Тема автоматизации процесса проектирования финишных покрытий промышленного здания является крайне актуальной, так как позволяет сократить время на разработку проекта, повысить эффективность работы, уменьшить когнитивную нагрузку на память проектировщика, минимизировать риск ошибок, а также позволяет быстрее адаптироваться к изменяющимся условиям рынка, повышает конкурентоспособность компании и открывает возможности для развития отрасли и внедрения новых технологий. В данной работе описана проблема автоматизации проектирования отделки в цифровой информационной модели промышленного здания и затронута тема методологии разработки дополнительных надстроек к существующим программным комплексам, а также создание дополнительного программных модулей. Целью работы является автоматизация процессов проектирования отделки помещений промышленных зданий, посредством создания дополнительного программного продукта в программном комплексе «Autodesk Revit». Для анализа существующей проблемы были выбраны несколько плагинов «Отделка помещений», существующих на рынке, описаны их свойства, функции, преимущества и недостатки. Составлено Техническое задание и разработан собственный плагин «Отделка помещений», учитывающий результаты анализа имеющихся продуктов и позволяющий облегчить и ускорить работу проектировщика. Описана работа программного обеспечения для проектировщиков. Выполнено сравнение, показывающее как работа с плагином ускоряет разработку цифровой информационной модели промышленного здания. Для этого разработанный нами плагин внедрен в работу компании ООО Уралпромгазпроект и проведен анализ эффективности работы проектировщиков. По итогам проведенного анализа видно, что разработанный программный продукт облегчил работу проектировщиков и положительно сказался на её эффективности: скорость выполнения задачи увеличилась практически вдвое при этом уменьшилось количество допущенных ошибок в проектной документации. Таким образом команда разработчиков достигла поставленной цели -осуществлена автоматизация процесса проектирования отделки помещений промышленных зданий. / The topic of automation of the process of design of industrial building finishes is extremely relevant, as it allows to reduce the time for project development, increase the efficiency of work, reduce the cognitive load on the designer's memory, minimize the risk of errors, and also allows to adapt faster to changing market conditions, increases the competitiveness of the company and opens up opportunities for the development of the industry and the introduction of new technologies. This paper describes the problem of automating the design of finishes in the digital information model of an industrial building and touches upon the topic of methodology for the development of additional add-ons to existing software systems, as well as the creation of additional program modules. The purpose of the work is to automate the processes of designing of finishing of premises of industrial buildings, by creating an additional software product in the software complex "Autodesk Revit". To analyze the existing problem, several plugins "Finishing of premises" existing on the market were selected, their properties, functions, advantages and disadvantages were described. The Technical Assignment was drawn up and the plugin "Room Finishing" was developed, taking into account the results of the analysis and allowing to facilitate and speed up the work of the designer. The work of the software for designers is described. We compared how working with the plugin will speed up the development of a digital information model of an industrial building. For this purpose we implemented our plugin in the company Uralpromgazproekt and gave statistics. The developed additional software product was able to improve the work of designers - to speed it up almost twice and reduce the number of errors in the design documentation, and thus achieved our goal - we have automated the design of industrial building interior decoration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T12:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Monica Mendonca Maria1.pdf: 763444 bytes, checksum: d5fe5f8d60e9e7bd08aecfc0a88b8198 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria2.pdf: 1212194 bytes, checksum: b5f0b63d350777866e3955220d604827 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria3.pdf: 1656626 bytes, checksum: c2a9d642d2e4d86b7409ce54aabebe89 (MD5) Monica Mendonca Maria4.pdf: 2215429 bytes, checksum: 64893a7cd54a8d0497c2dc13776f74e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-04 / This dissertation presents the technology within BIM and its implication in the architectural and engineering design process. Since the 60 s, aerospace and automotive industries have already revolutionized the way of project with the CAD, and manufacture with the assembly lines. In AEC, the CAD became BIM, a new way of project, build and manage, from conception till life cycle building. This brought a project and construction time reduction, cost and environmental impacts decrease foreseen in LEED and merged in BIM. / Este trabalho objetiva apresentar a tecnologia contida no BIM e suas implicações no processo de projeto da arquitetura e engenharia civil. A partir de 1960, as indústrias, aeronáutica e automotiva, já haviam revolucionado a forma de projetar com o CAD, e de fabricar com as linhas de montagem. Na Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção, o CAD está evoluindo para o BIM (Building Information Modeling), uma forma de projetar, construir e gerenciar, da concepção ao habite-se, aplicável a todo o ciclo de vida da edificação. Dessa forma houve não só uma redução no tempo de projeto e construção, mas também em custos e impactos ambientais previstos em normas internacionais incorporadas ao BIM.

The construction sector is considered one of the most hazardous industries in the world. The reason for this is due to several factors. Earlier literature shows that a construction site can be dynamic as different types of objects or people are in constant motion. Difficulties arise when trying to predict safety hazards on-site. Collisions between objects or falling from a height are examples of hazardous situations that can occur onconstruction sites. In a construction environment, there are also static risks related to, for instance, dust, unsafe substances, and chemicals from paints, fuels, and solvents. Simultaneously, society is in an era of digitalization and innovation with, among other things, artificial intelligence (AI), drones, building information modeling (BIM), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), digital twins, internet of things (IoT), automation, robotics and sensor-technologies on the topic. These tools have the potential to improvecurrent safety management methods. At the same time, the attitudes towards the construction industry are associated with traditional working methods where digitalization and new technology are perceived to be moving at a slow pace.Technologies and digital methods for securing construction sites have mainly been investigated in controlled research settings and test projects. The research gap lies in the fact that there is not enough knowledge regarding the implementation of technologies and digital methods in more authentic construction site environments. The study aims to identify different technologies and digital tools within construction safetymanagement in the Swedish context. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a general understanding of the topic and to broaden the perspective on existing attitudes and behaviors toward digital tools and technologieswithin construction safety management. In this thesis, the focus is on construction sites during the production phase with their respective personnel. Other parts of the construction project process, such as the planning and design stages, are taken into account by exploring how these stages can contribute to safer constructionsites. To obtain empirical material, methods based on qualitative research have been suitable where semi-structured interviews and fieldwork have been conducted. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been used as a theoretical framework for the results and a thematic analysis has been used as a data analysis approach.The thesis has examined how construction sites can become safer with the help of digitalization and new technology. Attitudes and behaviors towards the implementation of digital tools and technology have also been investigated. The results indicate that there are different attitudes towards the implementation of digital tools and technologies concerning safety management in both the design and planning phase and the production phase. To summarize the results, many of the interview participants were positive towards using digital tools and technologies for safety purposes. However, they were also skeptical about the success of implementation due to factors such as cost, risks, traditional methods, and attitudes and behaviors. The attitudes and behaviors, in turn, affect the actual usage of construction safety management implementations.In this thesis, we hope to broaden the perspective on how digital tools and technology could contribute to safer construction sites and the attitudes and behaviors towards the matter. / Byggsektorn anses vara en av de mest riskfyllda branscherna i världen. Anledningen till detta beror på flera faktorer. Tidigare studier visar att en bygg- och anläggningsplats kan vara dynamisk då olika typer av föremål eller människor är i ständig rörelse. Svårigheter kan därmed uppstå i arbetet med att förutse säkerhetsrisker på plats. Kollisioner mellan föremål och fall från höjder är exempel på olyckor på byggarbetsplatser. I en bygg – och anläggningsmiljö finns det också statiska risker relaterade till exempelvisdamm, farliga ämnen och kemikalier från färger, bränslen och lösningsmedel. Samtidigt befinner sig samhället i en era av digitalisering och innovation med bland annat artificiell intelligens (AI), drönare, building information modeling (BIM), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), digitala tvillingar, internet of things (IoT), automation, robotik och sensorteknik, vilka uppmärksammas på bred front. Dessahjälpmedel har potential att driva utvecklingen av arbetsmiljö - och säkerhetsarbetet inom byggbranschen. Samtidigt förknippas attityderna till byggbranschen med traditionella arbetssätt där digitalisering och ny teknik upplevs gå långsamt.Idag finns det många tekniker och digitala metoder för att säkra bygg- och anläggningsplatser. Detta har dock främst undersökts i kontrollerade forskningsmiljöer och testprojekt. Forskningsgapet ligger i det faktum att det inte finns tillräckligt med kunskap om implementering av teknik och digitala metoder i mer autentiskabygg- och anläggningsplatser. Studien syftar till att identifiera olika tekniker och digitala verktyg inom byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet i den svenska kontexten. Syftet med denna uppsats är att ge en allmän förståelse för ämnet och att bredda perspektivet på befintliga attityder och beteenden gentemot digitala verktyg och tekniker inom byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet. I detta examensarbete ligger fokus på byggarbetsplatser under produktionsfasen. Andra delar av byggprojektprocessen, såsom planerings- ochprojekteringsfaserna, beaktas genom att undersöka hur dessa skeden kan bidra till säkrare byggarbetsplatser. För att få fram empiriskt material har metoder baserade på kvalitativa undersökningar varit lämpliga där semistrukturerade intervjuer och fältarbete har genomförts. Technology acceptance model (TAM) har använts som ett teoretiskt ramverk för resultaten och tematisk analys har använts för att redogöra för empirin.I denna studie har det undersökts hur bygg – och anläggningsplatser kan bli säkrare med hjälp av digitalisering och ny teknik. Attityder och beteenden till implementering av digitala verktyg och teknik har också undersökts. Resultaten tyder på att det finns olika attityder till implementering av digitala verktyg och tekniker gällande byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet i såväl planering- och projekteringsfasen som produktionsfasen. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att många av intervjudeltagarna var positiva till att använda digitala verktyg och tekniker i arbetsmiljö – och säkerhetssyfte. Men de var också skeptiska till framgången med implementeringen på grund av faktorer som kostnader, risker, traditionella metoder, attityder och beteenden. Attityderna och beteendena påverkar i sin tur den faktiska användningen av nya implementeringarför arbetsmiljö och säkerhetshantering. I den här uppsatsen hoppas vi kunna bredda perspektivet på hur digitala verktyg och teknik kan bidra till säkrare byggarbetsplatser och attityder och beteenden i frågan.

A Modelagem da Informação da Construção (Building Information Modeling - BIM) é um novo processo para produzir uma edificação e que pode englobar todo o seu ciclo de vida. Pressupõe a construção de um modelo tridimensional contemplando-se as informações dos objetos a serem construídos. Pela grande amplitude em que este processo pode atuar, ele pode causar muitos impactos em toda a cadeia produtiva e, consequentemente, muitas formas atuais de trabalho deverão ser revistas ou alteradas. Entre estas, a atividade de coordenação de projetos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de avaliação de salas de coordenação de projetos em BIM e está contextualizado nos usuários do setor imobiliário que utilizam este processo em seus projetos. Ao se coordenar projetos em BIM, são requeridas mídias diferentes daquelas utilizadas quando a análise é baseada em papel. Surgem novas necessidades aos participantes da reunião de coordenação como visualizar, navegar ou verificar um modelo 3D, fazer croquis digitais, e outras atividades que devem tornar a reunião presencial produtiva, com o objetivo de resolver os problemas dos projetos. Neste trabalho são propostos critérios e métricas para avaliação da qualidade de leiautes de salas de coordenação a serem utilizadas no processo BIM (BIM Rooms). Para validação dos resultados, foram analisados e avaliados 14 leiautes diferentes para uma mesma sala em relação às métricas e critérios propostos. Com a finalidade de estabelecer qual a relação de importância entre todos os 10 critérios propostos para atendimento às necessidades dos participantes de reuniões BIM, foi aplicado o método AHP de decisão multicritério baseado na análise de comparações em pares. Os resultados permitiram determinar os melhores leiautes para uma sala equipada com 2 projetores de curta distância. Os critérios e métricas apresentados, bem como a metodologia para medi-los, são úteis para a avaliação de outras salas e leiautes para atender aos usuários de salas de reuniões de projetos baseados em BIM. / Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a new process to produce a building that may include its entire lifecycle. It requires the construction of a three-dimensional model contemplating the information of the objects to be built. Due to the great extent to which this process can serve, it can cause many impacts throughout the production chain and, therefore, many current forms of work should be reviewed or changed. Among these, is the design coordination task. This work aims to develop a methodology for evaluating BIM coordination rooms contextualized in real state users using this process in their projects. When coordinating projects using BIM, different media are required from those used when the analysis is paper-based. New meeting participants\' needs surface like visualizing, browsing or checking a 3D model, making digital sketches, and other activities that make face-to-face meetings productive, in order to solve project problems. In this work, criteria and metrics for evaluating the quality of layouts of BIM coordination rooms are proposed. To validate the results, fourteen different layouts for the same room were analyzed and evaluated regarding proposed metrics and criteria. In order to establish the relative importance among all the ten proposed criteria, the AHP method of multi-criteria decision based on pair comparisons analysis was applied. The results determined the best layouts for a room equipped with two interactive projectors. The criteria and metrics presented, as well as the methodology to measure them, are useful for the evaluation of other rooms and layouts to serve meeting room users based on BIM.

Analisando-se os ambientes comerciais do setor imobiliário, pode-se verificar a presença frequente de maquetes que hoje fazem parte dos estandes de vendas dos edifícios. As maquetes são peças frágeis, de custo elevado, considerável prazo de execução e têm pequena vida útil, sendo usualmente descartadas no desmonte do estande de vendas. Nos estandes de vendas pode-se encontrar também o apartamento modelo decorado, com custos ainda mais elevados. É nesse ambiente que o MVE (Modelo Virtual Exploratório) se torna importante para os setores da construção e imobiliário, cujos mercados são cada vez mais competitivos, onde há a real necessidade da diminuição dos custos, da diminuição dos prazos de execução e do aumento da qualidade dos produtos. Por se tratar de um importante tema de pesquisa científica, este trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento do MVE para venda imobiliária residencial. O MVE foi modelado com um programa CAD (Computer-Aided Design) / BIM (Building Information Modeling) que se mostrou adequado às exigências levantadas na pesquisa. Avaliou-se o MVE através de estudos de caso em empreendimentos imobiliários reais, com corretores e clientes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o MVE pode ser desenvolvido com custo e prazo muito inferiores aos da maquete ou apartamento modelo e que tem grande aceitação tanto pelos profissionais de vendas quanto pelos clientes de empreendimentos imobiliários. / Examining the business environment of the real estate sector, it can be verified the large number of architectural mockups that today are part of real estate points-of-sale. Mockups are fragile, expensive, take considerable time to be made and have a short life span, as they are discarded when the sales booth is decommissioned. In the sales booths, it is also possible to find full size furnished mock-up flats, with even higher costs. In this environment, the MVE (Exploratory Virtual Model) becomes important for the construction and real estate industries, whose markets are increasingly competitive, where there is a real need to reduce costs, to decrease in execution times and to increase product quality. As it is an important topic of scientific research, this paper proposes the MVE development for selling residential real estate property. The MVE was modeled with a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) / BIM (Building Information Modeling) tool which proved adequate to meet requirements raised in the survey. The MVE was evaluated through case studies in real estate ventures with brokers and customers. Results show that MVE can be developed with much lower cost and in shorter time than the architectural mockup or the mock-up flat and that it has very well accepted both by real estate sales professionals and clients.

This study aims to design and implement a domain-specific computer programming language: the Building Environment Rule and Analysis (BERA) Language. As a result of the growing area of Building Information Modeling (BIM), there has been a need to develop highly customized domain-specific programming languages for handling issues in building models in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. The BERA Language attempts to deal with building information models in an intuitive way in order to define and analyze rules in design stages. The application of the BERA Language aims to provide efficiency in defining, analyzing and checking rules. Specific example applications implemented in this dissertation are on the evaluation of two key aspects: building circulation and spatial programming. The objective of this study is to accomplish an effectiveness and ease of use without precise knowledge of general-purpose languages that are conventionally used in BIM software development. To achieve the goal, this study proposes an abstraction of the universe of discourse - it is the BERA Object Model (BOM). It is a human-centered abstraction of complex state of building models rather than the computation-oriented abstraction. By using BOM, users can enjoy the ease of use and portability of BIM data, rather than complex and platform-dependent data structures. This study also has reviewed and demonstrated its potential for extensibility of BOM. Not only its lateral extensions such as structural building elements, but also the vertical extensions such as additional properties for existing BOM objects are good examples. In current BERA Language Tool, many computed and derived properties/relations have been proposed and implemented, as well as some basic data directly from the given building model. Target users of the BERA Language are domain experts such as architects, designers, reviewers, owners, managers, students, etc., rather than BIM software developers. It means that the people who are interested in the building environment rule and analysis are the potential users. The BERA Language Tool comprises many libraries to alleviate common but unnecessary problems and limitations that are encountered when users attempt to analyze and evaluate building models using commercially available tools. Combined with other libraries which populate rich and domain-specific datasets for certain purposes, the BERA Language will be fairly versatile to define rules and analyze various building environmental conditions.

Byggprocesser och produktionen av byggmaterial orsakar stora delar av världens och Sveriges växthusgasutsläpp. För att uppnå en hållbar utveckling är det av stor vikt att minska klimatpåverkan från byggnadskonstruktioner. Genom att göra klimat- och livscykelanalyser av byggnader i tidiga designskeden ökar möjligheten att påverka design, material- och produktval för att minska klimatpåverkan. I denna studie undersöktes hur byggnadsinformationsmodeller (BIM) och BIM-metodik kan användas för ökade möjligheter att effektivt utföra klimat- och livscykelanalyser av ingående byggnadsmaterial iterativt under projekteringsprocessen. Två 3D-modeller importerades till två verktyg för klimat- och livscykelanalyser, Bidcon och One Click LCA. Mängdavtagningen från objekten i modellen till båda LCA-verktygen fungerade automatiskt medan kopplingen mellan objekten och databaser med miljöpåverkansdata för byggobjekt och material innebar mycket handpåläggningsarbete. Processerna förutsätter att modellerna innehåller någon information om de ingående materialen i modellens objekt, vilket därför bör kravställas under projekteringen. För att kopplingen mellan materialbeskrivningar och databaser i LCA-programmen ska ske mer automatiskt bör materialen eller objekten benämnas standardiserat, till exempel med BSAB-koder, ett klassifikationssystem från Svensk Byggtjänst. Benämningarna bör sedan kunna kopplas automatiskt till poster i databaser för effektivare klimat- och livscykelanalyser.  Även intervjuer utfördes, i syfte att undersöka hur metodiken för integrering av BIM och LCA kan tillämpas i byggprojekt. Möjligheten att tillämpa detta i konsultföretag beror på beställarens krav samt i vilka skeden och discipliner konsulterna arbetar. Integreringsprocesser av BIM- och LCA-verktyg borde kombineras med interdisciplinära möten för bättre resultat. Detta tillsammans med ökad efterfrågan på klimat- och livscykelanalyser, exempelvis för att uppnå miljöcertifieringar, kan öka motivationen att använda metodiken. På så sätt kan byggnadsinformationsmodellering användas för effektivare klimat- och livscykelanalyser vilket bidrar till minskad klimatpåverkan från byggnadskonstruktioner. / Construction processes and the production of building material cause a large part of the emissions of greenhouse gases around the world. To achieve a sustainable development it is of great importance to reduce emissions from construction projects. Doing climate analyses and life cycle assessments of building materials during early design phases could enable more sustainable design and material choices. This thesis focuses on Swedish conditions. During this study it was investigated how Building Information Modeling/Management (BIM) can be used to improve possibilities of doing efficient life cycle assessments (LCA) of buildings and included materials, during the whole design phase. Two 3D building models were transferred to two software tools, Bidcon and One Click LCA, for climate analysis and life cycle assessment of the building components. Quantity take-off from the model objects to the tools worked automatically while the connection between the material descriptions and databases inside the tools had to be done manually. The process requires information about the materials in the model to work. To make the connections more automatic, material descriptions need to be more standardized and connect to entries in the databases. Moreover interviews were held to investigate how the methods of integrating BIM with LCA can be used in construction projects. For consulting firms this depends on the demands from the client and which stages of the project the consultants work in. LCA-methods based on BIM should be combined with interdisciplinary meetings for better results. This together with an expanding demand for LCA could increase the motivation to use these methods, which enables reduction of climate impact from buildings.

Syfte: Byggindustrin genererar över 100 miljoner ton avfall per år. Fokus vid miljöarbete ligger ofta på materialval, energianvändning, inomhusmiljö, transporter och avfall. Med hjälp av certifieringssystem kan byggnader klassificeras och för att uppnå certifieringarna finns vissa krav. Det finns dock inga krav när det gäller kassering av oanvänt byggmaterial. 13 procent av avfallet är så kallat oanvänt material. Med oanvänt material menas material och produkter som beställs till ett byggprojekt men inte nyttjas under byggnationen utan hamnar i containern. Målet med arbetet är därför att undersöka hur kasseringen kan minska av oanvänt material på stora byggföretag i Sverige. Metod: Arbetet genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie där metoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och intervjuer har använts. Litteraturstudien kartlade dagens forskningsfront. Dokumentanalysen och intervjuerna gav information om företagets miljömål, etiska regler och arbetssätt. Resultat: Arbetet visar att oanvänt material förekommer p.g.a. bristfällig mängdning till följd av tidsbrist och oro över att få stillestånd. Det förekommer även då hanteringen av materialet på arbetsplatser leder till skador som gör att det kasseras. Materialet kasseras för att följa företagets etiska regler men motstrider de uppsatta miljömålen. Samtliga intervjurespondenter var eniga om att en förändring behövs för att få ett mer hållbart byggande. Resultatet visar att företaget har ett framarbetat arbetssätt, samlastning, som skulle kunna användas i större utsträckning för att minska kasseringen av oanvänt material på fler arbetsplatser. Det framkom även att oanvänt material kan tillvaratas på ett bättre sätt genom mer kommunikation mellan projekten för att möjliggöra nyttjandet av det överblivna materialet på ett annat projekt. Problematiken med hanteringssättet är variationen av entreprenadform på projekten då det inte alltid är företaget som äger materialet. En säljportal har tidigare diskuterats i företaget men där är platsbrist och resursåtgång problematiskt. Material förblir oanvänt p.g.a skador orsakade av väder men platsbrist på projekten orsakar att extra väderskydd inte är en genomförbar lösning. Konsekvenser: För att minska uppkomsten av oanvänt material kan BIM, Lean, prefabricering och samlastning användas. För att nyttja material som blir oanvänt kan bättre kommunikation mellan projekten gynna material kasseringen. Begränsningar: Arbetet har avgränsat genom att endast teoretiskt undersöka hur kasseringen av material kan minska. Inga mätningar har genomförts. Varken tid ekonomiska aspekter har undersökts. Arbetet anser inte material som spill, förbrukningsmaterial eller material som vid rivning är användbart utan enbart oanvänt material vid nybyggnation. Resultatet är brukbart för större företag eftersom mindre företag inte har samma problematik. Nyckelord: Avfall och energiutsläpp minskning, Building Information Modeling, BIM, etiska regler, hållbarhet, kassering, Lean Construction, materialavfall, materialhantering,  miljö, miljömål, oanvänt byggmaterial, samlastning. / Purpose: The construction industry generates over 100 million ton of waste every year. When it comes to sustainability there is focus on material type, energy use, indoor climate, transports and waste. There are different certification systems that can be used to classify the buildings. In those certification systems there are no requirements on unused building material. 13 percent of the waste contains unused material. Unused material means material and products that are ordered to the construction site but is not used in the construction. The goal with the project is to analyse how to reduce the amount of unused material that goes to waste on big construction companies in Sweden. Method: This thesis is done through a qualitative study with the methods of literature study, document analysis and interviews. The literature study showed the current research front. Document analysis and interviews provided information about the companies sustainable goals, ethical regulations and working methods. Findings: The thesis shows that unused material occurs because of difficulties to quantify material because of the tight time schedule and not wanting to risk getting downtime in the production. The material gets damaged when it is handled on the construction site. The material is disposed to follow the ethical requirements of the company but is not in line with the sustainability goals. All interview responders agreed on the need of change to achieve the goal. The company has a working method where the trucks drive the material to a terminal and then out to the construction when it is time for the material to be used. This method could be used to minimize the disposal. Better communication between the projects would help unused material to be taken care of in a different project. The problem is that since it is different owners of the material depending on the purchase of contract it is not always easy to handle the material between the projects. To sell the unused material has been discussed before in the company but because of the lack of space and resource consumption it is problematic. Material also get damaged from the weather, but the lack of space is the reason why a tent not is a good solution. Implications: In order to reduce the occurrence of unused material, BIM, Lean, prefabrication and terminal management can be used. The materials that become unused can be taken care of in a different project, better communication between the projects will reduce material disposal. Limitations: The thesis is only theoretically analysing how to reduce disposal of unused material. No measures of time or economical aspects has been analysed. The work does not consider material like waste, consumables or material that are useable after demolishes. The result is useful in larger companies since smaller companies do not have the same problematics. Keywords: Building Information Modeling, BIM, disposal,  durability, environment, environmental objectives,  ethical rules, Lean Construction, material handling,  material waste, terminal management, unused building materials, waste and energy loss reduction.

De flesta produktionsbranscher i Sverige har haft en positiv teknisk utveckling med digitaliserade verksamheter, och därmed effektivare processer. Byggbranschen är den bransch som det har tagit mycket längre tid för att implementera digitaliserade arbetssätt och metoder, och beskrivs oftast som en konservativ bransch. Denna utveckling har dock accelererat under senare år, och BIM (Buliding Information Modelling) har blivit allt mer känt inom byggindustrin.Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur mycket BIM egentligen används i byggbranschen, och vilka de rådande orsakerna är till varför det inte används hos alla aktörer. Metoden som har tillämpats i studien utgörs av en förstudie i form av en enkät, där olika aktörer har beskrivit hur BIM tillämpas i deras verksamhet samt vilka de verkliga problemen är för utvecklingen av BIM. Utifrån enkätsvar har en djupare studie utförts i form av intervjuer av olika aktörer.Resultatet visar att det snarare är okunskap, användarvänlighet och bristfällig samverkan som motverkar utveckling av BIM-processen. För att komma ifrån det konservativa så behöver dessa faktorer angripas, om effektivare processer ska tillföras branschen.Slutsatsen om varför BIM inte används dras av resultaten ovan. Processen används till en viss del, men inte i den utsträckning som det teoretiskt är avsett. Den sträcker sig inte ut över hela byggprocessen, och är mest utvecklad i projekteringsskedet. Processen tillämpas fram till övergången mellan de olika skedena, och beror på bristfälliga kravställningar och samarbeten mellan aktörer och beställare. En lösning är att öka BIM-kunskapen och utveckla en gemensam plattform för alla aktörer i alla skeden, där kravet på BIM ska vara en självklarhet i projekten. Detta genom en framtagen implementeringsmodell anpassad efter de svar och önskemål som förekommit i studien. / Most production sectors in Sweden have had a positive technical development with digitized operations, and thus more efficient processes. The construction industry is the industry that has taken much longer to implement digitized working methods and methods, and is usually described as a conservative industry. However, this development has accelerated in recent years, and BIM (Buliding Information Modeling) has become increasingly known in the construction industry. The purpose of the work was to investigate how much BIM is actually used in the construction industry, and what the prevailing reasons are why it is not used by all actors. The method used in the study consists of a preliminary study in the form of a survey, where different actors have described how BIM is applied in their operations and what the real problems are for the development of BIM. Based on questionnaire responses, a deeper study has been conducted in the form of interviews by different actors. The result shows that it is rather ignorance, user friendliness and inadequate collaboration that counteract the development of the BIM process. To get rid of the conservative, these factors need to be addressed if more efficient processes are to be supplied to the industry.The conclusion about why BIM is not used is deducted from the results above. The process is used to a certain extent, but not to the extent that it is theoretically intended. It does not extend throughout the entire construction process, and is most developed in the design phase. The process is applied to the transition between the different stages, and is due to insufficient demands and cooperation between actors and developer. One solution is to increase BIM knowledge and develop a common platform for all actors at all stages, where the requirement for BIM should be a matter of course in the projects. This through an implemented implementation-model adapted to the responses and wishes that have been found in the study.

Submitted by Uilliam Castro (uilliam.de.castro@gmail.com) on 2017-02-13T13:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_Dissertação_Roberta Teles_DOC.pdf: 15708788 bytes, checksum: 5b4b3104a32ca008f0b48207b76503ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Arquitetura (bibarq@ufba.br) on 2017-12-15T15:53:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_Dissertação_Roberta Teles_DOC.pdf: 15708788 bytes, checksum: 5b4b3104a32ca008f0b48207b76503ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T15:53:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_Dissertação_Roberta Teles_DOC.pdf: 15708788 bytes, checksum: 5b4b3104a32ca008f0b48207b76503ec (MD5) / De uma forma geral é difícil associar recursos tão avançados da tecnologia à forma que se conduz a operação e a manutenção nas edificações na atualidade. Quando se refere à adoção de recursos tecnológicos nesta etapa do ciclo de vida da edificação, é comum relacioná-los a métodos tradicionais de operação, uma grande quantidade de documentos, que geralmente não são achados quando necessário, ou recursos utilizados para desenvolver a manutenção preditiva. Este cenário não é diferente na Faculdade de Arquitetura da UFBA (FAUFBA), onde os processos de operação e manutenção seguem padrões tradicionais, de pouca eficiência e eficácia, que dependem de departamentos como a Superintendência de Meio Ambiente e Infraestrutura da UFBA (SUMAI), responsável pela manutenção e conservação dos campi de Salvador: campus Federação / Ondina, campus do Canela, das unidades dispersas e também do campus Anísio Teixeira em Vitória da Conquista. O presente trabalho aborda a utilização da tecnologia CAFM em Instituições de Ensino Superior. Para tanto, foram analisados estudos de caso sobre a aplicação de CAFM na operação e na manutenção de Universidades nacionais e no exterior. Foram identificadas as dificuldades e a metodologia adotada para a implementação da tecnologia, que propõe a concentração de informações essenciais ao processo de gestão da edificação. Diante de recursos promissores, desde a gestão de instalações físicas à gestão de pessoas, a FAUFBA foi utilizada como objeto de trabalho para a implementação do Sistema de Alocação de Espaços em uma aplicação de Facilities Management. Para este propósito, foram utilizados modelos BIM das edificações que compõem a FAUFBA para a realização de testes. Ressaltase a importância da precisão dos dados alfanuméricos ou geométricos, visto que, este é um sistema de banco de dados espacialmente referenciado, ou seja, um repositório de informações, que é de grande valor durante a etapa de operação e manutenção da edificação. / . / In general, it is difficult to associate such advanced technology resources with the way that operation and maintenance in today's buildings is conducted. Regarding the adoption of technological resources at this stage of edification life cycle, it is common to relate them to traditional methods of operation. Usually a large number of documents are not found when necessary, or resources used to develop predictive maintenance. This scenario is no different in the Faculty of Architecture of UFBA (FAUFBA), where operation and maintenance processes follow traditional, lowefficiency and efficacious standards, which depend on departments such as the UFBA Superintendence of the Environment and Infrastructure (SUMAI), responsible for the maintenance and conservation of the campuses of Salvador: Federação / Ondina campus, Canela campus, dispersed units and also the Anísio Teixeira campus in Vitória da Conquista. The present work deals with the use of CAFM technology in Higher Education Institutions. Therefore, we analyzed case studies on the application of CAFM in the operation and maintenance of national universities and abroad. We identified the difficulties and the methodology adopted for the implementation of the technology, which proposes the concentration of essential information to the process of building management. Considering the necessities of the university with regards of management of physical facilities and personnel, it was used as a work object for the implementation of the Space Allocation System, using Facilities Management. For this purpose, BIM models of the buildings that make up the FAUFBA were used to carry out tests. The importance of the precision of the alphanumeric or geometric data is emphasized, since this is a spatially referenced database system - a repository of information, which is of great value during the stage of operation and maintenance of the building.