Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Ecology-Personal Financial Planning / Martin Seay / Little is known about the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction. This dissertation examines three questions. First, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction at the American state level? Second, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction at the individual level? Third, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction among financially strained households? Essay one utilizes data aggregated at the state level from two nationally representative datasets in order to examine the relationships between Big Five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) and financial satisfaction at the American state level. Results from bivariate analyses and a two-block hierarchical regression model indicate that conscientiousness is negatively associated with financial satisfaction and extraversion is positively associated with financial satisfaction at the American state level. Essay two utilizes data from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine relationships between personality characteristics (Big Five personality traits and positive/negative affect) and financial satisfaction at the individual level. Results from a three-block ordinal logistic regression model indicate that personality characteristics are important predictors of financial satisfaction. Extraversion is positively associated with financial satisfaction while neuroticism and agreeableness are negatively associated with financial satisfaction when Big Five personality traits were the only personality characteristics incorporated into the model. However, when positive affect and negative affect were added to the model, only agreeableness remained negatively associated with financial satisfaction, while both positive and negative affect were positively and negatively associated with financial satisfaction, respectively. Essay three utilizes data from the 2012 wave of the HRS to examine relationships between personality characteristics (Big Five personality traits and positive/negative affect) and financial satisfaction among individuals in households exhibiting both objective and subjective indicators of financial strain. Results from a series of ordinal logistic regressions indicate that individual level associations between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction remained largely the same among households exhibiting financial strain, though evidence suggests that interventions aimed at influencing positive affect may be an effective means to enhancing well-being among financially strained populations. Overall, personality characteristics were found to be important predictors of financial satisfaction which have been largely overlooked in prior models of financial satisfaction. Going forward, a better understanding of the relationships between personality characteristics and subjective measures of economic well-being will be needed in order to determine how consumer well-being can be most effectively promoted.

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Tidigare forskning kring personlighet och utbildningsval har bedrivits i flertalet länder, men inte i Sverige så vitt vi vet. Vårt syfte med den föreliggande studien var att åtgärda denna kunskapslucka inom svensk akademi. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan studenternas personlighet och hur svår de upplever sin utbildning. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: 1) Skiljer sig personlighet mellan olika akademiska utbildningsgrupper? 2) Finns det samband mellan personlighet och hur svår studenten upplever utbildningen? Deltagarna var studenter och före detta studenter vid svenska högskolor och universitet. Det totala antalet svarande i studien var 114 personer (56% kvinnor). Enkäten som användes bestod av två personlighetstest: IPIP-120 (International Personality Item Pool) (chronbachs alpha α mellan .87 till .90) som mäter personlighet enligt femfaktormodellen samt PID-5 (The Personality Inventory for DSM-5) (chronbachs alpha α mellan .76 till .89). Insamlade data analyserade i SPSS med hjälp av de statistiska verktygen envägs-anova, oberoende t-test, Pearsons korrelation (r) samt regressionsanalys. Resultaten visade att 1) det personlighetsdrag som urskilde sig mest var openness. Den största skillnaden noterades mellan studenter inom personal och beteendevetenskap samt data och IT där beteendevetare hade högre medelvärde av openness fasetter intellect och emotionality. 2) Resultatet visade att personlighetsdraget neuroticism bäst predicerade studentens upplevda svårighet och att sambandet var positivt. Det resultat föreliggande studie visat menar vi skulle kunna vara till nytta vid förbättring och utveckling av framtida akademiska utbildningar. / Research on the relationship between personality and academic majors has been conducted in some countries, but not in Sweden to the extent of our knowledge. Our aim with this study is therefore to cover this knowledge gap in Swedish academy. Another purpose was to explore if there was a relationship between a students' personality traits and how difficult they found their education. The following questions were formulated: 1) Does personality differ between groups in various academic majors? 2) Is there a connection between a student's personality and the perceived difficulty? The participants were students and former students at Swedish universities. The total number of participants was 114 (56% women). The survey used consisted of two personality-tests: IPIP-120 (International Personality Item Pool) (chronbachs alpha α ranged from .87 to .90) that measures personality according the Big-five theory, and PID-5 (The Personality Inventory for DSM-5) (chronbachs alpha α ranged from .76 to .89). The collected data was analyzed with SPSS and the statistical tools: One-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearsons correlation (r) and regression analysis. Our results showed that, 1) the personality dimension that differentiated the most were openness, this between behavioral science students and computer science students, where the behavioral science students had the highest openness scores. 2) The result also demonstrated that the trait neuroticism was the best predictor of how difficult the students experienced their education. The results of this study could be very useful in the development and improvement of future universities and educations.

The aim of this thesis is to examine preferences for personality traits within the spectrum of extroversion and introversion. Based on previous research, the hypothesis of this study was that extroversion was valued higher than introversion. The differences between men and women’s preferences were also examined. The material being used was based on research on the fundamental lexical hypothesis and its semantic similarity to the Big Five. Seventy two students filled in a questionnaire where they were asked to rate 18 personality adjectives as positive or negative. The results indicate a preference for extroversion which supports the hypothesis. However, no significant difference between men and women could assuredly be established. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka preferenser för personlighetsdrag inom spektret extroversion och introversion. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare studier ställdes hypotesen att extroversion värderas högre än introversion. Dessutom undersöktes om preferenserna skiljer mellan kvinnor och män. Materialet som användes var baserad på studier om den fundamentala lexikala hypotesen och dess semantiska likhet till the Big Five. Sjuttiotvå studenter fick besvara en enkät där de ombads bedöma 18 personlighetsadjektiv som positiva eller negativa. Resultatet visar en generell preferens för extroverta personlighetsadjektiv vilket stödjer studiens hypotes. Någon säker skillnad mellan mäns och kvinnors preferenser gick inte att iaktta.

Idag finns det endast begränsad forskning om sambanden mellan inkomstutfall och specifika personlighetsdrag, därför ville vi undersöka detta vidare. Syftet med studien var sålunda att undersöka sambanden mellan inkomstutfall och specifika personlighetsdrag inom Big Five. Uttrycket ”fasett” användes i studien och avsåg specifika personlighetsdrag som tillsammans bildade bredare benämningar på olika personlighetsdrag. Personlighetsdragen delades in i fem bredare benämningar (faktorer) och 30 specifika personlighetsdrag, varav 11 lyftes fram i denna studie. Sambanden studerades på fasettnivå, samtidigt som det kontrollerades för ålder, kön och antal år i nuvarande yrket. Studien bestod av en enkät med två delar, dels med 16 självskattade frågor kring inkomst dels med 120 självskattade påståenden kring personlighet, IPIP NEO - 120. Data bearbetades med en korrelationsanalys och en multipel regressionsanalys. I studien testades fyra hypoteser, där tre av fyra kunde få stöd av resultatet (N=131, ålder 18–61 år, 68% kvinnor och 32% män). Anxiety (ångest), assertiveness (bestämdhet) och achievement-striving (prestationsinriktad) var de tre fasetter som fann stöd i resultatet. Modesty (blygsamhet) fann inte stöd. Av alla fasetter så visade adventurousness (äventyrlig) (β = .24, p = .02) och achievement-striving (prestationsinriktad) (β = .25, p = .01) störst prediktiv (förutsägande) förmåga tillsammans med kontrollvariabeln ålder (β = .52, p < .001). Resultaten från studien kan vara till hjälp genom att ge en bild av personlighetens generella prediktiva förmåga för inkomst samt vikten av samspelet mellan yrkeskvalifikationer och personlighet. Kunskap om hur personlighet samvarierar med inkomst kan bidra till utveckling inom områden som rekrytering, personalvägledning och lönesättning / Today there is limited research on the relationship between specific personality traits and income. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between income and specific personality traits within the Big Five. The term "facet" was used in the study referring to the 30 specific personality traits, 11 of which are highlighted in this study, which together form five broader factors. The correlations were studied at facet level, whilst controlling for age, sex and number of years in the current profession. The study consisted of a two-part questionnaire, partly with 16 selfassessed questions about income, partly with 120 self-assessed claims about personality (IPIP NEO-120). Data was processed using a correlation analysis and a multiple regression analysis. 4 hypotheses were tested, where 3 out of 4 could be supported by the result (N = 131, age 18-61 years, 68% women and 32% men). Anxiety, assertiveness and achievement-striving were the 3 facets that found support in the result, while Modesty did not find support. Of all facets, adventurousness (β = .24, p = .02) and achievement-striving (β = .25, p = .01) showed the greatest predictive ability along with the control variable age (β = .52 , p <.001). The results from the study can be helpful by showing the predictive ability of personality on income as well as the relation between professional qualifications and personality. Knowledge about how personality correlates with income can contribute to development in areas such as recruitment, personnel development and salary settlements.

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As rápidas transformações e a competitividade do mercado de trabalho têm exigido das organizações e das pessoas um constante processo de aperfeiçoamento. Assim, uma prática comum nas organizações é avaliar as lacunas nas competências dos funcionários e desenvolvê-las por meio de ações de Treinamento, Desenvolvimento e Educação (TD&E) sistemáticas e estruturadas. Todavia, se a aprendizagem ocorre ou não, depende de características individuais e também contextuais. Estudos têm mostrado que o reconhecimento dos aspectos individuais neste processo contribui para desenvolvimento profissional bem-sucedido dos funcionários, bem como para os resultados de treinamentos esperados pela organização. Nesta perspectiva, a presente pesquisa pretende contribuir com a área de avaliação de sistemas instrucionais ao investigar as relações entre as variáveis estratégias de aprendizagem e traços de personalidade - segundo a teoria dos Cinco Grandes Fatores (Big Five) - em treinamentos corporativos presenciais. A coleta de dados foi realizada numa população composta por 115 funcionários de uma empresa do segmento de Telecomunicações, situada em Minas Gerais, que participou de um treinamento intitulado Gestão à Vista. Foram utilizados, em formato online, o inventário de personalidade Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness Personality Inventary Revised (NEO-FFI-R) e a Escala de Estratégias de Aprendizagem. A taxa de retorno obtida se apresenta como um diferencial entre os estudos da área, com participação de 74,78% da população estudada. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas das variáveis e Testes de Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson. Os resultados evidenciaram que as estratégias mais utilizadas pela amostra foram as Autorregulatórias e que o traço de personalidade mais presente foi o da Conscienciosidade. As correlações mostraram que as estratégias de aprendizagem intituladas Elaboração e Aplicação Prática e Controle da Motivação se relacionam positivamente com os traços da personalidade Extroversão, Abertura, Amabilidade e Conscienciosidade, e negativamente com o Neuroticismo. Já as Estratégias Cognitivas e Busca de Ajuda mostraram relação positiva apenas com a Amabilidade, enquanto Controle da Emoção se relacionou negativamente com o Neuroticismo. Esta pesquisa oferece contribuições para o subsistema de avaliação na medida em que suscita a possibilidade da inserção da variável traços de personalidade, até então não utilizada em pesquisas nacionais, mas que tem sido correlata estável, robusta, previsível e determinante de outras variáveis envolvidas no processo de TD&E / The rapid changes and the competitiveness of the labor market have demanded the organizations and individuals a constant process of improvement. Thus, a common practice in organizations is to evaluate the gaps in employee competencies and to develop them through systematic and structured Training, Development and Education (TD&E) actions. However, whether learning occurs or not depends on individual and contextual characteristics. Studies have shown that recognition of individual aspects in this process contributes to the successful professional development of employees as well as to the results of training expected by the organization. In this perspective, the present research intends to contribute with the area of instructional evaluation systems when investigating the relations between the variables learning strategies and personality traits - according to the theory of the Big Five - in face-to-face corporate training. Data collection was carried out in a population of 115 employees of a telecommunications company located in Minas Gerais, Brazil, which participated in a training titled \"Gestão à Vista\". Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness Personality Inventary Revised (NEO-FFI-R) and the Learning Strategies Scale were used in online format. The rate of return obtained is a differential among the studies of the area, with participation of 74.78% of the studied population. Descriptive statistical analyzes of the variables and Pearson Correlation Coefficient Tests were performed. The results evidenced that the strategies most used by the sample were the self-regulatory ones and that the most present personality trait was the Conscientiousness. The correlations show that the learning strategies entitled Practical Elaboration and Application and Motivation Control are positively related to personality traits Extroversion, Openness, Kindness and Conscientiousness, and negatively with Neuroticism. Already the Cognitive Strategies and Search for Help showed a positive relationship only with Kindness, while Emotion Control was negatively related to Neuroticism. This research offers contributions to the evaluation subsystem insofar as it raises the possibility of the insertion of variable personality traits, hitherto unused in national surveys, but which has been stable, robust, predictable and determinant correlation of other variables involved in the process of TD&E

Smartphones har blivit en naturlig del av vår vardag och smarta applikationer ger oss ständigt nya möjligheter. Samtidigt som det finns många positiva sidor med tekniken är det av vikt att undersöka vilka konsekvenser den teknologiska utvecklingen kan få på människor samt vad orsakerna bakom detta är. Smartphones har ökat i tillgänglighet och vi kan bli beroende av dess funktioner, men även beroende av möjligheterna de ger oss. Denna studie undersökte samband mellan personlighetsdrag, symtom på psykisk ohälsa och smartphoneberoende bland studenter (n = 103). Smartphoneberoende mättes utifrån skalan SAS-SV. Ett webbformulär publicerades på studentplattformar med frågor om smartphoneberoende, personlighet och psykisk ohälsa. Ett positivt samband mellan depression, ångest, stress och smartphoneberoende hittades. Bland personlighetsdrag hade neuroticism ett positivt samband med smartphoneberoende samt extraversion och samvetsgrannhet hade ett negativt. Regressionanalys visade att neuroticism positivt och samvetsgrannhet negativt kunde predicera smartphonebeorende. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån tidigare litteratur och vi föreslår att mer longitudinell forskning behövs för att fastslå eventuell kausalitet. / Smartphones have become a natural part of our everyday life and smart applications constantly give us new possibilities. While there are many positive aspects of the technology, it is important to examine what the consequences could be of the technological development. Smartphones have increased in availability and we have become addicted to the opportunities everyday technologies such as smartphones offer us. This study examined the relationships between personality traits, symptoms of mental illness and smartphone addiction among students (n = 103) using web-based assessments. Smartphone addiction was assessed with SAS-SV. We found positive associations between mental symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction. Neuroticism had a positive relationship with smartphone addiction but other Big Five personality traits such as extraversion and conscientiousness showed negative association with smartphone addiction. Regression analysis showed that neuroticism positively, but conscientiousness negatively predicted smartphone addiction in our sample. We discussed our results according to the previous literature and suggest that further longitudinal research is needed to determine possible causality between the measured factors.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att studera om det fanns något samband mellan stress och personlighet, upplevd kontroll, samt socialt stöd. I studien deltog 135 deltagare, 58 män, 71 kvinnor, och 6 deltagare besvarade inte vilket kön de tillhör. Samtliga deltagare fyllde i frågeformulär om variablerna upplevd stress, personlighet, upplevd kontroll, samt socialt stöd. Resultatet visade att det finns ett positivt samband mellan stress och neuroticism. Det fanns negativa samband mellan stress och extroversion, stress och vänlighet, samt stress och samvetsgrannhet. Vidare förelåg det ett negativt samband mellan kontroll och neuroticism. Ett positivt samband fanns mellan kontroll och öppenhet. Slutligen fanns det ett negativt samband mellan socialt stöd och neuroticism. Det förelåg positiva samband mellan socialt stöd och extroversion, socialt stöd och vänlighet, samt socialt stöd och samvetsgrannhet. Studien visar att socialt stöd, upplevd kontroll, samt personlighetsdimensionerna påverkar hur individer upplever stress. / The purpose with the present study was to study if there were any correlations between stress, personality, perceived control, and social support. In this study 135 people participated, 58 men, 71 women, and 6 participants did not answer which sex they belonged to. All of the participants answered questionnaires about the variables stress, personality, perceived control, and social support. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between stress and neuroticism. There were negative correlations between stress and extroversion, stress and agreeableness, and stress and conscientiousness. There was a negative correlation between control and neuroticism. There was a positive correlation between control and openness. Finally there was a negative correlation between social support and neuroticism. There was positive correlation between social support and extroversion, social support and agreeableness, and social support and conscientiousness. The study shows that social support, perceived control, and the personality-dimensions affects how individuals perceive stress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between students’ academic motivation and personality in different classes at a university in central Sweden. The study was conducted on students of economics and nursing, who were asked to answer a paper questionnaire. The questionnaire of consisted two parts, the first part was a TIPI test which measured personality traits using the Big Five theory and the second part was an AMS test that measured academic motivation. A total of 106 students participated in the study, including 50 from economics and 56 from nursing. The main result showed that the strongest significant correlation was between the personality trait conscientiousness and internal motivation. This relationship was found to completely rely on the nursing students replies, giving an indication that the nursing students who were self-disciplined and targeted were motivated by internal factors. This relationship was not found in the replies from the economics students. There was some difference between the two study specializations. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka förhållandet mellan akademisk motivation och personlighet hos studenter med olika studieinriktningar på en högskola i Mellansverige. Studien genomfördes på studenter från ekonom- och sjuksköterskeprogrammet som fick besvara en pappersenkät. Enkäten bestod av två delar, varav den första var ett TIPI-test som mätte personlighetsdimensioner med hjälp Big Five-teorin och den andra var ett AMS-test som mätte akademisk motivation. Totalt deltog 106 studenter i undersökningen, varav 50 från Ekonomprogrammet och 56 från Sjuksköterskeprogrammet. Huvudresultatet visade att det starkaste signifikant sambandet var mellan personlighetsdimensionen samvetsgrannhet och intern motivation. Detta samband visade sig helt bäras av sjuksköterskestudenternas svar, vilket gav en indikation på att de sjuksköterskestudenter som var självdisciplinerade och målinriktade motiverades av interna faktorer. Detta samband återfanns över huvudtaget inte hos ekonomstudenterna. Det förelåg en viss skillnad mellan de två olika studieinriktningarna.