This thesis documents my research, rehearsal, and performance of the role of Alceste in Moliere’s The Misanthrope, which includes, a biography of Moliere, character analysis, role development, a rehearsal journal, character research, acting process, evaluation of my performance, and script analysis. The Misanthrope was produced by the UNO Department of Film and Theatre, under the direction of David W. Hoover. The play was performed in the Robert E. Nims Theatre of the Performing Arts Center September 17 - 19, 24 - 26 at 7:30pm, and September 27, 2015 at 2:30pm.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to elaborate a literature survey and especially to conduct an experimental study of ecological demands of the critically endangered species Sedum villosum. The localities, on which S. villosum formely occurred, disappeared largely because of habitat destruction by draining and plowing of wet meadows, or by the abandonment followed by development of high vegetation and biomass accumulation. Therefore, this work could contribute to the knowledge of shadow influence and surrounding vegetation concurency on seed germination and flowering of this species. Retrieved knowledge can be later used for rescue program realization (repatriation options, strengthening populations, habitat requirements). The experiments showed a significant negative effect of the shading and the presence of surrounding vegetation (sedges, brown mosses and peat mosses) on germination and flowering of S. villosum. Furthermore, it was found that S. villosum is able to germinate directly on water surface, with seed germination even higher than on wet soil. The experimental sowing, planting and subsequent monitoring of germination, growth and survival of S. villosum at the rehabilitated area of Knížecí Pláně (NP Šumava) showed that it is possible to strengthen S. villosum population by sowing and planting autochthonous material on prepared areas with a torn down turf. As an acceptable tools seems to be using mulch from mown in the area of the original population. Similar process can be used in the future for restoring historical localities of this species.

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in nutrient and energy homeostasis. At the time of worldwide pandemy of obesity and consequent metabolic syndrome, a great effort is made to find new treatments with potential to preserve insulin sensitivity, or even counteract development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. There are three principal possibilities how the adipose tissue biology can contribute to this goal: 1) induction of UCP1-dependent energy dissipation in brown adipose tissue; 2) conversion of white adipose depots to brown-like tissue (i.e. "browning"); and 3) stimulation of UCP1-independent thermogenesis in white adipose tissue. This thesis is based on two published works and one article under preparation. Generaly, it is focused on three different approaches targeting the above mentioned processes in adipose tissue of laboratory mouse: 1) diet supplementation with bile acids; 2) combination treatment of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and calorie restriction; and 3) cold exposure. In the experiments with administration of bile (specifically chenodeoxycholic) acid to mice, we confirm specific induction of UCP1 in both brown and subcutaneous white adipose tissue, as well as reversion of obesity in the response to the treatment. Nevertheless, most of the acute beneficial effects are mediated by...

The average global temperature is expected to rise by 3-5 °C at the end of the century, as a consequence of global warming. Negative effects are expected on poikilothermic animals, including fish, with changes in their physiology including metabolism. Metabolism has earlier been proven to have an association with propensities to migrate, which might be affected by raised temperatures as a consequence of global warming. The purpose of this study was to investigate if raised temperatures during incubation of eggs has an effect on metabolism in a partly migrating species of fish. The hypotheses for this study were: (i) ventilation rate (VR) will decrease as a consequence of warmer incubation temperatures, and (ii) offspring of anadromous parents are expected to have a higher VR compared to offspring of residential parents. VR, as a proxy for metabolic rate, was measured on young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) during trials in respiration chambers. Fertilized eggs from four different crossings of parents (anadromous x anadromous, residential x residential, anadromous male x residential female, residential male x anadromous female) underwent incubation in normal and warm (normal + 3 °C) water temperatures respectively. A Two-way ANOVA showed a significant interaction between incubation temperature and crossing on VR. Warmer incubation temperatures in 3 out of 4 crossings resulted in a higher VR, except for individuals with two anadromous parents. Individuals with an anadromous father had a higher VR than individuals with a residential father. Evidence that partly supports both hypotheses was therefore found. Metabolism might have a strong genetic component, and other factors that might have an effect on metabolism and VR are epigenetics, stress, egg size etcetera. Studies of this kind will be of importance in getting a greater understanding of the effects of global warming on migrating species of fish, and on poikilothermic vertebrates in general.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver uma dieta artificial que possa suprir as necessidades nutricionais de Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) para produzir insetos em quantidade, comparáveis aos da natureza e que produzam descendentes, através das gerações, possibilitando a criação dos parasitoides de ovos, Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 e Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), para a liberação em campo, em Programas de Controle Biológico Aplicado. Verificou-se o efeito das dietas artificiais selecionadas para a criação do percevejo, sobre a sua capacidade alimentar, utilizando-se o teste da fucsina ácida e a capacidade de parasitismo de ambos os parasitoides, como forma de avaliar a qualidade da dieta. Assim, realizou-se o estudo da biologia de E. heros em condições controladas de temperatura (25±2°C), umidade relativa (60±10%) e fotofase de 14 horas. Treze dietas foram testadas numa sequência de experimentos: no primeiro, compararam-se a dieta natural (vagem de feijão e amendoim) e a dieta artificial de Panizzi et al. (2000) modificada por Fortes et al. (2006); na segunda fase, incorporaram-se os componentes da dieta natural numa dieta artificial com vagem de feijão liofilizada (DAL), comparando-se proporções destes componentes e diferentes anticontaminantes e doses. Foram selecionadas, para a criação de E. heros, duas dietas artificiais secas compostas de vagem de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 1753) liofilizada e moída (35%), amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L., 1753) triturado em liquidificador (35%), sacarose (5%) e água (25%) mais anticontaminantes, pois foram mais eficientes do que as dietas natural e liofilizada sem anticontaminantes, ao longo das gerações. As dietas artificiais selecionadas têm a mesma composição, porém com anticontaminantes diferentes; a primeira delas contém nipagin (10000 ppm) + ácido sórbico (800 ppm) e a outra, nipagin (10000 ppm) + ácido sórbico (800 ppm) + tetraciclina (0,0076 ppm). Os insetos da quarta geração, criados nestas dietas artificiais com material liofilizado, tiveram características biológicas semelhantes àqueles obtidos na dieta natural, incluindo a razão sexual, a duração do desenvolvimento (ovoadulto), as deformações de asas e pernas, a longevidade, o período de préoviposição, a porcentagem de fêmeas que ovipositaram e o número de ovos por postura. A viabilidade para o período ovoadulto foi quase duas vezes superior à viabilidade obtida na dieta natural, sendo de 68% em relação aos 38% obtidos na dieta natural; embora o peso de adultos tenha sido 17% inferior aos criados em dieta natural, a fecundidade foi superior ao valor obtido na dieta natural (282 ovos/fêmea, em média), atingindo a média de 430 ovos/fêmea. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) aumentou com o passar das gerações para as dietas com material liofilizado com anticontaminantes, ocorrendo o inverso com a dieta de material liofilizado sem anticontaminantes, mostrando a respectiva adaptação e degeneração ao longo das gerações. As dietas com material liofilizado mostraram-se adequadas, pois os percevejos causaram danos aos grãos de soja, introduzindo seus estiletes de forma análoga àqueles criados em dieta natural, e os ovos de E. heros, criados nestas dietas, foram igualmente parasitados por T. basalis e T. podisi, em relação àqueles colocados pela espécie criada em dieta natural. As 2 dietas liofilizadas selecionadas permitiram a produção de E. heros ao longo de, pelo menos 10 gerações, sem degeneração e com potencial de produção dos parasitoides de ovos T. podisi e T. basalis, para programas de Controle Biológico Aplicado na cultura da soja. / The objective of the present research was to develop an artificial diet to meet the nutritional needs for the mass production of individuals of Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), comparable to those produced in Nature and which can produce successive generations thus making possible the rearing of the egg parasitoids, Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), for field releasing in Applied Biological Control Programs. The effect of selected artificial diets on stink bug feeding capacity, using the acid fuchsin test, and the parasitism capacity of both parasitoids, were verified as a way of evaluating diet quality. The biology of E. heros was studied under controlled conditions of temperature (25±2°C), relative humidity (60±20%) and a 14 hour photophase. Thirteen diets were tested in a series of experiments: in the first experiment, a natural diet (dry bean and peanut pods) and Panizzi et al.s (2000) artificial diet, modified by Fortes et al. (2006), were compared; in the second phase, the components of the natural diet were incorporated into an artificial diet with lyophilized drybean pods (DAL), comparing different ratios of these components and different anti-contaminants and dosages. Two dry artificial diets, composed of lyophilized and ground up dry bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 1753) (35%), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., 1753) crushed in a blender (35%), sucrose (5%) and water (25%), plus anticontaminants, were chosen for rearing E. heros since over the generations they were found to be more efficient than the natural diet and the lyophilized diet without anti-contaminants. The selected artificial diets have the same composition but with different anti-contaminants: one with nipagin (10000 ppm) + sorbic acid (800 ppm) and the other with nipagin (10000 ppm) + sorbic acid (800 ppm) + tetracyclin (0.0076 ppm). The 4th generation insects reared on these artificial diets with lyophilized material had similar biological characteristics as those obtained from the natural diet, including the sex ratio, development time (eggadult), wing and leg deformations, longevity, pre-oviposition period and the percentage of females which oviposited and number of eggs per oviposition. The viability for the egg-adult period (68%) was almost twice as high for the artificial diet as that obtained for the natural diet (38%). However, adult weight was 17% less than for individuals reared on natural diet, although fecundity was higher for insects reared on the artificial diet, reaching a mean of 430 eggs/female compared to 282 eggs/female on the natural diet. The net reproduction rate (Ro) increased with the number of generations for diets containing lyophilized material plus anti-contaminants, with the opposite occurring for the diet of lyophilized material without anti-contaminants, showing the respective adaptation and degeneration over the generations. The diets with lyophilized material were considered suitable because the stink bugs damaged the soybean grains, introducing their stylets in the same way as those insects reared on the natural diet. Similarly, E. heros eggs reared on these diets were equally parasitized by T. basalis and T. podisi, in the same way as those laid by the species reared on the natural diet. The two lyophilized diets selected allowed E. heros production during at least 10 generations, without any degeneration and with a potential to produce the egg parasitoids T. podisi and T. basalis, for Applied Biological Control Programs in soybeans.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar e caracterizar danos pós-colheita em pêssegos comercializados na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo - CEAGESP e testar produtos sanificantes no controle de podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus spp.). Para tanto, foram realizadas vinte avaliações semanais, entre as safras de 2003 e 2004, amostrando-se 1% do total de caixas de pêssegos em cinco permissionários que comercializam esta fruta. As amostragens foram estratificadas por variedade, calibre e produtor. Em todos os frutos de cada amostra foram quantificados os danos abióticos e as doenças pré e póscolheita. Os patógenos Monilinia fructicola e Rhizopus spp. foram cultivados em meio de cultura para realização dos experimentos de controle in vitro e in vivo utilizando cloreto de benzalcônio, dióxido de cloro, Ecolife40® e hipoclorito de cálcio, realizados de forma curativa e preventiva, além do gás ozônio aplicado somente curativamente. A incidência média de frutos danificados foi de 42% em 2003 e 32% em 2004, sendo subdivididos em injúrias mecânicas pré-colheita 18 e 12% em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, e pós-colheita 12% em 2003 e 13% em 2004; doenças pré-colheita 3 e 1% em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, e pós-colheita 4% em 2003 e 2% em 2004. O fungo do gênero Cladosporium sp. foi o patógeno que mais ocorreu nas safras avaliadas com 30% em 2003 e 28% em 2004. Injúria mecânica foi o tipo de dano póscolheita mais freqüente em pêssegos. Pêssegos da variedade Aurora foram os mais sensíveis às doenças pós-colheita. Nos testes in vitro cloreto de benzalcônio e Ecolife40®, ambos na concentração de 1000 ppm, inibiram totalmente o crescimento da M. fructicola. Nenhum dos produtos testados foi eficiente no controle de Rhizopus spp. in vitro. Nos testes in vivo, somente o cloreto de benzalcônio na concentração de 2 mL. L-1 e Ecolife40® a 3 mL. L-1, quando aplicados nos pêssegos de forma preventiva, reduziram significativamente a podridão parda em relação à testemunha, em frutos sem ferimento. O cloreto de benzalcônio inibiu a infecção de Monilinia fructicola em todas as concentrações utilizadas, quando aplicado de forma curativa em pêssegos sem ferimento. Hipoclorito de cálcio a 0,1, 0,2 e 0,3 g. L-1 e dióxido de cloro a 2 e 3 mL. L-1 também apresentaram inibição no crescimento de Monilinia fructicola nos testes curativos e inoculados sem ferimentos. Nenhum produto aplicado de forma curativa foi significativamente eficiente para impedir o desenvolvimento da podridão parda, quando a inoculação do fungo foi realizada sobre ferimentos no fruto. Nos experimentos, in vivo, realizados com Rhizopus spp. nenhum dos produtos e formas de tratamentos testados foram eficientes. O gás ozônio não foi eficiente, na concentração de 0,1 ppm, no controle de podridões parda e mole em pêssegos. / The purposes of this study were to quantify and characterize postharvest damages in peaches commercialized at the Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de Sao Paulo ? CEAGESP, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of sanitizing products in controlling brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus spp.). Twenty weekly evaluations were carried out in 2003 and 2004 and 1% of all peach boxes from five concessionaires was sampled. Samples were stratified according to cultivar, caliber and grower. Every fruit in each sample was assessed as to abiotic damages and pre and postharvest diseases. The pathogens Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus spp. were grown in culture medium to enable the conduction of the in vitro and in vivo experiments with benzalkonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, Ecolife40® and calcium hypochlorite used curatively and preventively, and ozone gas used only curatively. Average incidences of damaged fruits were 42% and 32% in 2003 and 2004, respectively, involving 18% and 12% pre harvest mechanical injuries, 12% and 13% postharvest injuries, 3% and 1% pre harvest diseases and 4% and 2% postharvest diseases, in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The fungus Cladosporium sp. was the most prevalent pathogen (30% in 2003 and 28% in 2004) in the periods evaluated. Postharvest mechanical injuries were the most common damages in peaches. Peaches cv. Aurora were the most susceptible to postharvest diseases. Benzalkonium chloride and Ecolife40®, both at 1000 ppm, completely inhibited the growth of M. fructicola in in vitro experiments. None of the products tested in this study was effective in the in vitro control of Rhizopus spp. Only the in vivo preventive treatment with benzalkonium chloride at 2 mL. L-1 and Ecolife40® at 3 mL. L-1 promoted significant reduction in brown rot in non-injured peaches when compared to control fruits. The curative use of benzalkonium chloride at all concentrations tested inhibited the infection by Monilinia fructicola in non-injured peaches. The curative application of calcium hypochlorite at 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3 g. L-1 and chlorine dioxide at 2,0 and 3,0 mL. L-1 also inhibited the growth of Monilinia fructicola in non-injured peaches. None of the products tested in curative treatments was significantly effective in preventing the development of brown rot when the fungus was inoculated on injured fruits. None of the products tested was effective in the in vivo control of Rhizopus spp. Ozone gas at 0,1 ppm was not effective in controlling brown rot and soft rot in peaches.

A ocorrência de doenças em soja tem aumentado nos últimos anos, provocando grandes perdas em plantios comerciais e exigindo respostas rápidas da pesquisa para desenvolvimento e aplicação de técnicas de controle. Mais de 40 doenças afetam a cultura da soja em todo o mundo e dentre elas estão a ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) e a septoriose ou mancha parda (Septoria glycines Hemmi). Estas doenças estão disseminadas em praticamente todas as regiões produtoras de soja do Brasil. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram mapear o gene que confere resistência a P. pachyrhizi presente na cultivar de soja FT-2 e QTLs envolvidos na resistência a S. glycines, utilizando uma população de plantas F2 derivada do cruzamento entre as cultivares FT-2 (resistente) e Davis (suscetível). Marcadores microssatélites foram testados nos genitores, sendo os polimórficos utilizados para genotipar as plantas da geração F2. Progênies F3:2 e F4:2 foram obtidas e avaliadas para reação às doenças. Para a ferrugem da soja foram detectados cinco marcadores associados ao caráter, sendo que dois deles (Satt079 e Satt307) flanqueiam o gene dominante de resistência, que foi mapeado no grupo de ligação C2 da soja. Uma eficiência de seleção de 100% foi obtida com o uso simultâneo destes dois últimos marcadores, indicando que os mesmos podem ser ferramentas úteis para a seleção assistida de genótipos homozigóticos resistentes. Para a mancha parda, análises de regressão e de variância foram realizadas para identificar associações significativas entre marcadores e QTLs devido a efeitos aditivos e não aditivos do caráter. Foi realizado, também, o mapeamento por intervalo dos QTLs. As análises de regressão detectaram maior número de marcadores ligados a QTLs do que o mapeamento por intervalo; houve concordância entre os resultados dos dois métodos em apenas um caso, no qual o marcador Satt277, pertencente ao grupo de ligação C2, foi relacionado significativamente ao caráter. / The occurrence of soybean diseases that causes large yield losses in commercial fields has increased in recent years forcing research to face the challenge of providing quick responses to develop control techniques. More than 40 diseases affect soybeans worldwide, among them the Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) and brown spot (Septoria glycines Hemmi). These diseases are spread in practically all Brazilian soybean cropping areas. The objectives of this work was to map the resistance gene to P. pachyrhizi and the QTLs involved in the resistance to S. glycines in the soybean cultivar FT-2, using an F2 plant population derived from the cross between FT-2 (resistant) and Davis (susceptible). SSR markers were tested in the parents and those showing polymorphism were used to screen plants of the F2 generation. F3:2 and F4:2 progenies were evaluated for disease reaction. Five markers associated to soybean rust resistance were detected and two (Satt079 and Satt307) are flanking a dominant resistance gene that was mapped in the C2 soybean linkage group. An efficiency of 100% was obtained with the simultaneous use of those markers for selection, which indicated that they could be useful in marker-assisted selection of resistant homozygous genotypes. For brown spot resistance, regression analyses and ANOVAs were performed to identify significant associations between markers and resistance QTL’s showing additive and non-additive effects. The interval mapping of the QTL’s was also performed. The regression analyses detected more markers linked to QTL’s than the interval analyses. Only the Satt277 marker (soybean linkage group C2) was significantly associated to the trait by both detection methods.

A ocorrência das doenças de final de ciclo causadas pelos fungos Septoria glycines e Cercospora kikuchii é facilmente observada no campo. Entretanto, são necessárias informações precisas sobre a quantificação de danos e perdas na produtividade, bem como, a definição da melhor época para aplicação de fungicidas. A falta de um método padrão de quantificação visual pode levar a estimativas imprecisas da severidade das mesmas, induzindo a conclusões erradas. Com os objetivos de elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para a quantificação das doenças de final de ciclo da soja, avaliar o efeito dessas doenças sobre a produtividade, identificar o melhor estádio fenológico da cultura para o controle dessas doenças, verificar a relação entre a severidade dessas doenças e a produtividade e avaliar os efeitos das mesmas sobre a duração e absorção da área foliar sadia das plantas de soja, foram instalados experimentos na Fazenda Areão (ESALQ/USP), localizada em Piracicaba - SP. Utilizou-se o cultivar de soja MG/BR - 46 (Conquista), considerado suscetível a essas doenças, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (dois fungicidas: benomyl e tebuconazole e três momentos fenológicos de pulverização: R4, R5.3 e R6) com três tratamentos adicionais (testemunha, pulverização quinzenal de benomyl e pulverização quinzenal de tebuconazole), repetidos três vezes. Determinou-se a severidade dessas doenças; o número de vagens e de sementes por planta; a massa de 1000 sementes e a produtividade. Para quantificação da severidade dessas doenças foi elaborada uma escala diagramática a partir de folhas coletadas em campo, apresentando diferentes níveis de severidade. A área de cada folha e sua correspondente severidade foram determinadas e, seguindo-se a "Lei do Estímulo de Weber-Fechner", elaborou-se a escala com os níveis de severidade de doença: 2,4; 15,2; 25,9; 40,5 e 66,6%. A validação foi realizada por nove avaliadores, sem experiência na avaliação das doenças de final de ciclo, os quais estimaram a severidade de 30 folíolos de soja com sintomas destas doenças. A precisão das avaliações variou de acordo com o avaliador (0,84<R 2 <0,65), bem como a acurácia (0,00<a<3,40; 0,90<b<1,29), não ocorrendo erro sistemático na superestimativa ou subestimativa da doença entre os avaliadores. Com base nos resultados obtidos em três safras agrícolas consecutivas (1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 2001/2002), pôde-se concluir que: a) a escala diagramática desenvolvida é adequada para a quantificação da severidade das doenças de final de ciclo em soja; b) as doenças de final de ciclo, quando em severidade inferior a 10%, não afetam o número de vagens e sementes produzidos por planta mas, causam redução na produtividade da soja; c) os fungicidas benomyl e tebuconazole podem ser utilizados no controle dessas doenças; d) não foi possível determinar a época fenológica mais adequada para a pulverização de fungicidas, que proporcionasse aumentos na produtividade da soja; e) em severidade dessas doenças abaixo de 10%, não existe relação entre esta variável, a massa de 1000 sementes e a produtividade; f) a absorção da área foliar sadia é a variável que melhor expressa a relação entre a severidade dessas doenças e a produtividade da soja. / The occurrence of late season leaf diseases caused by the fungus Septoria glycines and Cercospora kikuchii is easily identified in field. However, there is a need of precise information to quantify the damage and yield losses as well as to define the best occasions for fungicide applications. The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate estimates of their severity, inducing inexact conclusions. With the purposes: to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to assess late season leaf soybean diseases; to evaluate the effect of theses diseases on yield; to identify the best soybean growth stages for chemical control; to verify the relation between severity of theses diseases and yield and to evaluate the effect of theses diseases on healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, were installed field experiments at Fazenda Areão (ESALQ/USP), in Piracicaba - SP. The soybean cultivar MG/BR - 46 (Conquista), susceptible to both diseases was sown in a complete randomized blocks design in factorial 2 x 3 (two fungicides: benomyl and tebuconazole and three application stages: R4, R5.3 e R6) and three extra treatments (control without application, fortnightly application of benomyl and fortnightly application of tebuconazole), at three replications. The severity, the pod number per plant, the seed number per pod, the mass of 1,000 seed and yield were determined. To quantify the severity of these diseases it was elaborated a diagrammatic scale, from leaves collected in the field presenting different levels of severity. The area of each leaf and its correspondent severity were determined, and following the "Stimulus Law by Weber-Fechner" a scale was elaborated with the severity levels: 2.4, 15.2, 25.9, 40.5 and 66.6%. The validation was carried out by nine appraisers, without previous practice in assessing late season leaf diseases, who estimate the severity on 30 leaflets of soybean with disease symptoms. The evaluation precision varied according to the appraiser (0.84<R 2 <0.65), as well as the accuracy (0.00<a<3.40; 0.90<b<1.29), do not occurring systematic mistakes in the super or underestimation of the disease among the appraisers. Based on the obtained results in three consecutive crop seasons (1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 2001/2002), it was possible to conclude that: a) the developed diagrammatic scale is appropriate to quantify the late season leaf diseases severity of soybean; b) the late season leaf diseases, when in severity below 10%, do not affect the number of pod and seeds per plant but cause reduction of yield; c) the fungicides benomyl and tebuconazole may be used to control these diseases; d) it was not possible to determine the most appropriate growth stage for fungicide application, which result in yield gain; e) under severity below 10% there are not relation between this variable and the mass of 1,000 seed and yield; f) the healthy leaf area absorption is the variable which most express the relation between the severity of this diseases and the soybean yield.

This thesis examines the schisms in the antebellum Baptist and Methodist Churches regarding slavery. It was these internal ruptures in both denominations that helped influence life in the slave community. The slave narratives of Henry Bibb, William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs reveal the impact the schisms had on master-slave relations and slave religious instruction. Moreover, the internal rupture in both denominations over the South‟s peculiar institution was instrumental in spawning a pro-slavery Christianity. This pro-slavery Christianity proved crucial in extending and strengthening white hegemony. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:36:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALINE CASTRO CAURIO.pdf: 934605 bytes, checksum: 34b7233e254df02be699c0e9fc190646 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:36:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ALINE CASTRO CAURIO.pdf: 934605 bytes, checksum: 34b7233e254df02be699c0e9fc190646 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALINE CASTRO CAURIO.pdf: 934605 bytes, checksum: 34b7233e254df02be699c0e9fc190646 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-10 / A mosca da fruta, Drosophila melanogaster(DM), tem sido considerada um organismo modelo adequado para estudar disfunções metabólicas, de desenvolvimento, assim como as de saúde humana. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas Drosophila melanogaster adulta para avaliar marcadores de estresse oxidativo frente a uma dieta enriquecida com sacarose na forma de açúcar cristal ou açúcar mascavo. Os experimentos foram realizados com moscas adultas recém-eclodidas de larvas (1-5 dias) após um ciclo de 15 dias claro/escuro. As larvas foram tratadas ou não com dietas ricas em sacarose utilizando açúcar mascavo ou açúcar cristal para cada concentração: 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40 %. As larvas recém-eclodidas foram utilizadas para as análises de estresse oxidativo, parâmetro bioquímico e dosagem de ferro no tratamento com açúcar mascavo. O tratamento das duas dietas em altas concentrações de açúcar mascavo ou açúcar cristal elevou a atividade da SOD à medida que aumenta a concentração do açúcar cristal, em maior destaque, em comparação ao controle em machos e fêmeas. Houve uma diminuição na atividade da catalase com o aumento da concentração de açúcar mascavo para os dois gêneros. A ingestão desta dieta causou um aumento nos resultados dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo (TBARS e Carbonilação de Proteínas) em DM macho e fêmea para os dois açúcares. No geral, através destes resultados 14 obtidos destacamos que a Drosophila melanogaster é um modelo efetivo para investigarmos condições relacionadas a desordens metabólicas ligadas ao consumo excessivo de sacarose. / The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (DM), has been considered a suitable model organism to study metabolic, development, as well as human health dysfunctions. In this work, adult Drosophila melanogaster was used to evaluate markers of oxidative stress against a diet enriched with sucrose in the form of crystal sugar or brown sugar. Experiments were performed on adult larvae flies (1-5 days) after a light / dark 15-day cycle. The larvae were treated or not with sucrose-rich diets using brown sugar or crystal sugar for each concentration: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The newly hatched larvae were used for the analysis of oxidative stress, biochemical parameter and iron dosage in the treatment with brown sugar. The treatment of the two diets in high concentrations of brown sugar or crystal sugar increased SOD activity as crystal sugar concentration increased, in greater prominence, compared to control in males and females. There was a decrease in catalase activity with increased brown sugar concentration for both genders. Ingestion of this diet caused an increase in the results of oxidative stress markers (TBARS and Protein Carbonylation) in male and female DM for both sugars. In general, through these results, we highlight that Drosophila melanogaster is an effective model for investigating conditions related to metabolic disorders linked to excessive consumption of sucrose.