本研究主要目的是由自評的角度，利用三種測量指標來探討臺灣地區大學生外表吸引方知覺的現況，內容包括外表知覺、身體滿意度、俊男美女自覺；其次，探討性別與外表吸引力知覺的關係；最後，再探討外表吸引方知覺與自我檢校、自我意識的關係。 　　本研究以以臺灣地區各公私立大學院校畢生為取樣對象，有效樣本計有479人（男239人、女240人）。所採用的研究工具包括「外表知覺量表」、「身體滿意度量表」、「俊男美女自覺量表」、「自我檢校量表」和「自我意識量表」。研究中所使用的統計方法包括皮爾森積差相關、t考驗、單因子多變量變異變分析和典型相關。 　　本研究的主要結果如下： 　　一、外表吸引力知覺的現況方面： 　　　　（一）大學生的外表知覺接近中上程度，對自己的身體傾向於有點滿意，認為自己有些符合俊男美女的條件。 　　　　（二）身體滿意度經因素分析共得「身材體貌」、「五官部位」、「氧質舉止」三類滿意度，其排行順序由高而低依序為「氣質舉止」、「五官部位」、「身材體貌」。俊男美女自覺經因素分析共得「內在美特質」、「柔性外在美」、「剛性外在美」三類，其排行順序由高而低依序為「內在美特質」、「柔性外在美」、「剛性外在美」。 　　二、性別和外表吸引力知覺的關係方面： 　　　　（一）男女大學生在外表知覺上有顯著差異，此差異表現在「體重意識」、「重視外表」、「在乎外表」「外表對事業之影響」上。亦即女生的體重意識顯著高於男生；女生顯著地比男生更重視外表、更在乎外表；男生顯著地比女生更認為外表會影響事業成功。 　　　　（二）男女大學生在身體滿意度上有顯著的差異，此差異反映在「身材體貌」上，亦即男生顯著地比女生對自己的身材體貌更傾向於「有點滿意」。 　　　　（三）男女大學生在俊男美女自覺上有顯著的差異，此差異反映在「柔性外在美」與「剛性外在美」上，亦即女生顯著地比男生認為自己更符合「柔性外在美」、更不符合「剛性外在美」。 　　三、外表吸引力知覺和自我檢校的關係方面： 　　　　（一）大學生的外表知覺與自我檢校大致呈顯著的正相關，其中，以「注意穿著、在意流行」與「重視外表」、「在乎外表」之相關最高。 　　　　（二）大學生的身體滿意度大致與自我檢校呈顯著的相關，其中，身體滿意度與「調整表現、符合要求」之相關較強；與「符合團體期望」則呈負相關。 　　　　（三）大學生的俊男美女自覺與其我檢校呈顯著的正相關，其中，以「內在美特質」與「觀察敏銳」、「即興表演」、「調整表現、符合要求」之相關較高。 　　四、外表吸引力知覺和自我意識的關係方面： 　　　　（一）大學生的外表知覺與自我意識呈顯著的相關，其中以「重視外表」、「在乎外表」與「外表意識」，「一般印象」之相關最高，「外表自評」、「性感魅力」典「社會焦慮」則呈顯著的負相關。 　　　　（二）大李生的身體滿意度與自我意識有顯著的相關，其中，身體滿意度各分量表與「情緒覺知」、「自我反省」、「外表意識」均呈顯著正相關；與「社會焦慮」、「一般印象」則呈顯著負相關。 　　　　（三）大學生的俊男美女自覺與自我意識大致呈顯著正相關，其中，以「柔性外在美」與「外表意識」的相關較高，「內在美特質」與「情緒覺知」、「自我反省，之相關亦高。 　　五、大學生的外表知覺、身體滿意度、俊男美女自覺與自我檢校、自我意識之間共可抽出四組顯著的典型相關。

Eating disorders and low self-esteem among young women is a growing concern in today’s society. Due to this growing concern, this subject has been given a lot of attention both in media and through academic research during recent years. One area that has been highly criticized and examined is the idealized ideals often presented in media and advertisement today. These ideals can, according to literature, harm young women due to social comparison with these idealized images. According to previous research, this social comparison can have a negative effect on both self-esteem and body satisfaction. Research also show that continued exposure to such ideals can lead to internalization of thin and beauty ideals, which in turn is proven to be a strong predictor for these images negative affect on self-esteem and body satisfaction. Because of these findings and the critique of these ideals in media, this is an important subject to study both because of the ethical concerns with continuing to reinforce these ideals in advertisement, and from a society’s perspective in order to learn who might need extra protection in order to not be harmed by these ideals. Therefore, this study will firstly examine if we can see a negative effect on high school student’s self-esteem and body satisfaction, after being exposed to idealized images (in our case thin-models). Our study will also examine, in a second part, if we can see, depending on the lifestyle of the students, if some girls are more vulnerable than others to the exposure of idealized images. The second part of the study will contribute with information of which young women that need extra protection and attention to not develop low self-esteem due to the pressure of living up to the ideals. The method of our study is mostly of a deductive nature since this is an extensively researched topic, where pre-established methods and theories can be found. However, as the second part of the study has not been previous research this part will use a combination of deductive and inductive strategy. To collect the primary data an experimental design is used, with pre-established measurements for self-esteem and body satisfaction. Moreover, statements regarding the participant’s lifestyle are constructed with the help of AIOs lifestyle questionnaire as an inspiration. The experiment processes consists of two steps. First, the participants are exposed to two images, either thin-model images, normal sized woman images, or control images (which is images without any persons in it). After the exposure, the participants are asked to answer the questionnaire consisting of the self-esteem measurement, the body satisfaction measurement, and the lifestyle statements. The first part of our study did not show any sign of the thin-model image having any effect on the participant’s self-esteem or body satisfaction. However, we found a significant difference between the girls of 15-17 years old and those who were 18-20 years old self-esteem and body satisfaction means. Where the girls 15-17 scored significantly lower in both. Our conclusion of these findings is that there still is a high internalization of unhealthy thin and beauty ideals especially among the younger girls. Therefore, idealized media still is harmful for these girls since they are reinforcing and contributing to these ideals in society. For the second part of the study, we found a significant difference between the Party lifestyle group and the Sport lifestyle group’s self-esteem, where the Party Lifestyle group had a significantly lower self-esteem than the Sport lifestyle group. Further, we could also see a connection throw-out all of our results between self-esteem and body satisfaction, where those who scored low in self-esteem most often also scored low in body satisfaction and the other way around. This finding showed us that those with a party lifestyle are more vulnerable to idealized media exposure in that way that they are more likely to internalize unhealthy beauty and thin ideals.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescents' perceptions of their parents' encouragement to lose weight and physical activity habits (i.e., exercise habits and sedentary behaviors) and their own physical health-related fitness (HRF) and psychological well-being. Results of structural equation modeling revealed both similarities and differences between boys and girls. Specifically, parental sedentary behavior and encouragement to lose weight related to girls HRF. Among boys, only encouragement to lose weight related to HRF. When inspecting the relationship between HRF and psychological well-being, HRF related to body satisfaction, but not depressive symptoms, among both boys and girls. Results of this study highlight the complex influence that parental perceptions have during adolescent development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELA ALMEIDA ZEQUINAO.pdf: 4250062 bytes, checksum: 6c7a3a9b4623ced9528778a29c8137ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bullying is considered a set of aggressive, intentional, covert and repetitive attitudes, with no evident reason. These attitudes are adopted by one or more students against one or other, and who do not have social visibility, causing pain, distress and terrible suffering for victims. Children and adolescents who are in a situation of high social vulnerability, are more susceptible to involvement in this phenomenon, as violence in school can not be dissociated from the perceived violence that are embedded in the environment. Objective: To analyze the profile of the participants of school bullying in children and adolescents of high social vulnerability from Florianópolis, SC. Methods: The study included 409 children and adolescents from both sexes and from the 3rd to 5th year and 4th to 6th grade of two public elementary school. The instruments used were: Olweus Questionnaire adapted to the Brazilian population; Questionnaire for the Study of Violence and Peer Scale Socio-Metric, to identify the roles of participation in school bullying; TGMD-2, for the analysis of motor performance; TDE for analysis of school performance; Scale of Subjective Social Status in the Classroom; MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status and MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status Young Version for status analysis; Silhouette Body Scale, to verify body satisfaction; anthropometric measures weight, height, skinfold thickness and bone diameters, for the assessment of body composition, and Dermatoglyphic reader to evaluate the genetic imprint. Results: motor performance, body composition and genetic aspects, regarding the dermatoglyphic profile, were not predictors of participation in school bullying. However, evidence was found that the variable status, body dissatisfaction may predict school performance and behaviors related to the roles of participation in this phenomenon. Conclusion: The present study was of great importance to understand bullying and the roles assumed by children and adolescents in communities with high social vulnerability against this behavior, as well as reflections brought about the current educational practices and the role of the teacher education this physical phenomenon, helping to advance the issue in this area. It is necessary that further studies be developed linking school bullying with the profile of children and adolescents in different contexts, exposed, or not, the social risks. / Bullying é considerado um conjunto de atitudes agressivas, intencionais, dissimuladas e repetitivas, que ocorrem sem motivação evidente, adotado por um ou mais alunos contra um ou outros, e que não apresentam visibilidade social, causando dor, angústia e terrível sofrimento às vítimas. Crianças e adolescentes que se encontram em situação de alta vulnerabilidade social, estão mais suscetíveis ao envolvimento neste fenômeno, pois a violência na escola não pode ser dissociada da violência percebida no ambiente em estão inseridas. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil dos participantes de bullying escolar em crianças e adolescentes de alta vulnerabilidade social presentes na Grande Florianópolis, SC. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 409 crianças e adolescentes do 3º ao 5º ano e da 4ª a 6ª série do Ensino Fundamental, de ambos os sexos, de duas escolas públicas municipais. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Olweus adaptado à população brasileira; Questionário para o Estudo da Violência entre Pares e Escala Sócio-Métrica, para a identificação dos papéis de participação no bullying escolar; TGMD-2, para o análise do desempenho motor; TDE, para análise do desempenho escolar; Escala Subjetiva de Status Social em Sala de Aula; Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo e Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo Versão para Jovens, para análise do status; Escala da Silhueta Corporal, para verificar a satisfação corporal; as medidas antropométricas massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas e diâmetros ósseos, para a avaliação da composição corporal; e Leitor Dermatoglífico, para avaliação da marca genética. Resultados: Desempenho motor, composição corporal e aspectos genéticos, no que tange o perfil dermatoglífico, não foram preditores de participação no bullying escolar. Contudo, encontraram-se indícios de que as variáveis status, insatisfação corporal e desempenho escolar podem predizer comportamentos relacionados aos papéis de participação neste fenômeno. Conclusão: a presente pesquisa foi de grande importância para compreender o bullying e os papéis assumidos por crianças e adolescentes em comunidades de alta vulnerabilidade social, frente a esse comportamento, bem como, trouxe reflexões a respeito das práticas educacionais vigentes e o papel do professor de Educação Física neste fenômeno, contribuindo para avanço do tema nesta área. Faz-se necessário que mais estudos sejam desenvolvidos relacionando o bullying escolar com o perfil de crianças e adolescentes de diferentes contextos, expostas, ou não, a riscos sociais.

Certain sport environments may contribute to the development of disordered eating and those that heavily emphasize weight and/or body shape can be particularly damaging to an athlete's body image, self-concept, and eating behaviors. In particular, female athletes in collegiate sports are at a greater risk for engaging in unhealthy behaviors because they face both societal pressures from Western culture to be thin, in addition to sport pressures that focus on performance and appearance. According to the American Medical Association almost half of American women are trying to lose weight, illustrating that societal pressures alone to be thin and attractive can influence the development of disordered eating. Athletes are exposed to the same sociocultural pressures as their nonathlete counterparts, and would be expected to have similar feelings about their bodies as women in general. Add subsequent pressures like team "weigh-ins," coaches' body comp preferences, judges' critiques, revealing attire, and endurance/strength demands, and the stage is set for the development of disordered eating. In the current study, participants were 414 Division-I female gymnasts, swimmers/divers, and they completed self-report measures assessing sport pressures, body satisfaction and disordered eating behavior to test Petrie & Greenleaf's etiological model. Results indicate that sport pressures do lead directly to dietary restraint, a precursor to disordered eating, and are not always mediated through internalization and body dissatisfaction. These findings suggest that decreasing and intervening with perceived sport pressures may lessen the risk of female athletes developing an eating disorder.