Bakgrund: Prevalensen av fetma har ökat globalt de senaste decennierna. Fetma är associerat med förhöjd risk av sjukdomar. BMI används omfattande för att diagnostisera fetma. BMI:s sensitivitet att diagnostisera fetma hos vuxna har rapporteras vara runt 50 %.Syfte: Att undersöka BMI:s sensitivitet och specificitet i studier som jämfört BMI och kroppsfettprocent hos vuxna. Metod: Litteratursökning på MEDLINE som innefattar artiklar publicerade från och med 01-01-2010 till och med 20-12-2015. Sökord : “body mass index” AND “body composition assessment” AND overweight AND obesity AND body composition AND BMI. Studierna metodologiska kvalitet graderades. Resultat: Sökningen resulterade i tolv studier med data från arton stycken olika populationer/patientgrupper. BMI:s sensitivitet varierar från 26 % till 91 %. Referensmätmetoder för kroppsfett var DXA, BIA eller Kaliper.Slutsats: BMI:s sensitivitet skiljer sig markant mellan olika populationer och patientgrupper vid diagnostisering av fetma definierat som förhöjd andel kroppsfett jämfört med DXA, BIA och Kaliper.

Thesis (PhD (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Genetic screening to improve obesity treatment outcomes is available despite the lack of conclusive evidence, specifically for Caucasian South Africans, in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genotype (seven polymorphisms) and body mass index (BMI), health and lifestyle indicators in a cross-sectional sample of overweight/obese Caucasian adults (n=133), as well as the association between genotype and weight loss outcomes following an intervention (n=88) using a quasi experimental study design (time-series). The intervention consisted of a 24-week conservative weight loss programme that included dietary, physical activity and behavioural components. The primary null hypothesis for the cross-sectional sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and BMI, has not been rejected. A number of the secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected of which the most plausible associations (based on support by the literature and a physiological basis for the findng) are: 1) the mutant TT homozygotes of the GNB3 C825T polymorphism may have a higher risk to develop the metabolic syndrome (MetS) as they had significantly higher fasting triglyceride and glucose levels, a higher number of traits that met the diagnostic cut-off criteria for MetS and higher number of these subjects was diagnosed with MetS compared to the wild-type C-allele carriers; and 2) subjects with mutant alleles of either the FTO rs1421085 or rs17817449 polymorphisms may have poorer eating behaviours (a higher rigid control, habitual and emotional disinhibition, perceived hunger and internal locus for hunger) and higher intake of high-fat foods. The primary null hypothesis for the intervention sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and weight loss outcome, was not rejected for the FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg and GNB3 C825T polymorphisms. However, it was rejected in some instances indicating the following associations: 1) The wild-type TT homozygotes of the FTO rs17817449 polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first two months of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this is a novel finding); 2) The wild-type Arg16Arg homozygotes of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first month of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this finding is supported by one other intervention study); 3) Subjects with a mutant C-allele of the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism and a mutant Gly16-allele of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly less weight over the six month intervention period (this is a novel genegene interaction finding). A number of secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected, of which the most plausible finding include that the improvement in emotional disinhibition in the wild-type TT subjects of the FTO rs1421085 polymorphism was associated with a more pronounced decrease in BMI over the six month weight loss period. The integration of the results from this study with the literature indicates that there is insufficient evidence at this stage for genetic screening of the polymorphisms investigated in this study and the provision of evidence-based personalized recommendations for weight loss in obese individuals. It is recommended that these associations should be viewed as priority in future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Genetiese sifting om die resultate van vetsug behandeling te verbeter is beskikbaar ten spyte van ‘n tekort aan genoegsame bewyse, spesifiek ten opsigte van Kaukasiërs van Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die assosiasie tussen genotipe (sewe polimorfismes) en liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI), gesondheid en lewenstyl indikatore in ‘n dwarssnit (cross-sectional) steekproef van oorgewig/vetsugtige Kaukasiër volwassenes (n=133) te ondersoek, asook die assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste na afloop van ‘n intervensie (n=88) in ‘n kwasi-eksperimentele studie ontwerp (tydreeks). Die intervensie het bestaan uit ‘n 24-week konserwatiewe gewigsverlies program met dieet, fisieke aktiwiteit en gedragskomponente. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die dwarsnit steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en LMI is nie, is nie verwerp nie. ‘n Aantal sekondêre/spekulatiewe hipotesis is verwerp waarvan die mees geloofwaardige assosiasies (gebasseer op ondersteuning van die literatuur en ‘n fisiologiese basis vir die bevinding) die volgende insluit: 1) die mutante TT homosigote van die GNB3 C825T polimorfisme het moontlik ‘n hoër risiko vir die ontwikkeling van die metaboliese sindroom (MetS) aangesien hulle betekenisvolle hoër vastende trigliseriede en glukose vlakke gehad het, ‘n grooter aantal kenmerke gehad het wat aan die diagnostiese afsnykriteria vir MetS voldoen en ‘n grooter aantal van hierdie persone was met MetS gediagnoseer in vergelyking met die wilde-tipe C-alleel draers; en 2) persone met die mutante allele van die FTO rs1421085 of rs17817449 polimorfismes het moontlik ‘n swakker eetgedrag (‘n hoër rigiede kontrole, gewoonte en emosionele disinhibisie, waarneembare honger en interne lokus van honger) en ‘n hoër inname van hoë-vet voedsel. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die intervensie steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste is nie, is nie vir die FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg en GNB3 C825T polimorfismes verwerp nie. Dit was egter in sommige gevalle vir die volgende assosiasies verwerp: 1) Die wilde-tipe TT homosigote van die FTO rs17817449 polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig in die eerste twee maande van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (dit is ‘n nuwe bevinding); 2) Die wilde-tipe Arg16Arg homosigote van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig gedurende die eerste maand van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (hierdie bevinding word ondersteun deur een ander intervensie studie); 3) Persone met ‘n mutante C-alleel van die INSIG2 rs7566605 polimorfisme en ‘n mutante Gly16-allele van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het minder gewig tydens die ses maande intervensie periode verloor (dit is ‘n nuwe geen-geen interaksie bevinding). ‘n Aantal sekondêre/ spekulatiewe hipoteses is verwerp, waarvan die mees geloofwaardigste bevinding insluit dat ‘n verbetering in emosionele disinhibisie van die wild-tipe TT persone van die FTO rs1421085 polimorfisme geassosieer was met ‘n meer prominente daling in LMI oor die ses maande gewigsverlies periode. Die integrasie van die resultate van hierdie navorsing met die literatuur dui aan dat daar op hierdie stadium onvoldoende bewyse vir genetiese sifting en die voorsiening van bewys-gebasseerde persoonlike aanbevelings vir gewigsverlies in vetsugtig individue bestaan vir die polimorfismes wat ondersoek is. Dit word aanbeveel dat hierdie assosiasies as prioriteit in toekomstige navorsing beskou moet word.

Background: Obesity-related diseases are arising as a major problem among children. inflammation has recently been identified to play an important role in the relationship between obesity.- as well as stunting-related diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and a variety of cardiometabolic and anthropometric indices of children in a township outside Potchefstroom, South Africa. Methods: Blood samples of 115 girls and 78 boys (mean age 15.6 ± 1.35) in the Physical Activity in the Young (PLAY) study were cross-sectionally analysed. Trained fieldworkers collected the demographic, Tanner growth stage and habitual physical activity information. Physiologists measured the children’s blood pressure. Anthropometric measurements were taken by. trained post-graduate students with level 1 or 2 qualifications in anthropometrics. A standard test battery was administered by trained postgraduate students in Human Movement Science to assess muscular strength. flexibility and endurance of the children. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged and stored frozen until further analyses. Results: Stunted girls had a significantly higher serum TNF-α concentration than the non-stunted girls (p=0.03). The factor analyses showed that the inflammatory. status clustered with the height for age-z-scores (HAZ) scores and the waist-hip-ratio (WHR). The HAZ-score of the over-fat boys (- 1.46) was significantly smaller than the lean boys (- 1.14, p=0.0 1). whereas the over-fat girls had a trend for a smaller HAZ-score (-1.07) than the lean girls (-0.89). No significant differences were found between the over-fat and the lean children-s inflammatory status. TNF-α and CRP levels tended to be higher in the over-fat children than in lean children. The girls' scrum IL-6 and CRP concentrations correlated significantly with their body mass index (BMI) and WHR (p<0.05 )and their TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations correlated significantly with their WHR (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: In comparison to the non-stunted girls, stunted girls had a statistically significantly higher TNF-α concentration. Unusual fat distribution that is found in over-fat and stunted children may be associated with low-grade inflammation in children. More research is needed on these associations with markers of inflammation in a long-term longitudinal study. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. The present study investigated the association of parental educational background and social support with children’s weight status, and assessed whether parental depression influences the association of educational background and social support with children’s weight status. The study included data from 175 children in Stockholm County aged 4–6 years with obesity and a mean body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) of 3.2; 45% of the cohort were male. Data included information provided by 98 mothers and 93 fathers. Forty-four percent of mothers had a university education, 66% were overweight or obese, and 77% displayed minimal depression symptoms. Forty-six percent of fathers had a university education, 52% were overweight or obese, and 87% displayed minimal depression symptoms. The association between parental educational background and social support and child BMI SDS was investigated using regression analysis for mothers and fathers. Results showed that educational level reported by fathers was negatively associated with high BMI SDS among children. Even after controlling for covariates, a low level of paternal education remained associated with a high BMI SDS among the children. Neither social support nor parental depression modified the effect of parental education on child BMI SDS.

Introduction Nutrition transition concerns the broad changes in the human diet that have occurred over time and space. In low- to middle-income countries such as Indonesia, nutrient transition describes shifts from traditional diets high in cereal and fibre towards Western pattern diets high in sugars, fat, and animal-source foods. This causes a swift increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity while undernutrition remains a great public health concern. Thus a double burden of malnutrition occurs in the population. The main aim of this investigation was to explore social and contextual determinants of malnutrition in Indonesia. The specific objectives were: (i) to examine body mass index (BMI) changes at the population level, and between and within socioeconomic groups; (ii) to estimate which context (i.e., household or district) has a greater effect on the variation of BMI; (iii) to assess the prevalence of double burden households (defined as the coexistence of underweight and overweight individuals residing in the same household) and its variation among communities as well as its determining factors; and (iv) to explore and understand what contributes to a double burden of malnutrition within a household by focusing on gender relations. Methods A mixed method approach was adopted in this study. For the quantitative analyses, nationally representative repeated cross-sectional survey data from four Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS; 1993, 1997, 2000, 2007) were used. The IFLS contains information about individual-level, household-level and area-level characteristics. The analyses covered single and multilevel regressions. Data for the qualitative component were collected from sixteen focus group discussions conducted in Central Java and in the capital city Jakarta among 123 rural and urban men and women. Connell’s relational theory of gender and Charmaz’s constructive grounded theory were used to analyse the qualitative data. Results Greater increases in BMI were observed at higher percentiles compared to the segment of the population at lower percentiles. While inequalities in mean BMI decreased between socioeconomic groups, within group dispersion increased over time. Households were identified as an important social context in which the variation of BMI increased over time. Ignoring the household level did not change the relative variance contribution of districts on BMI in the contextual analysis. Approximately one-fifth of all households exhibited a double burden of malnutrition. Living in households with a higher socioeconomic status resulted in higher odds of double burden of malnutrition with the exception of women-headed households and communities with high social capital. The qualitative analysis resulted in the construction of three categories: capturing the significance of gendered power relations, the emerging obesogenic environment, and generational relations for child malnutrition. Conclusion At the population level, greater increases in within-group inequalities imply that growing inequalities in BMI were not merely driven by socioeconomic factors. This suggests that other under-recognised social and contextual factors may have a greater effect on the variation in BMI. At the contextual level, recognition of increased variation among households is important for creating strategies that respond to the differential needs of individuals within the same household. At the household level, women’s empowerment and community social capital should be promoted to reduce inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition across different socioeconomic groups. Ultimately community health and nutrition programmes will need to address gender empowerment and engage men in the fight against the emerging obesogenic environment and increased malnutrition that is evident within households, especially overweight and obesity among children.

In den Industrieländern stellen arteriosklerotische Erkrankungen nach wie vor die häufigste Todesursache dar, noch vor den malignen Erkrankungen. Ziel dieser Studie war es auzuzeigen, in wie weit eine besonders intensive Betreuung und Aufklärung der Patienten bereits in der Akutphase während des stationären Aufenthaltes im Rahmen einer Herzbypass-Operation zu besseren Langzeitergebnissen (1-und 3-Jahres-follow-up) bezüglich der Reduktion von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren führt.

Background: We investigated whether maternal smoking in the first year of life or any current parental smoking is associated with childhood or adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed questionnaires about their children's current height and weight, whether their mother smoked in the first year of the child's life and current smoking habits of both parents. Adolescents aged 13-14 years completed questionnaires about their height, weight and current parental smoking habits. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and parental smoking. Results: 77,192 children (18 countries) and 194 727 adolescents (35 countries) were included. The BMI of children exposed to maternal smoking during their first year of life was 0.11 kg/m 2 greater than those who were not (P = 0.0033). The BMI of children of currently smoking parents was greater than those with non-smoking parents (maternal smoking: +0.08 kg/m 2 (P = 0.0131), paternal smoking: +0.10 kg/m 2 (P < 0.0001)). The BMI of female adolescents exposed to maternal or paternal smoking was 0.23 kg/m 2 and 0.09 kg/m 2 greater respectively than those who were not exposed (P < 0.0001). The BMI of male adolescents was greater with maternal smoking exposure, but not paternal smoking (0.19 kg/m 2 , P < 0.0001 and 0.03 kg/m 2 , P = 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: Parental smoking is associated with higher BMI values in children and adolescents. Whether this is due to a direct effect of parental smoking or to confounding cannot be established from this observational study. / This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to Professor E Mitchell and Dr I Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ISAAC Phase Three: / Revisión por pares

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar o efeito presumido do horário irregular de trabalho, do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e da atividade física nos aspectos cardiometabólicos e de sono em motoristas de caminhão. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma população de 101 motoristas de caminhão que trabalhavam em uma transportadora de cargas de São Paulo (SP). Após os critérios de exclusão, permaneceram no estudo 57 motoristas (26 do turno diurno e 31 do turno irregular). Os motoristas responderam a um questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos e do trabalho, além do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, IPAQ e um questionário para avaliar demanda, controle e apoio social no trabalho. Foram medidas a massa corporal, a estatura, circunferências abdominal e do quadril e o perímetro cervical. Foi realizada uma coleta de sangue em jejum de 12 horas para determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicemia, colesterol total e frações triglicérides, leptina, grelina e insulina. Os motoristas também utilizaram por sete dias consecutivos actímetros para estimar os padrões de sono. Para comparação das características sociodemográficas, de trabalho, de saúde e estilo de vida, medidas antropométricas, atividade física, hábitos alimentares, aspectos de sono, parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos e hormonais foram realizados testes de estatística inferencial, após a realização da estatística descritiva. Resultados: Os motoristas obesos apresentaram concentrações de leptina cerca de cinco vezes maior em relação aos eutróficos (p<0,01), sendo que estas foram 40 por cento maiores entre os obesos do turno irregular em relação aos obesos do turno diurno (p<0,01). Por outro lado, os motoristas obesos apresentaram menor concentração de grelina que os motoristas eutróficos (p<0,04). O IMC médio dos motoristas irregulares foi significativamente maior do que dos motoristas diurnos (28,4 ± 3,8 kg/m2 vs 26,4 ± 3,6 kg/m2, p=0,04). A prática de atividade física no tempo de lazer foi baixa em ambos os grupos (<150 min/semana). O teste de Mann-Whitney mostrou que os motoristas do turno irregular eram mais ativos fisicamente do que os motoristas do turno diurno (99 ± 166 min/semana vs 23 ± 76 min/semana, p<0,01). A análise de covariância revelou que os motoristas do turno irregular moderadamente ativos apresentaram maiores pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica (143,7 e 93,2 mmHg, respectivamente) que os motoristas diurnos moderadamente ativos (116 e 73,3 mmHg, respectivamente) (p<0,05), assim como maior concentração de colesterol total que os motoristas diurnos moderadamente ativos (232,1 e 145 mg/dl, respectivamente) (p=0,01). Independentemente da prática de atividade física, motoristas irregulares apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol (211,8 e 135,7 mg/dl, respectivamente) do que os diurnos (161,9 e 96,7 mg/dl, respectivamente) (Ancova, p<0,05). Considerando-se os motoristas dos dois turnos, observou-se associação entre atividade física e menor latência do sono (Ancova, p=0,04) e melhor eficiência do sono (Ancova, p=0,02). Conclusões: Para a população estudada, a prática de atividade física não foi associada à redução da presença de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos, embora tenha sido associada a uma boa qualidade de sono. A associação observada entre as concentrações dos hormônios reguladores do apetite e o IMC, em conjunto com a associação entre turno e obesidade, sugere a necessidade de realizar estudos sobre o papel do turno de trabalho nas alterações hormonais. Além disso, devido à demanda elevada, longas jornadas e maior tempo de trabalho na profissão, o trabalho dos motoristas de caminhão está associado ao desenvolvimento de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos / Objective: The main aim of this study was to analyse the putative effect of irregular-shift work, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity on cardiometabolic and sleep aspects in truck drivers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 101 truck drivers working for a São Paulo-based transportation company (São Paulo State). A total of 57 drivers (26 day-shift and 31 irregular-shift workers) were included in the study after application of the exclusion criteria. All drivers completed a questionnaire collecting data on sociodemographic data and work characteristics, and also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) along with a questionnaire assessing load, control and social support in the workplace. Measurements of BMI, height, waist/hip circumferences and cervical perimeter were taken. Fasting blood samples (12 hrs.) were collected to determine concentrations of plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride fractions, leptin, ghrelin and insulin. Drivers also wore actigraphy devices for seven consecutive days to estimate sleep patterns. After descriptive statistical analysis, inferential statistical tests were employed to compare the following data: sociodemographic, work, health and life-style characteristics, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, dietary habits, sleep aspects, as well as physiological, biochemical and hormonal parameters. Results: Obese drivers had five-fold higher concentrations of leptin than normal-weight drivers (p<0.01), with leptin levels 40 per cent greater in irregular-shift than day-shift obese (p<0.01). Obese drivers had lower ghrelin levels than drivers of normal weight (p<0.04). Mean BMI was significantly higher among irregularshift than day-shift workers (28.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2 vs 26.4 ± 3.6 kg/m2, p=0.04). The practice of leisure-time physical activity was generally low in both groups (<150 min/week). Results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that irregular-shift drivers were more physically active than day-shift workers (99 ± 166 min/week vs 23 ± 76 min/week, p<0.01). Analysis of covariance revealed that moderately-active irregular-shift workers had higher systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (143.7 and 93.2 mmHg, respectively) than moderately-active day-shift workers (116 and 73.3 mmHg, respectively) (p<0.05) as well as higher total cholesterol concentrations (232.1 and 145 mg/dl, respectively) (p=0.01). Independently of the practice of physical activity, irregular-shift drivers had higher total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (211.8 and 135.7 mg/dl, respectively) than day-shift workers (161.9 and 96.7 mg/dl, respectively (Ancova, p<0.05). For drivers of both shift types, an association between physical activity and shorter sleep latency (Ancova, p=0.04) and superior sleep efficiency (Ancova, p=0.02) was observed. Conclusions: For the population studied, the practice of physical activity was not associated with reduced presence of the cardiometabolic risk factors, although it has been associated with good quality sleep. The association observed between concentration of appetite-regulating hormones and BMI, and also between shift-type and obesity, points to the need for further studies investigating the role of shift work in hormonal changes. In addition, given the elevated work load, long working hours and time on the job associated with the profession, working as a truck driver is associated with the development of cardiometabolic risk factor

Introdução: Desde a infância a percepção da imagem corporal é um importante componente da auto-estima. Ela é indispensável para a adequada interação do ser humano com o ambiente e para uma vida física e mental saudável. Objetivo: Adaptar uma Escala de Silhuetas, avaliar sua fidedignidade, validar sua utilização ao contexto brasileiro e avaliar a (in)satisfação com a imagem corporal. Método: A Escala de Silhuetas foi adaptada, a partir de trabalho anterior de mesma autoria, para crianças (7-12 anos) e adultos (18-59 anos). A amostra foi composta por 280 adultos voluntários: 138 mulheres e 142 homens, e por 160 crianças: 94 meninas e 66 meninos. Avaliou-se a fidedignidade das escalas adaptadas pela técnica teste-reteste. Foi solicitado a cada voluntário que escolhesse figuras de silhuetas que representassem seu tamanho corporal atual, desejado e ideal. Para a validação das escalas adaptadas, estas foram julgadas por especialistas da área. As figuras das escalas também foram ordenadas pelos voluntários, em série ascendente. Examinou-se a aplicação das escalas a grupos distintos por sexo e por classe de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Resultados: A Escala de Silhuetas para adultos ficou composta por 15 cartões com figuras de silhuetas para cada sexo, e a escala para crianças ficou composta de 11 cartões com figuras de silhuetas para cada sexo. Foram obtidos coeficientes de correlação significativamente positivos no teste-reteste, tanto para adultos (r=0,93; p<0,01) quanto para crianças (r=0,68; p<0,01) para a escolha da figura atual. O julgamento por especialistas das figuras desenhadas e a ordenação destas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa foram satisfatórios. Houve diferença significativa entre o IMC das figuras escolhidas em relação ao IMC real, por sexo e classe de IMC, para adultos e crianças. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que as Escalas de Silhuetas adaptadas neste trabalho, para aplicação em crianças e adultos, apresentam boas qualidades psicométricas, podendo ser utilizadas na pesquisa clínica e epidemiológica. / Introduction: Since childhood the perception of body image is an important component of self-esteem. It is essential for a proper interaction of human beings with the environment and a healthy physical and mental life. Objective: The aim of this work was to adapt a Figure Rating Scale, to assess its reliability, to validate its use in Brazil, and to evaluate the body image (dis)satisfaction. Method: The Figure Rating Scale was adapted for adults (18-59 years) and for children (7-12 years) from a previously one developed by the same author. The sample was composed of 280 adult volunteers: 138 women and 142 men; and 160 children: 94 girls and 66 boys. Test-retest reliability was conducted. Each volunteer was asked to choose the cards of silhouette figures representing his/her current, desired and ideal body sizes. To validate the adapted scales, experts judged the figures concerning Body Mass Index (BMI). The volunteers were also asked to arrange the cards in ascending order. The use of the scale in different gender and BMI class groups was examinated. Results: The Figure Rating Scale for adults was composed by 15 cards for each gender and the scale for children was composed by 11 cards of silhouette figures for each gender. It was found significantly positive correlation coefficients on test-retest, for both adults (r=93, p<0,01) and children (r=68, p<0,01) for current figure chosen. The judgment of the scales by experts and the ordering of figures were satisfactory for adult and children adapted scales. There were significant differences for gender and BMI class, considering the chosen figures in relation to the actual BMI. Conclusion: These results suggest good psychometric qualities of the adapted Figure Rating Scales, to be applied to Brazilian adults and children. They provide a tool for clinical and epidemiological research on body image.

Introdução: No Brasil, como em outros países, obesidade e disfunção sexual são consideradas problemas de saúde pública pela alta prevalência e por estarem relacionadas com hipertensão arterial, diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, transtornos depressivos, outras morbidades e prejuízos na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Em geral, há poucos estudos sobre resposta sexual, obesidade e qualidade de vida em mulheres, e, na maioria deles, as pesquisas são realizadas com pacientes portadoras de doenças crônicas. Objetivos: Avaliar a resposta sexual, as disfunções sexuais e a qualidade de vida de mulheres obesas sem outras morbidades associadas e com parceiros não portadores de disfunção sexual. Métodos: Foram selecionadas 37 mulheres obesas (IMC = 30-39,9 Kg/m2) sem outras morbidades, com idade acima de 18 anos, não menopausadas, com parceiro funcional e relacionamento estável. Os parceiros foram avaliados pelo questionário QS-M. Considerando critérios para exclusão de doenças, as pacientes foram submetidas aos seguintes exames laboratoriais: glicose, colesterol e frações, triglicérides, TSH, prolactina, testosterona total, SHBG e testosterona livre. Também foram avaliadas por entrevista clínica e, posteriormente, pelos questionários QS-F, IWQOL-Lite, BDI e HAM-A. Resultados: Das 37 pacientes, 4 (10,8%) foram consideradas disfuncionais (QSF 60) e 33 (89,2%) apresentaram desempenho sexual satisfatório (QS-F 60). Dentre as disfunções sexuais, a diminuição do desejo sexual e a disfunção do orgasmo comprometeram 100% das pacientes; a disfunção de excitação 75%, o vaginismo 50% e a dispareunia 25%. Não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o IMC e o QS-F (r=-0,12; p=0,470). O IWQOL-Lite total, com escore máximo de 155 pontos, variou de 31 a 116 pontos, com mediana de 60,0 pontos. Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o QS-F e os domínios do IWQOL-Lite vida sexual, trabalho e o total. Verificou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o IMC e a QV (r=-0,41; p=0,012). Ocorreu correlação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre o QSF e o BDI (r= -0,37; p= 0,025), e o HAM-A (r=-0,39; p=0,016). Conclusões: Mulheres obesas sem outras morbidades mostraram um desempenho sexual satisfatório, e não houve correlação entre a obesidade e a presença de disfunção sexual. O melhor desempenho sexual foi associado com a melhor qualidade de vida. Quanto mais obesas, pior a qualidade de vida das pacientes. Quanto melhor o desempenho sexual, menor a possibilidade de depressão e ansiedade / Introduction: In Brazil, as in other countries, obesity and sexual dysfunction are considered public health problems because of their high prevalence and association with high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depressive disorders, other morbidities, and impaired patient quality of life (QoL). In general, there are few studies on sexual response, obesity, and QoL in women, and in most of these studies, assessments are conducted with patients with chronic diseases. Aims: To assess sexual response, sexual dysfunction, and QoL of obese women without other associated morbidities and partners without sexual dysfunction. Methods: We selected 37 non-menopausal, obese women (body mass index [BMI] = 30-39.9 Kg/m2) without comorbidities, aged > 18 years, with functional partners and stable relationship. The partners were assessed by the SQ-M. Considering the disease exclusion criteria, the patients underwent the following laboratory tests: glucose, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and free testosterone. They were also assessed in a clinical interview and subsequently, by the Sexual Quotient-Female Version (SQ-F), Impact of Weight on the Quality of Life (IWQOL)-Lite, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) questionnaires. Results: Of the 37 patients, 4 (10.8%) were considered to have sexual dysfunction (SQ-F60), and 33 (89.2%) had satisfactory sexual performance (SQ-F60). Among those with sexual dysfunction, all patients experienced decreased sexual desire and orgasm dysfunction, 75% experienced arousal dysfunction, 50 % experienced vaginismus, and 25 % experienced dyspareunia. No statistically significant correlation was noted between BMI and SQF (r= -0.12; p = 0.470). The total IWQOL-Lite, with a maximum score of 155 points, ranged from 31 to 116 points, with a median of 60.0 points. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the sex life, work, and total domains of the SQ-F and IWQOL-Lite questionnaires, and between BMI and QoL (r = -0.41; p = 0.012). A statistically significant negative correlation was noted between the SQ-F and BDI (r = -0.37, p = 0.025) and HAM-A (r = -0.39, p = 0.016) results. Conclusions: Obese women without comorbidities showed satisfactory sexual performance; no correlation was found between obesity and sexual dysfunction. The best sexual performance was associated with a better QoL. Increase in obesity was associated with a deteriorated QoL of patients. Superior sexual performance was found to be associated with a low possibility of depression and anxiety