine is for this reason be preferred.

Yes / This paper examines the role of business groups (BGs) in the relationship between innovation and exports. In the light of the divergent theoretical predictions on the role of BGs, we develop hypotheses that are explicitly based on the institutional context of emerging economies. By analyzing the institutional pressures under which BGs shape their strategies and operations, we formulate hypotheses on the effect of BG affiliation on exports, and the impact of innovation on exports. Empirical results, based on a large sample of Chinese manufacturing firms during the period of 1998-2007, show that both innovation and BG affiliation have a positive effect on exports, although BG affiliation weakens the positive value of innovation to exports. These findings are robust in different specifications. This paper highlights the complex role played by BGs, which needs to be understood in the context of institutions.

Las microalgas han demostrado ser la fuente de energía más económica. Además, reduce el dióxido de carbono, también tienen una mayor producción en un corto tiempo y menor espacio a diferencia de otros cultivos. Entre las más de 100 especies de microalgas, el Scenedesmus dimorphus es el que tiene mayor potencial. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue determinar de qué manera con un medio de cultivo para Scenedesmus obliquus var. dimorphus (Turpin) se obtiene cantidad de biomasa y contenido de aceite. Inicialmente, el trabajo experimental consistió en la obtención de la cepa pura de Scenedesmus dimorphus (14 mL). Seguidamente, se realizó el escalamiento de cultivo desarrollándose de la siguiente manera: 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L, 2L y 5L, con el fin de determinar las curvas de crecimiento mediante el conteo celular de S. dimorphus con el uso de la cámara de Neubauer, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 3’ 451,500 unidades celulares en 120 horas (Bayfolan Forte), 2’ 472,500 unidades celulares en 192 horas (BG-11) y 327,500 unidades celulares en 96 horas (Guillard). Concluyendo que el Bayfolan Forte se obtuvo un mejor resultado. A continuación, se realizó 5 cosechas, luego se usó el método de floculación mediante la utilización del sulfato de aluminio Al2(SO4)3 y posteriormente, para la extracción de aceites, se molió la biomasa seca (36.5 g) seguido por la extracción con disolvente en hexano/ isopropanol, y se obtuvo un total de 30 mL de lípidos. Finalmente, en la parte estadística se comprobó la validez de las hipótesis utilizando diferentes métodos, tales como: Anova, Tukey y T. Student.

<p>Science Fiction har sedan sin uppkomst gestaltat samhället och de samhällsfrågor som för sin tid är aktuella. Alltifrån ifall människans existens är kroppslig eller andlig, till vad som händer när livsformer från andra planeter kommer till Jorden, har diskuteras i Science Fiction. I tv-serien Battlestar Galactica gestaltas och problematiseras vår samtid. Genom att flytta mänskligheten från Jorden och ut i rymden, där de konfronteras med en mängd etiska och moraliska frågor – tvingade att se över vad de själva är och vad de håller på att bli. Undersökningen avser att besvara frågor kring hur BG gestaltar människan och hennes förhållande till etik, moral, politik och religion.</p>

Back grinding (BG) wastewater consists mainly of high-purity water and high concentrations of inorganic particles. If the BG wastewater could be treated and recycled efficiently, it should be sort of economic benefit. In this study, appropriate pre-treatment technologies are evaluated to obtain the feasible recycle system. From the chemical coagulation experiment, the addition of PAC or FeCl3, both of them can obviously reduce the turbidity and suspended solid concentrations (SS). In addition, polymer can advance the sedimentation process. Considering the cost of practical operation, the turbidity of BG waste water could be removed up to 97% by using polyaluminum chloride as the coagulant (2.2 mg/L) and polymer as the coagulant aid (0.5 mg/L) in the pH=7 condition . In sand filtration experiment, the turbidity and SS can¡¦t be effectively removed if the coagulation isn¡¦t used on BG wastewater. It demonstrates that BG wastewater contains high concentration of nano-scale particles. The rate of removable turbidity can reach 99% under applying coagulation, sedimentation, and sand filtration. In ultra-filtration experiment, both of spiral-wound (SW) and hollow-fiber (HF) can remove more than 99.9% of turbidity. For the flux of behavior, the performance of pre-treatment water is better than non-treatment water. Thus, it reveals that appropriate pre-treatment can lower the load of membrane filtration system. For the obtained recycle water, the grade of standard can achieve the grade of the cooling tower required. However, due to its high particle-containing characteristics, the commonly used reverse-osmoses (RO) membrane filtration technology can not be directly applied for purification process because the fouling/clogging problem would cause the frequent membrane replacement. In this lab-scale feasibility study, pre-treatment technologies (e.g., sand filtration, chemical coagulation, ultra-filtration) were applied to reduce the turbidity and particle concentrations of the BG wastewater (collected from a semiconductor manufacturing plant) before RO filtration unit. The BG wastewater contained turbidity and suspended solid concentrations of 3,200 NTU and 96 mg/L, respectively. The measured pH and conductivity of the BG wastewater were in the ranges of 6.8 to 7.2 and 14 to 18 £gS/cm, respectively. Moreover, the particle sizes of the solids varied from 300 to 700 nm. Thus, applying conventional sand filtration along could not effectively remove the nano-scale particles. Results from the chemical coagulation experiment reveal that the turbidity and particles of the BG wastewater could be significantly removed (up to 95% of turbidity and particle removal) by the coagulation/sedimentation process using polyaluminum chloride as the coagulant (2.2 mg/L) and polymer as the coagulant aid (0.5 mg/L). Results also indicate that up to 99% of turbidity and particle removal could be obtained with the application of ultra-filtration unit after the coagulation/sedimentation process. Results from this study indicate that applying appropriate pre-treatment technologies (coagulation and ultra-filtration) would lower the fouling rate and extend the life of RO membrane used for BG wastewater purification.

Ma thèse est dédiée aux propriétés et à l'évolution des poussières dans le milieu interstellaire (MIS) Galactique et en particulier aux plus petites tailles de la distribution des grains. Tout au long de ces trois années, de nouvelles observations infrarouges (IR) du télescope spatial Spitzer m'ont permis d'apporter ma propre contribution à la connaissance du cycle de vie des poussières. Afin d'en acquérir une vision la plus globale possible, j'ai étudié trois types d'environnements interstellaires différents : le milieu diffus Galactique, un nuage moléculaire et une région de formation d'étoiles.<br />J'ai analysé une ligne de visée qui pointe en direction du MIS diffus Galactique, en évitant les régions brillantes de formation d'étoiles. En combinant des données spectroscopiques et photométriques, j'ai construit un spectre Galactique moyen de l'émission de la poussière dans le proche et moyen IR, qui m'a ensuite servi de référence. Les bandes des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) sont visibles ainsi qu'un continuum. Afin d'interpréter les rapports<br />d'intensité des bandes en termes de taille et d'état d'ionisation des HAPs, j'ai mis à jour notre modèle de poussières, de telle sorte qu'il tienne compte de la dépendance de l'état d'ionisation des HAPs en fonction de leur taille. Le spectre du MIS diffus est ajusté pour une taille moyenne des HAPs de 60 atomes de carbone et pour une fraction de cation de 40%. Des HAPs de taille moléculaire et chargés sont donc présents dans le milieu diffus. Un continuum vers 3-5 μm, originellement détecté dans des nébuleuses par réflexion, est également présent dans l'émission du MIS diffus. Ce continuum explique 70% de l'émission dans le filtre Spitzer/IRAC à 3.6 μm. Son origine demeure inconnue. Je montre qu'il ne s'agit ni de lumière diffusée ni de fluorescence des HAPs puisque ce processus requiert une efficacité de conversion des photons supérieure à 100%.<br />J'ai utilisé les observations Spitzer pour quantifier les variations spatiales des propriétés des HAPs à travers la Galaxie et sur de petites échelles dans le nuage moléculaire du Taureau. L'analyse d'un échantillon de lignes de visée du MIS diffus Galactique montre que la taille moyenne des HAPs varie de manière signiffcative, de 40 à 80 atomes de carbone, tandis que leur fraction d'ionisation demeure constante dans les barres d'erreur. J'ai également analysé les images Spitzer du nuage moléculaire du Taureau dans l'IR moyen et lointain. Chaque composante de poussières (HAPs, TPGs pour Très Petits Grains et GGs pour Gros Grains) peut être associée à un canal Spitzer (IRAC 8, MIPS 24 et MIPS 160 μm). Une première difficulté était d'obtenir les images de l'émission diffuse de faible brillance pour le nuage complet. J'ai travaillé avec les spécialistes du Centre Spatial Spitzer (CSS) afin de produire les images IRAC 8 μm et MIPS 24 μm. Pour MIPS 160 μm, j'ai utilisé un algorithme d'inversion développé pour supprimer certains effets instrumentaux des données. J'ai validé la photométrie de ces images. Les observations montrent que les HAPs sont seulement présents au sein d'une couche en surface plus fine que celle pénétrée par les photons ultraviolets et que celle où émettent les TPGs. Ces variations ne peuvent être expliquées par un simple effet d'extinction et révèlent une réelle disparition des HAPs dans le gaz dense où les plus petites particules pourraient se coller sur les plus gros grains et/ou coaguler.<br />Pendant ma thèse, j'ai postulé à une bourse du CSS dans le but d'étudier la Nébuleuse de l'Aigle (M16), l'objet céleste qui m'a décidé à faire de l'astrophysique, il y a plus de dix ans, lorsque le télescope spatial Hubble a photographié les fameux Piliers de la Création. Ma candidature a été acceptée et j'ai passé six mois au sein de l'équipe scientifique MIPSGAL. Mon objectif était de combiner les données IRAC et MIPS de M16 afin d'analyser les propriétés des grains dans les structures de gaz et de poussières, tout en m'impliquant dans le traitement des données. L'image MIPS à 24 μm révèle une structure en forme de coquille à l'intérieur de la nébuleuse tandis que les piliers sont visibles aux autres longueurs d'onde. M16 est une région de formation d'étoiles massives où l'émission de la poussière est censée être alimentée par le rayonnement des étoiles massives. Cependant, nous montrons que le champ de rayonnement ultraviolet est un ordre de grandeur plus faible que celui requis pour expliquer la température de la poussière dans la coquille. À des fins comparatives, nous avons également analysé plusieurs autres coquilles Galactiques. La Nébuleuse de l'Aigle est particulière dans le sens où elle possède une température de couleur IR lointain inhabituellement élevée. Nous avons envisagé une interprétation selon laquelle la poussière est chauffée par les collisions avec le gaz. Cette interprétation implique que la coquille est un reste de supernova (RSN) d'environ 3000 ans. Si cela était confirmé, le RSN de l'Aigle serait le premier détecté grâce à l'émission de la poussière et au sein d'une pouponnière stellaire. De plus, cela illustrerait l'importance de l'émission infrarouge de la poussière dans l'étude énergétique des RSNs. Dernier point, et non des moindres, la question de la formation et/ou destruction des fameux Piliers de la Creation serait (ré)ouverte.

Les hélicoptères sont le siège de comportements dynamiques difficiles à maîtriser et récurrents en phase de conception. Ces comportements sont essentiellement liés à des couplages mal maîtrisés entre certains sous-systèmes. Un état de l'art sur les pratiques de modélisation existantes met en évidence un manque de prise en compte des interactions énergétiques entre sous-systèmes, rendant difficile l'analyse et la maîtrise de ces phénomènes et conduisant à des solutions ponctuelles, sans capitalisation possible des méthodes mises en œuvre. Ces travaux offrent une introduction à une approche de représentation multiphysique et multiniveau, complémentaire aux approches existantes, offrant une vision énergétique et structurelle pour la maîtrise de la dynamique des systèmes tels que les hélicoptères. Une réflexion sur les outils de représentation existants a conduit au choix du bond graph (BG), du multibond graph (MBG) et de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) en tant qu'outils complémentaires pour la modélisation et la commande des systèmes multiphysiques multicorps. Une analyse énergétique d'hélicoptère a conduit à la proposition d'une description macroscopique basée sur le MBG à mots, complétée par deux autres niveaux détaillant le modèle MBG du sous-système rotor-fuselage. Les hypothèses de modélisation sont choisies de manière à reproduire les conditions d'apparition du phénomène de résonance air, phénomène de couplage connu sur les hélicoptères. Cette étude met en évidence le potentiel des représentations énergétiques en application aux hélicoptères et ouvre de nombreuses perspectives, tant pour l'analyse des appareils existants que pour la conception d'aéronefs innovants. / Rotorcraft are complex systems and are thus sources of recurring (i.e. for many new design projects) and poorly understood problems. Considering a specific phenomenon, implying interactions between many subsystems, the analysis of the system from a global but "sufficiently" detailed point of view becomes necessary. Current global modeling methodologies are mainly based on a subsystem-by-subsystem approach and the knowledge of their interactions is insufficient. This work proposes an introduction to a multiphysic and multilevel representation, complementary to existing modeling approaches, offering an energetic and structural view to support analysis and control of rotorcraft. A first study leads to the choice of, the bond graph (BG), the multibond graph (MBG) and the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) as complementary multiphysic tools for the modeling and control of multiphysic and multibody systems. Then, an energetic analysis of helicopter dynamics is presented and a global energetic and macroscopic representation, using the word bond graph, is proposed. After that, the MBG is used for rotor-fuselage modeling in order to reproduce the air resonance phenomenon. This work shows the potential of energetic representations on rotorcraft and opens many perspectives, not only for the analysis of the existing rotorcraft, but also for the design of innovative rotorcraft.

Science Fiction har sedan sin uppkomst gestaltat samhället och de samhällsfrågor som för sin tid är aktuella. Alltifrån ifall människans existens är kroppslig eller andlig, till vad som händer när livsformer från andra planeter kommer till Jorden, har diskuteras i Science Fiction. I tv-serien Battlestar Galactica gestaltas och problematiseras vår samtid. Genom att flytta mänskligheten från Jorden och ut i rymden, där de konfronteras med en mängd etiska och moraliska frågor – tvingade att se över vad de själva är och vad de håller på att bli. Undersökningen avser att besvara frågor kring hur BG gestaltar människan och hennes förhållande till etik, moral, politik och religion.