O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as exigências e a eficiência energética de vacas de corte lactantes e não gestantes, bem como do par vaca/bezerro. Posteriormente foi correlacionada a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro durante a lactação com a eficiência das mesmas vacas durante a terminação. Na fase de lactação os pares vaca/bezerro foram avaliados desde após o nascimento (17±5, d DP) até a desmama (210 d). Após a desmama foi conduzido o ensaio de terminação (67 d) e abate somente das matrizes. Foram avaliadas 10 vacas adultas ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) e 10 ½ Angus x Nelore (AN), acasaladas com touros Red Angus (RA) e Canchim (CC), respectivamente. Na lactação o oferecimento da dieta (2,30 Mcal EM/kg e 12,4% PB) variou individualmente ao longo do período com objetivo de manter constante o peso das matrizes ao longo da lactação. A mesma dieta foi oferecida a vontade para a progênie. Durante o ensaio de terminação em confinamento a dieta (2,37 Mcal EM/kg e 10,5% PB) foi fornecida à vontade. A ingestão de matéria seca das matrizes foi de 92,4 g MS/kg PM0,75 (CV=3,2%; P=0,458). Vacas AN apresentaram produção de leite corrigida para gordura 12% superior (P<0,05). A concentração energética do leite (Mcal/kg) das vacas CN foi 9,4% superior (P<0,05). A eficiência (Mcal leite/Mcal EM ingerida) não foi diferente. A exigência de energia metabolizável de lactação (EMl) foi maior (P<0,05) para vacas AN em relação as CN, 90,1 e 74,2 (EMl, kcal EMl/kg PM0,75), respectivamente. Bezerros ½CC¼AN¼NE apresentaram ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM) proveniente do leite 11,3% (P<0,05) superior. Bezerros ½RA¼CR¼NE foram 10,7% mais eficientes (g GP210d/Mcal IEM leite+dieta sólida). Não houve diferença para eficiência dos pares vaca/bezerro, contudo houve considerável variação individual, onde a eficiência média foi 35,3 g GP210d/Mcal IEM par (CV=11,5%). A eficiência do par foi positivamente relacionada ao ganho do bezerro (r=0,79; P<0,01) e negativamente relacionada à IEM do par (r=-0,58; P<0,05). Vacas CN ao abate apresentaram EGS 29% menor, AOL 13% maior e maior proteína no corpo vazio (P<0,05). Vacas AN apresentaram 14,7% maior proporção de órgãos internos relativo ao peso vazio e maior peso dos intestinos (P<0,01). As correlações fenotípicas demonstraram associação entre as eficiência de secreção do leite das vacas nas fase de lactação e de ganho de peso na fase de terminação (r=0,43; P=0,09). A eficiência de secreção de leite das vacas na lactação apresentou correlação com a eficiência do par (r=0,68; P<0,01). O consumo alimentar residual (CAR) das vacas na terminação foi correlacionado com o CAR das vacas em lactação (r=0,53; P<0,05) e com o CAR dos pares (r=0.62; P<0.01). Isso indica que vacas de corte mais eficientes durante a terminação são também mais eficientes no período de cria. / This study estimated the requirements and feed efficiency of non-pregnant lactating beef cows, as well as cow calf pairs. It also correlated the efficiency of the cows and their progeny during lactation to efficiency determined for the same cows in a finishing trial after weaning. In the lactating phase cow calf pairs were evaluated from just after birth (17±5, d) to weaning at 210 d. The finishing trial for the mature cows started after weaning and lasted 67 d after wich cows were slaughtered. Twenty adult cows were evaluated, 10 ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) and 10 Angus x Nelore, bred to Red Angus (RA) and Canchim (CC) bulls, respectively. During lactation the diet (2.30 Mcal ME/kg and 12.4% CP) was offered in variable amounts to maintain individual live weight and condition score constant. The same diet was offered ad libitum to the calves. During the finishing phase cows were fed ad libitum (2.37 Mcal ME/kg e 10.5% CP). The dry matter feed intake of cows was 92,4 and SD 2,9 g DM/kg BW0,75. AN cows had fat corrected milk 12% higher compared to CN cows (P<0.05). However, milk energy content (Mcal/kg) was 9.4% higher (P<0.05) for CN cows. Efficiency of milk production (Mcal milk/Mcal ME intake) was not different. Metabolizable energy for lactation (MEl) was higher (P<0.05) for AN cows in comparison to CN, respectively 90.1 and 74.2 (MEl, kcal MEl/kg BW0,75). ME milk intake was 11.3% (P<0.05) higher for ½CC¼AN¼NE calves. Rates of gain were not different between calves, but ½RA¼CR¼NE were 10.7% more efficient (g LWG210d/Mcal MEI milk+solid diet). There was no difference in cow calf pairs efficiency, but there was a great individual variability with a mean of 35,31 g and SD of 4,08 g LWG210d/Mcal EM for the pair. Cow/calf pair efficiency was positively related to calf weight gain (r=0.79; P<0.01) and negatively to the pair metabolizable energy intake (r=-0.58; P<0.05). At slaughter CN cows presented backfat thickness 29% lower, longissimus muscle area 13% higher and higher empty body weight protein (P<0,05). AN cows had 14.7% higher relative internal organ weight and higher total intestine weight (P<0.01). The phenotypical correlations between efficiency indexes indicate moderate association between cow efficiency measured during lactation and in a short finishing period after weaning (r=0.43; P=0.09). Exist correlations between cow efficiency lactation and efficiency of the pair (r=0.68; P<0.01). Residual Feed Intake (RFI) during the finishing phase was moderately correlated to the RFI calculated during the lactation period for the cow calf pairs RFI (r=0.62; P<0.01) and the cows (r=0.53; P<0.05) indicated that beef cows more efficient in feed conversion during the finishing phase are more efficient during the lactation period.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gaviolli_vrn_me_jabo.pdf: 597637 bytes, checksum: 970dfc2e9d73c9379c7a724eab7ac345 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar as funções matemáticas que melhor se ajustam para descrever o crescimento de fêmeas da raça Canchim e do grupo genético MA (filhos de touros da raça Charolesa e vacas ½ Canchim + ½ Nelore), e estimar a herdabilidade dos parâmetros A e k da curva que melhor se ajustou aos dados e a correlação genética desses com a idade (IPP) e o peso (PPP) ao primeiro parto e idade (ISP) e peso (PSP) ao segundo parto. As funções não lineares Brody, Richards, Von Bertalanffy e duas alternativas de Gompertz e de Logístico foram ajustadas pelo método de Gauss Newton e procedimento NLIN do SAS, a dados peso-idade de 1.923 bovinos da raça Canchim e MA, nascidos de 1972 a 2006, com pesagens no mínimo até os 37 meses de idade e no máximo até os 100 meses de idade e com pelo menos sete pesagens. A comparação entre os modelos foi realizada com base na interpretação biológica dos parâmetros e nos avaliadores de qualidade de ajuste. A estimação dos parâmetros genéticos foi feita pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, utilizando análises uni e bicaracterísticas com modelos que incluíram o efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneos e o efeito aleatório aditivo direto. Os modelos Brody e Von Bertalanffy ajustaram aos dados peso-idade, enquanto que os demais não convergiram, sendo que o modelo Brody foi escolhido para a obtenção dos parâmetros A e k de cada animal. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas foram 0,32 ± 0,05; 0,12 ± 0,04; 0,12 ± 0,04; 0,43 ± 0,06; 0,19 ± 0,06 e 0,44 ± 0,06, para A, k, IPP, PPP, ISP e PSP, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que é possível, mas difícil obter mudanças na curva de crescimento dos animais pela seleção. As estimativas de correlação genética dos parâmetros A e k com as idades e os pesos aos partos sugerem que a seleção para modificar A deve provocar mudanças no... / The objectives in this study were to identify the mathematical function that best fits the growth of Canchim and MA (offspring of Charolais bulls and ½ Canchim + ½ Nelore cows) females, and to estimate the heritability of parameters A and k of the function that best fitted the data and the genetic correlations of these parameters with age (IPP) and weight (PPP) at first calving and age (ISP) and weight (PSP) at second calving. Brody, Richards, Von Bertalanffy and two alternatives of Gompertz and of Logistic non-linear models were fitted by Gauss Newton method and NLIN procedure of SAS. Weight-age data of 1,923 females born from 1972 to 2006, with weighing at least at 37 months of age and at most at 100 months of age, and with at least seven weighing were used. The comparison between the models was based on the biological interpretation of parameters and measures of quality of adjustment. The genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method using one and two-trait analyses with animal models that included the fixed effect of contemporary group and the random additive direct effect. The Brody and the Von Bertalanffy models adjusted the weight-age data well, while the others did not converge, and the Brody function was chosen to obtain the parameters A and k of each animal. The heritability estimates were 0.32 ± 0.05, 0.12 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.04, 0.43 ± 0.06, 0.19 ± 0.06 and 0.44 ± 0.06 for A, k, IPP, PPP, ISP and PSP were, respectively. These values suggest that it is possible, but difficult to obtain changes in the pattern of the growth curve of the animals by selection. Estimates of genetic correlation of parameters A and k with the other traits suggest that selection to change A should cause changes in the same direction in PPI, PPP, ISP and PSP, and that changes in k, if they occur, should also be followed by changes in the other traits, but in the opposite direction

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T11:55:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T13:46:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T13:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Owing to the potential of utilization of residual feed intake as tool for genetic selection becomes indispensable the studies that looking for understand the variables influence RFI, principally data from cattle of Nellore breed, consist with Brazilian reality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diet of Nellore bulls classified by residual feed intake (RFI). One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls were used , with body weight (BW) of 392.5 ± 47.15 kg. The animals were maintained in a feedlot with individual pens and fed with the same diet for 83 days. The animals were fed ad libitum and the diet was composed of sorghum silage, sugarcane bagasse and concentrate, in relation 33:67 (V: C) in dry matter. The animals were weight at the beginning of the trial and every 28 days after the solid feed restriction. The refused and offered fed were weight to measure the daily feed intake. RFI was calculate by difference between the observed intake and estimated intake what was obtained through a multiple regression equation of feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and metabolic body weight (MBW) of the animals. On eighth week was realized a digestibility assay. To estimate the fecal production was used indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) as internal marker. The randomized design was used for statistical analysis. The ADG and BC were the same for different RFI groups (P>0.05), despite of low RFI animals showed lower feed intake (P<0.05) than medium and high RFI. However, the digestibility coefficient did not differ between the RFI groups (P>0.05). In contrast, the apparent digestibility of NFC was negative correlated (– 0,23) with the RFI. / Tendo em vista o potencial de utilização do consumo alimentar residual como ferramenta para seleção genética torna-se imprescindível estudos que procuram entender as variáveis que influenciam o CAR, principalmente dados com bovinos da raça Nelore condizentes com a realidade brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente da dieta de touros da raça Nelore classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram utilizados 120 touros da raça Nelore, com peso corporal (PC) de 392,5 ± 47,15 kg. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento com baias individuais e alimentados com a mesma dieta por 83 dias. Todos os animais foram alimentados à vontade e a dieta era composta de silagem de sorgo, bagaço de cana e concentrado, na relação 33: 67 (V: C) na matéria seca. Os animais foram pesados no inicio do experimento e a cada 28 dias após jejum de sólido. Diariamente foram pesadas as sobras e o fornecido para determinar o consumo diário. O CAR foi calculado pela diferença do consumo observado e estimado, o qual foi obtido por uma equação de regressão entre consumo, o ganho de peso diário e peso corporal médio metabólico dos animais. Na 8ª semana do experimento foi realizado ensaio de digestibilidade. O marcador interno utilizado para estimar a produção fecal foi a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi). Para as análises estatísticas, foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O ganho médio de peso diário (GMD) e PC foram os mesmos para as classes de CAR (P>0,05), apesar dos animais de baixo CAR apresentar menor ingestão de nutrientes (P<0,05) que os animais de médio e alto CAR. Entretanto, os coeficientes de digestibilidade não diferiram entre os grupos (P>0,05). Em contraste, a digestibilidade aparente dos CNF apresentou correlação negativa de -0,23 com o CAR.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mayara MAGGIOLI.pdf: 1675170 bytes, checksum: 97b59ecd07956bdec51efc9f0ffbb42a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Curraleiro breed has adapted to the extensive breeding in the Brazilian savanna. These rustic animals seem to be more resistant to regional endemic diseases. Resistance to infection is directly correlated to the host immune response. In order to check if differences might exist among Curraleiro s immune response and the response of other exotic cattle breeds in the savannah region, Curraleiro and Nellore calves were assessed before and after immunization with BCG vaccine. Twelve young calves (around six months of age) were used. After quarantine, the animals were divided into four groups: Control (three calves from each breed) and Vaccinated (three calves from each breed). The mononuclear cells were obtained from peripheral blood at time zero (before vaccination), one, seven and, thirty days after the vaccination. The cells were submitted to phagocytosis test, NO production and analysis by flow cytometry of the following populations: NK, T&#61543;&#61540;, CD4 e CD8 as well as for their IFN-&#61543;production. The intradermic test was realized in all calves forty-five days after vaccination. Macrophages from Curraleiro breed showed superior phagocytosis rates (7.650±3.661) than Nellore macrophages (2.970±1.282). Before BCG vaccination, Curraleiro calves had higher numbers of CD4+ cells (2049±402.3), CD8+ cells (1207±166), T&#61543;&#61540;WC1+ cells (1443/mL±384,6) in peripheral blood, than Nellore calves (CD4: 1240/mL ±337; CD8: 772.1/mL ±278.3; T&#61543;&#61540;WC1+: 745.5/mL ±67.22). The CD4 and CD8 IFN-&#61543; positive cells were also higher in Curraleiro animals. Vaccination was able to generate specific immune response on both breeds. Thirty days after vaccination, Curraleiro animals presented greater levels of CD4IFN-&#61543;&#61472;positive (202.8±44.96) cells than Nellore ones (143.7±40.43). The findings of this study support the Curraleiro resistance profile in comparison to Nellore breed, due to a better capacity to induce specific immune response to M. bovis-BCG vaccine. / A raça Curraleiro se desenvolveu e se adaptou à criação extensiva na região do cerrado brasileiro. Estes animais rústicos parecem ser mais resistentes às doenças endêmicas regionais. A resistência às infecções esta diretamente correlacionada a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Para verificar se existe alguma diferença na resposta imune de animais Curraleiros e outras raças exóticas criadas na região do cerrado, bezerros das raças Curraleiro e Nelore foram avaliados após a vacinação com Mycobacterium bovis- BCG. Foram utilizados animais com idade variando de 6 a 7 meses (n=12), provenientes do estado de Goiás. Depois da quarentena, os animais foram divididos em grupos: controles (3 de cada raça) e vacinados (3 de cada raça). Após obtenção das células mononucleares do sangue periférico nos dias zero (antes da vacinação), um, sete, quinze e trinta dias apos a vacinação, as mesmas foram submetidas a ensaios de fagocitose, produção de NO, quantificação por citometria de fluxo das populações celulares NK, T&#61543;&#61540;, CD4 e CD8 e de suas produções de IFN-&#61543;. Quarenta e cinco dias após a vacinação, os animais foram submetidos ao teste intradérmico. Macrófagos provenientes da raça Curraleira apresentaram naturalmente maiores índices de fagocitose de leveduras não sensibilizadas (7,650±3,661) quando comparados aos dos Nelore (2,970±1,282). Além disso, antes da vacinação, bezerros Curraleiros tiveram no sangue periférico maior número de TCD4+(2049±402,3), TCD8+(1207±166), T&#61543;&#61540;WC1+(1443/mL±384,6) que os bezerros Nelores (CD4-1240/mL ±337; CD8-772,1/mL ±278,3; T&#61543;&#61540;WC1+-745,5/mL ±67,22). Em adição, as células CD4 e CD8 IFN-&#61543; positivas foram superiores nos animais Curraleiros. A vacinação foi capaz de induzir resposta imune específica nas duas raças testadas. Trinta dias após a vacinação os Curraleiros apresentavam CD4IFN-&#61543;&#61472;positivas (202,8±44,96) superiores aos Nelores (143,7±40,43). Os resultados apresentados nesta dissertação favorecem o perfil de resistência da raça bovina Curraleira quando comparada a raça Nelore devido a melhor capacidade de induzir resposta imune específica à vacina M. bovis-BCG.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetacao_Alinne_Cardoso.pdf: 859535 bytes, checksum: a45dbde90862dccc30a5f324f2f39357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-11 / The Pantaneiro cattle reveal docility, resistance to illnesses and parasites, and an incredible ability to adapt to Pantanal's edophoclimatic conditions. The cattle may be used without considerable investment to explore low-quality natural pastures in which other breeds might endure low productivity or even survival difficulties. Thus the determination of the normal blood constituents of Pantaneiro bovines was set in order to reveal further information regarding the physiological aspects of these animals. Therefore 293 blood samples were collected from two rural properties, one from Mato Grosso and the other from Mato Grosso do Sul. These individuals were classified in five groups according to their age group, as follows: G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5. The parameters under investigation were the erythrogram and the leukogram. Initially the data was submitted to descriptive statistics which included the determination of averages, standard deviation, and coefficients of variation. Subsequently data was submitted to the Kruskall Wallis test in order to establish the age relationship and to the Mann-Whitney test in order to establish the sex relationship. Age advancement revealed an increase in MCV, MCH, and in the number of eosinophils. Age advancement showed a reduction in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, MCHC, segmented neutrophils, and band neutrophils. The values of globular volume and monocytes revealed a rising behavior up to 35 months of age and subsequently suffered a reduction as age advanced. The values of lymphocytes and total leukocytes presented a rising behavior up to 11 months of age and a subsequent decline as age increased. The results of this research failed to show any relations between hematological parameters and the sex factor / Os primeiros rebanhos bovinos foram trazidos pelos portugueses, para suprirem as necessidades de trabalho e comida da colônia, se dispersaram por diversas regiões no nosso país, desenvolvendo características únicas em cada uma delas. No Pantanal desenvolveu-se o bovino Pantaneiro, que é extremamente prolífero e muito adaptado a esta região. Com a introdução dos zebuínos estes animais foram sendo substituídos, chegando hoje a uma condição de quase total desaparecimento. Com o intuito ajudar no processo de conservação da raça, este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos para estes animais, bem como a relação deles com a idade e sexo. Foram coletadas amostras de 293 animais de duas propriedades, uma no Mato Grosso e outra no Mato Grosso do Sul. Estudaram-se os componentes do hemograma, determinando-se os valores do eritrograma e do leucograma. A idade mostrou relação com todos os parâmetros hematológicos, sendo eles número total de hemácias, a concentração de hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, leucócitos totais, neutrófilos, linfócitos, bastonetes, eosinófilos e monócitos. Nenhum dos constituintes morfológicos sanguíneos mostrou relação com o sexo. Estudou-se também os constituintes bioquímicos e as enzimas séricas, determinando-se os valores de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e creatino quinase (CK), bilirrubinas, proteína total, albumina, globulinas, uréia e creatinina, glicose, colesterol e fibrinogênio plasmático. A idade mostrou relação com todas as bioquímicas e enzimas estudadas, com exceção da bilirrubina indireta. O sexo mostrou relação com uréia, colesterol, glicose e fibrinogênio.

The master thesis called "Czech films based on well-known criminal cases: from reality, newspaper/TV news to feature film and film reviews. Causa Velvet killers" deals with the notorious so-called Orlík Murders from the early 1990s. This case is considered as the biggest criminal case of the post-communist era in the Czech Republic. The group of five members killed five people, mainly for the money, between the years 1991 and 1993. Three of their victims were found in the Orlík Dam - two corpses were sealed in metal barrels and one was hidden in a mesh. The murderers were sentenced in 1997 after a four-year-long investigation. The movie called Velvet killers or The New Breed, which was directed by Jiří Svoboda, is based on these true events. This thesis focuses on the TV version of this motion picture and then also on the reviews published after the movie was released in 2005. This thesis mainly wants to reflect how the Czech media - specifically newspapers and television news - informed about this criminal case in analysed years from 1995 to 1997. The determining factor is the accuracy of the information. The aim of the work is to summarize the results of reporting on this case, which is still considered as one of the most brutal in the history of our country.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as exigências e a eficiência energética de vacas de corte lactantes e não gestantes, bem como do par vaca/bezerro. Posteriormente foi correlacionada a eficiência do par vaca/bezerro durante a lactação com a eficiência das mesmas vacas durante a terminação. Na fase de lactação os pares vaca/bezerro foram avaliados desde após o nascimento (17±5, d DP) até a desmama (210 d). Após a desmama foi conduzido o ensaio de terminação (67 d) e abate somente das matrizes. Foram avaliadas 10 vacas adultas ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) e 10 ½ Angus x Nelore (AN), acasaladas com touros Red Angus (RA) e Canchim (CC), respectivamente. Na lactação o oferecimento da dieta (2,30 Mcal EM/kg e 12,4% PB) variou individualmente ao longo do período com objetivo de manter constante o peso das matrizes ao longo da lactação. A mesma dieta foi oferecida a vontade para a progênie. Durante o ensaio de terminação em confinamento a dieta (2,37 Mcal EM/kg e 10,5% PB) foi fornecida à vontade. A ingestão de matéria seca das matrizes foi de 92,4 g MS/kg PM0,75 (CV=3,2%; P=0,458). Vacas AN apresentaram produção de leite corrigida para gordura 12% superior (P<0,05). A concentração energética do leite (Mcal/kg) das vacas CN foi 9,4% superior (P<0,05). A eficiência (Mcal leite/Mcal EM ingerida) não foi diferente. A exigência de energia metabolizável de lactação (EMl) foi maior (P<0,05) para vacas AN em relação as CN, 90,1 e 74,2 (EMl, kcal EMl/kg PM0,75), respectivamente. Bezerros ½CC¼AN¼NE apresentaram ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM) proveniente do leite 11,3% (P<0,05) superior. Bezerros ½RA¼CR¼NE foram 10,7% mais eficientes (g GP210d/Mcal IEM leite+dieta sólida). Não houve diferença para eficiência dos pares vaca/bezerro, contudo houve considerável variação individual, onde a eficiência média foi 35,3 g GP210d/Mcal IEM par (CV=11,5%). A eficiência do par foi positivamente relacionada ao ganho do bezerro (r=0,79; P<0,01) e negativamente relacionada à IEM do par (r=-0,58; P<0,05). Vacas CN ao abate apresentaram EGS 29% menor, AOL 13% maior e maior proteína no corpo vazio (P<0,05). Vacas AN apresentaram 14,7% maior proporção de órgãos internos relativo ao peso vazio e maior peso dos intestinos (P<0,01). As correlações fenotípicas demonstraram associação entre as eficiência de secreção do leite das vacas nas fase de lactação e de ganho de peso na fase de terminação (r=0,43; P=0,09). A eficiência de secreção de leite das vacas na lactação apresentou correlação com a eficiência do par (r=0,68; P<0,01). O consumo alimentar residual (CAR) das vacas na terminação foi correlacionado com o CAR das vacas em lactação (r=0,53; P<0,05) e com o CAR dos pares (r=0.62; P<0.01). Isso indica que vacas de corte mais eficientes durante a terminação são também mais eficientes no período de cria. / This study estimated the requirements and feed efficiency of non-pregnant lactating beef cows, as well as cow calf pairs. It also correlated the efficiency of the cows and their progeny during lactation to efficiency determined for the same cows in a finishing trial after weaning. In the lactating phase cow calf pairs were evaluated from just after birth (17±5, d) to weaning at 210 d. The finishing trial for the mature cows started after weaning and lasted 67 d after wich cows were slaughtered. Twenty adult cows were evaluated, 10 ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) and 10 Angus x Nelore, bred to Red Angus (RA) and Canchim (CC) bulls, respectively. During lactation the diet (2.30 Mcal ME/kg and 12.4% CP) was offered in variable amounts to maintain individual live weight and condition score constant. The same diet was offered ad libitum to the calves. During the finishing phase cows were fed ad libitum (2.37 Mcal ME/kg e 10.5% CP). The dry matter feed intake of cows was 92,4 and SD 2,9 g DM/kg BW0,75. AN cows had fat corrected milk 12% higher compared to CN cows (P<0.05). However, milk energy content (Mcal/kg) was 9.4% higher (P<0.05) for CN cows. Efficiency of milk production (Mcal milk/Mcal ME intake) was not different. Metabolizable energy for lactation (MEl) was higher (P<0.05) for AN cows in comparison to CN, respectively 90.1 and 74.2 (MEl, kcal MEl/kg BW0,75). ME milk intake was 11.3% (P<0.05) higher for ½CC¼AN¼NE calves. Rates of gain were not different between calves, but ½RA¼CR¼NE were 10.7% more efficient (g LWG210d/Mcal MEI milk+solid diet). There was no difference in cow calf pairs efficiency, but there was a great individual variability with a mean of 35,31 g and SD of 4,08 g LWG210d/Mcal EM for the pair. Cow/calf pair efficiency was positively related to calf weight gain (r=0.79; P<0.01) and negatively to the pair metabolizable energy intake (r=-0.58; P<0.05). At slaughter CN cows presented backfat thickness 29% lower, longissimus muscle area 13% higher and higher empty body weight protein (P<0,05). AN cows had 14.7% higher relative internal organ weight and higher total intestine weight (P<0.01). The phenotypical correlations between efficiency indexes indicate moderate association between cow efficiency measured during lactation and in a short finishing period after weaning (r=0.43; P=0.09). Exist correlations between cow efficiency lactation and efficiency of the pair (r=0.68; P<0.01). Residual Feed Intake (RFI) during the finishing phase was moderately correlated to the RFI calculated during the lactation period for the cow calf pairs RFI (r=0.62; P<0.01) and the cows (r=0.53; P<0.05) indicated that beef cows more efficient in feed conversion during the finishing phase are more efficient during the lactation period.

Text in English / The study was conducted in two different types of natural ventilated housing systems; one featured with conventional laying cages while other had free-range system features. The aim was to analyse productivity and economic benefit or loss of the Lohmann Brown Lite on different housing (Free-range system and Conventional cage system) with an evaluation of production cost. The total of 49 700 point of lay Lohmann Brown Lite layers pullets were placed in four natural ventilation free-range houses each consist of three rows of two tier conventional laying cages. The other 40 000 point of lay Lohmann Brown Lite layers pullets were place in four free-range houses each with placement of 10 000 chickens. The Cobb Douglas production model was used to determine the productivity of two different housing system by factoring the fixed cost and variable cost of the entire production process. The breakeven point tool was used to analyse the point where the total revenue equals the total variable and fixed expenses and the cost volume profit by measuring the profitability of each housing system (Nabil et al. 2014). The results of the study revealed different productivity between conventional cage system (82.94%) and the free-range system (77.46%). These results led to the acceptance of hypothesis 1 that “the production of Lohmann Brown Lite is the same when they are kept on the free-range system or conventional cage system. The capital investment and operation on conventional cage system showed breakeven at 43 months while free-range system showed breakeven at 60 months. The economic benefit analysis shows that the free-range system has cost benefit of R0.29 and conventional cage system has a cost benefit of R0.26. It means for every rand spent, farmer may get R0.29 Rand as profit for free-range system and every rand spent for conventional cage system can get R0.26 Rand. The economic benefit to farmer is greater on free-range system that lead to acceptance of hypothesis 2 that the economic benefit of egg production is greater on the free-range system compared to conventional cage system. Free-range housing system remain the best alternative to replace the conventional cage housing system. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde am International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), jetzt International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) auf der Versuchsstation Debre Birhan in Äthiopien durchgeführt. Diese Untersuchung ist Teil eines panafrikanischen ILRI-Forschungsprogramms zur Untersuchung und Charakterisierung einheimischer kleiner Wiederkäuer im Sub-Saharischen Afrika auf genetische Resistenz gegenüber Endoparasiten. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, Ergebnisse zu verschaffen, die zum Verständnis der relativen Leistung zweier äthiopischer Hochlandschafrassen (Horroschaf und Menzschaf) unter Stationsbedingungen dienen sollen. Horro-Lämmer (2,43±0,03 kg) waren signifikant (p / This study has been carried out at the former International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), that is now the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) experiment station at Debre Birhan, Ethiopia. This research is part of an ILCA (now ILRI) Pan-African research programme designed to investigate and characterise genetic resistance to endoparasites in some indigenous small ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study was, therefore, undertaken in an attempt to generate information that may contribute towards the understanding of the relative performance of two highland sheep (Horro and Menz) of Ethiopia under station management conditions. Horro lambs were significantly heavier (P