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There has been substantial scientific debate about the impact of alcohol marketing on consumption. Relying mainly on econometric studies, the alcohol industry has traditionally maintained that alcohol marketing does not influence consumption, but is merely limited to brand level effects. Public health advocates, on the other hand, point to consumer-level research that shows a relationship between exposure to marketing and alcohol consumption, especially amongst the young. Recent longitudinal research has firmly established a causal relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, giving the upper hand to the public health critics of alcohol marketing. The new consensus forged by these recent cohort studies has led to two separate, but related, debates. In the first instance, having answered the question of whether marketing influences drinking behaviour, there is a need to establish how and when such effects occur. Secondly, in the face of the mounting longitudinal evidence on the effects of marketing, representatives of the alcohol industry have sought to move the debate away from marketing by explicitly highlighting peer influence as a more significant causal factor in problematic youth alcohol consumption. This thesis tackles both of these new questions simultaneously by harnessing insights developed from social norms theory. An online survey (N = 1,071) was administered to undergraduates of the Dublin Institute of Technology in Ireland, and mediation relationships were tested with logistic and multiple linear regression methods as appropriate. Amongst other findings, the main contributions of this thesis are: (1) that marketing may play a key role in establishing perceived social norms around alcohol consumption, and that these perceived norms may act as an indirect pathway for the influence of marketing on behaviour and (2) that the association between alcohol marketing and consumption may increase as levels of engagement with marketing increase; this engagement appears to be at its most potent when marketing facilitates simultaneous interaction between the consumer, the brand and the consumer’s peers in an online social media environment. This thesis helps to move the field of alcohol marketing scholarship beyond questions of whether marketing influences alcohol consumption to how and when that influence occurs. By showing how peers may act as perpetuators and magnifiers of marketing influence it also undermines the argument that peers matter more than marketing, and suggests that peer norms can act as a powerful marketing tool.

Thesis (MA. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / A study investigating alcohol use amongst female undergraduate students was conducted at the University of Limpopo Turfloop Campus. The study was quantitative in nature and used a cross-sectional survey design. A purposive sample of 200 undergraduate female psychology students across 1st, 2nd and 3rd year levels was used. The Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) was used as a framework which guided the study and the reporting of the research results. The self-report questionnaire was made up of several standardized questionnaires and open-ended questions. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics namely, frequency tables and figures as they gave a clear overall picture of the data. The chi square (X2) statistic was also used to see if there was significant difference in drinking trends between 1st, 2nd and 3rd year female psychology students. Nearly 89% of the entire sample reported to being Christian, it was expected that they would have moral values associated with the religion which would either call for moderate drinking or abstinence. The results of this study generally underpin this statement. Overall, a significant difference in drinking patterns across year levels, with first years more likely to report problem behaviours relating to alcohol consumption, than second or third year levels was found. In terms of the PMT, the majority of the respondents reported responsible drinking behaviours and patterns. However, a notable number of participants, although not statistically significant, did report a number of problems associated with alcohol consumption. The study recommends that future research be undertaken into alcohol use amongst both genders at different year levels at the institution. It was also recommended that qualitative research, to find out students motivations for drinking, be undertaken amongst both genders.

Project (Ed.S.)--James Madison University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Social networking sites (SNSs) are an increasingly popular channel for communication among college students. Often students disclose more freely via social networking sites than they would in other situations. These disclosures commonly include information about engaging in risky health behaviors (e.g., binge drinking). Study 1 examined students’ impression management goals and self-presentation tactics specifically related to self-disclosures of drinking behavior on SNSs. Findings suggest that students use differing self-presentation tactics across various SNSs in order to achieve their impression management goals and to avoid consequences associated with disclosing about risky health behaviors to certain audiences. Study 2 sought to develop and measure SNS communication about alcohol related activities (SNCAA). It used the theory of normative social behavior as framework for investigating and predicting SNCAA. Additional variables that predict SNCAA were also identified. Findings demonstrate partial fit of the TNSB as a framework for explaining SNCAA. The overarching results of this project suggest a need for interventions aimed at reducing students’ SNCAA as well as increasing their overall knowledge about privacy and safety online.

Le décrochage scolaire est un phénomène touchant une proportion importante d’adolescents au Québec. Les facteurs permettant de prédire ce phénomène peuvent être d’ordre individuel, familial, social, scolaire et sociodémographique. Bien que plusieurs études ont permis d’établir un lien significatif entre la consommation de substances psychoactives et le décrochage scolaire, aucune étude ne s’est attardé sur le possible rôle modérateur protecteur de l’environnement socioéducatif sur le lien existant entre ces deux comportements malgré plusieurs indications soutenant un tel effet. Cette étude vise donc à déterminer, à l’aide d’un devis longitudinal prospectif, si le climat relationnel maître-élève joue un rôle modérateur protecteur sur ce lien. L’échantillon utilisé pour cette étude est tiré de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement (SIAA) et comprend 728 adolescents. Les données ont été obtenues à l’aide de questionnaires auto-révélés et des données officielles du Ministère de l’éducation, des loisirs et des sports. Des analyses de régressions logistiques ont été effectuées et ont démontré que le climat relationnel maître-élève semble diminuer les risques de décrochage scolaire pour les élèves consommateurs. Effectivement, le climat relationnel semble être un facteur de protection pour les élèves consommateurs réguliers de cannabis identifiés comme un groupe à risque de décrochage scolaire alors qu’il ne l’est pas pour le groupe des non consommateurs et des faibles consommateurs. En revanche, ces analyses n’ont pas permis de détecter un tel effet pour l’intoxication à l’alcool. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées. / School dropout is affecting a large proportion of adolescents in Quebec. Factors which predict school dropout come from individual, familial, social, school, and sociodemographic dimensions. Although many studies have found a significative link between substance use and school dropout, no study have examined the potential protective role of the socioeducational climate on the relationship between these behaviors despite support for such an effect. Thus, this study aims to verify if the student-teacher relationship climate plays a protective (moderator) role on the link between substance use and school dropout by using a longitudinal prospective design. The sample for this study is taken from New approach, new solutions (NANS) and includes 728 participants. Data were obtained thru self-report questionnaires as well as from the Ministère de l’éducation, des loisirs et des sports for official data on school dropout. Logistic regression analyses showed that the student-teacher relationship climate seems to protect against the effect of regular cannabis use on school dropout but not against low or non-use. Conversely, the analyses haven’t shown such a protective effect in the case of alcohol intoxication. Implications for these results are discussed.

Background: Alcohol consumption has been causally related to the incidence of coronary heart disease, but the role of alcohol before the event has not been explored in depth. This study tested the hypothesis that heavy drinking (binge drinking) increases the risk of subsequent acute myocardial infarctions (AMI), whereas light to moderate drinking occasions decrease the risk. Methods: Case-crossover design of 250 incident AMI cases in Switzerland, with main hypotheses tested by conditional logistic regression. Results: Alcohol consumption 12 h before the event significantly increased the risk of AMI (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.4–6.9). Separately, the effects of moderate and binge drinking before the event on AMI were of similar size but did not reach significance. In addition, AMI patients showed more binge drinking than comparable control subjects from the Swiss general population. Conclusions: We found no evidence that alcohol consumption before the event had protective effects on AMI. Instead, alcohol consumption increased the risk. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

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La consommation d’alcool (CA) à l’adolescence est souvent associée à des conséquences négatives. L’un de ses meilleurs prédicteurs est la CA des amis. Deux mécanismes peuvent l’expliquer, soit la socialisation et la sélection des pairs. Les études comparant les deux mécanismes ont des résultats incohérents, peut-être dus à des variations et des limites méthodologiques. D’autres études sont donc nécessaires et l’analyse de modérateurs possibles est encouragée. L’attachement des adolescents pourrait en être un, vu son association avec les relations interpersonnelles. Objectifs. À l’aide de modèles à décalage croisé, cette étude vise à analyser, à l’aide d’une cohorte de participants de 14 ans au premier temps de mesure, (1) les relations bidirectionnelles entre la CA et la CA excessive des participants et celles autorapportées des amis et (2) le rôle modérateur de l’attachement dans ces relations. Méthode. Les participants proviennent d’une étude longitudinale Québécoise, où 182 d’entre eux et jusqu’à cinq de leurs amis ont rapporté annuellement leur CA et leur CA excessive lorsque les participants avaient entre 14 et 16 ans. Les participants ont complété les échelles« Évitement des relations sociales » et « Préoccupation d’être aimé » du Questionnaire des styles d’attachement à 15 ans. Résultats et conclusion. Pour les deux types de consommation, les coefficients des relations entre la CA du participant à 14 ou 15 ans et celle de ses amis un an plus tard étaient plus grands que les coefficients des relations entre la CA des amis à 14 ou 15 ans et celle du participant un an plus tard. Cela supporte le mécanisme de sélection plutôt que celui de socialisation. Deux modérations utilisant l’échelle d’évitement avec le modèle de CA étaient significatives, indiquant que les coefficients correspondant à la sélection (de 14 à 15 ans) et à la socialisation (de 15 à 16 ans) étaient plus faibles pour les adolescents évitant. Cela suggère que les adolescents non évitant sont plus sensible à l’influence des pairs. / Alcohol use (AU) in adolescence is often linked with immediate or long-term negative consequences. Among the best-known predictors of adolescent AU is friend use. Two mechanisms can explain this association: socialization and peer selection. Studies comparing both mechanisms have had inconsistent results, perhaps because of methodological variations or limitations. Thus, further studies are needed and examination of possible moderator is advised. Adolescent attachment is an interesting potential moderator as it is closely linked with interpersonal relationships. Study aims. Thus, using cross-lagged models to account for bidirectional associations and independent assessments of adolescent and friend alcohol use, this study aims to examine in a cohort of 14-year-old children followed over two years (1) the relations between participant and friend self-reported alcohol use and binge drinking frequency and (2) the moderating role of attachment style in these relations. Method. Participants come from a Quebec longitudinal study where 182 adolescents and up to five of their friends reported annually on their AU and binge drinking (BD) frequency between 14 and 16 years. Participants completed the “Avoidance of social relations” and “Preoccupation with being loved” scales of the Attachment Style Questionnaire at 15. Results and conclusion. Results show that the cross-lagged path coefficients between participant AU at 14 or 15 and friend use a year later were stronger than the ones between friend use at 14 or 15 and participant use a year later for both the AU and BD models. As such, the selection mechanism prevails over the socialization one between 14 and 16. Two significant moderation using the avoidance scale in the AU models were found, showing that selection (14-15 years old) and socialization (15-16 years old) weights were weaker for avoidant adolescents, suggesting that adolescents with low avoidance are more susceptible to peer influence related to alcohol use.

Background/Aims: Adolescent alcohol binge-induced hospital admissions (BIHAs) are an increasing problem in Europe. We investigated whether psychosocial factors (e.g., drinking situations, drinking occasions and neighborhood unemployment) are associated with particularly risky patterns of alcohol or substance use. Method: We performed a systematic retrospective chart review of all the respective cases in 2003–2008 (n = 586; age range: 12–17 years) from both pediatric hospitals in the city of Dresden, Germany. Results: The vast majority of adolescent BIHAs were associated with drinking together with peers at weekend parties. Compared to this ‘typical’ drinking pattern, adolescents drinking ‘atypically’ (i.e., drinking either alone, to cope or despite the fact that the next day was a school/work day) more often had already used alcohol and illegal substances before and were more often diagnosed with substance use disorders and other mental disorders prior to BIHA. The unemployment rate in the patients’ neighborhood was positively related to the incidence proportion of adolescent BIHAs in the respective subdistricts (r s = 0.61). Conclusion: Adolescent atypical drinking may indicate an increased risk for the development of alcohol and substance use disorders. This information is quickly accessible and can alert clinicians to initiate psychosocial aftercare; their infrastructure should address the strong relation between BIHA probability and neighborhood unemployment rates.