Upon assuming the presidency of the Republic of Korea in 2013, Park Geun-hye announced her administration’s priority to address the country’s “Four Social Evils”—sexual violence, domestic violence, school bullying, and unsafe food products. As part of this initiative, the ROK national government urged police officers to implement anti-bullying campaigns and curb school violence. This study examined the effects of Stand By Me: Bullying Prevention and Bystander Empowerment, an anti-bullying presentation conducted by a ROK police officer for an audience of South Korean high school students in spring 2016. The study employed a nonequivalent groups design with a designated treatment group and comparison group, but was limited to a posttest survey only. The focus of the study was whether a police-administered bullying prevention presentation had an effect on Korean high school students’ attitudes toward bullying and their willingness to intervene to stop bullying, and was examined using independent-samples t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. The relationship between moral approval of bullying and bystander intervention willingness was also examined, as well as the relationships between other key variables and bystander intervention willingness. These relationships were examined via regression analysis. The study yielded statistically significant findings indicating that students who were administered the Stand By Me presentation were less likely to support bullying and more likely to be willing to intervene in bullying incidents compared to students who did not participate in the presentation. Moral approval of bullying had only a minor impact on bystander intervention willingness, whereas perceived peer support, self-esteem, and informal social control had a greater influence on students’ inclination to intervene. Due to the limited scope of this project, it is recommended that future studies and evaluations conducted on Stand By Me and other anti-bullying programs in South Korea utilize more rigorous research designs that incorporate pretesting and random assignment. Nevertheless, given the paucity of empirical research on police anti-bullying initiatives in the ROK, one of the overarching goals of this study is to encourage further dialogue on preventing bullying, one of the endemic ‘social evils’ plaguing today’s youth, in South Korea and around the world, and the appropriate role of law enforcement in this arena.

Ethnic discrimination has deep roots in Rwanda. For many dozens of years, Tutsis have been marked down as those whose task it is to rule the country and Hutus have been treated as those who have to submit to it. As time moved on, Hutu hatred had been growing steadily and resulted in coup d'état in 1959 and consequent persecutions of Tutsis. However, hidden grudge lingered on. The pretext for its revival was the RPF incursion into the country at the beginning of nineties. The invasion also became one of the major preconditions of the fastest genocide in history. This thesis aims to pinpoint actors with direct and also indirect influence, to specify their motives, to assess implications of their decisions and on the grounds of this all to divide them into groups of perpetrators, bystanders and rescuers. The identification of psychological aspects of Hutu perpetrators was made with intent to analyse the process of Us-Them thinking with its typical features and consequences and the process of dehumanization with particular emphasis on its linguistic forms. In connection with that, this thesis points out crucial importance of Rwandan media of hate which determined anti-Tutsi propaganda to a considerable extent.

Due to the social, political, and religious upheavals occurring across Europe in the Early Modern period, many writers were exploring the proper relationship between citizens and political and religious leaders. While some writers encouraged citizens to give unconditional loyalty to local and national leaders, Shakespeare has a pattern of endorsing citizen rebellion as a moral means to overthrow tyrannical rulers. By exploring Richard III, Measure for Measure, and Julius Caesar, I argue that Shakespeare is developing a taxonomy of citizen responses to a tyrannical leader and teaches citizens that a moral rebellion can be launched against a tyrant when a citizen embraces personal responsibility, accepts the power of rhetoric over violence, and overcomes the filtering effects of nostalgia. To demonstrate that Shakespeare is deliberately entering the conversation about a citizen's reaction to a tyrant, I provide information about how a tyrant is defined in the Early Modern period. I synthesize the scholarship on relevant texts in the period and explain how all three leaders in the aforementioned plays support that definition of tyranny. Then I focus on each play's surrounding characters to discuss the motivations and reactions of rebellious and obedient citizens. Finally, I conclude each section with an analysis of the repercussions of the citizen's actions and evaluate the lessons that Shakespeare is consistently promoting about moral rebellion.

Mobbning sker ofta i närvaro av fler personer än förövaren och offret. Det är ett socialt fenomen där även deltagarroller såsom den passiva åskådaren och försvararen bevittnar mobbningen, varav den passiva åskådaren håller sig undan och försvararen väljer att ingripa för att hjälpa offret. Trots att forskning om barns och ungas perspektiv på mobbning visar att de anser det vara både omoraliskt och fel så ökar mobbningen i de svenska skolorna och många elever som bevittnar mobbning förblir passiva. Med bakgrund av detta syftade aktuell studie till att identifiera och undersöka hur gymnasieelever, i sina naturliga kompisgrupper och med egna ord, resonerar kring varför vissa elever ingriper medan andra förblir passiva i en mobbningssituation trots att tidigare forskning visat att elever generellt tycker att mobbning är fel. Deltagarna bestod av 51 gymnasieelever inom åldersspannet 16 till 21 år (34 flickor, 17 pojkar) och kom från 14 skolor lokaliserade i åtta orter i Sverige. Datainsamling skedde genom semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer om 3–5 elever i vilka två vinjetter (en med flickor och en med pojkar) som illustrerade fiktiva mobbningssituationer innehållandes flera deltagarroller fungerade som utgångspunkt för samtalen. Data analyserades genom konstruktivistisk grundad teori och utmynnade i en grundad teori. Analys av deltagarnas utsagor visar på att elever beräknar vilka konsekvenser som kan komma av ett potentiellt ingripande, och om dessa anses allt för negativa så resulterar det i vidare passivitet. Studien erbjuder en djupare förståelse för hur gymnasieelever motiverar och förklarar deltagarrollernas beteende och kan fungera som ett ramverk för framtida antimobbningsarbete som syftar till att få åskådare att kunna agera i linje med sina moraliska värderingar. / Bullying often takes place in the presence of more people than the perpetrator and the victim. It is a social phenomenon where participant roles such as the passive bystander and the defender also witness the bullying, of which the passive bystander stays away and the defender chooses to intervene to help the victim. Although research on children’s and youth’s perspective on bullying show that they consider it both immoral and wrong, bullying is increasing in Swedish schools and many students who witness bullying remain passive. Based on this, the current study has aimed to identify and investigate how upper secondary school students, in their natural groups of friends and with their own words, reason about why some students intervene while others remain passive in a bullying situation, despite previous research showing that students generally consider bullying as wrong. The participants consisted of 51 upper secondary school students in the age range 16 to 21 years (34 girls, 17 boys) and came from 14 schools located in eight counties in Sweden. Data was gathered through semi-structured focus group interviews consisting of 3-5 students in which two vignettes (one with girls and one with boys) that illustrated fictitious bullying situations containing several participant roles served as a starting point for the conversations. The data was analyzed through constructivist grounded theory and resulted in a grounded theory. Analysis of the participants’ statements shows that students calculate the consequences that can come from a potential intervention, and if these are considered too negative, it results in further passivity. The study provides a deeper understanding of how upper secondary school students motivate and explain the behavior of participant roles and can serve as a framework for future anti-bullying work aimed at enabling bystanders to act in line with their moral values.

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Hjärtstopp sker oftast utanför sjukhus, långt ifrån avancerad sjukvård. För varje minut som går utan behandling minskar chansen att överleva avsevärt. Sju av tio personer som drabbats av hjärtstopp får hjärt-lungräddning innan ambulans är på plats. På grund av att fler ingripanden från åskådare sker innan ambulansen är på plats har tiden från hjärtstopp till start av hjärt-lungräddning minskat från 11 minuter till en minut. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur olika faktorer påverkar överlevnaden hos personer med hjärtstopp vid prehospital hjärt- och lungräddning. En litteraturöversikt valdes som metod. Sökningarna genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl ochPubMed och resulterade i 14 artiklar. Ytterligare fyra artiklar inkluderades manuellt. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och klassificerades enligt Sophiahemmets högskolas bedömningsunderlag. Dataanalysen genomfördes med en integrerad analys. Resultatet påvisade att överlevnad efter hjärtstopp är starkt beroende av tiden. Tiden från kollaps till början av hjärt- lungräddning och tiden från kollaps till defibrillering är avgörande för överlevnadschansen. Kedjan som räddar liv (överlevnadsskedjan) representerar olika steg som skall följas vid ett hjärtstopp för att maximera chansen för optimal behandlingsstrategi vid ett hjärtstopp. Slutsatsen är att nya behandlingsstrategier behövs för att nå ut och behandla personer snabbare. AED gör det möjligt för lekmän att leverera livräddande chocker inom några minuter. Vidare gör utvecklingen av mobiltelefonteknik det möjligt att identifiera och rekrytera lekmän till närliggande hjärtstopp för livräddande åtgärder. / Cardiac arrest usually occurs outside hospitals, far from advanced healthcare. For every minute that goes without treatment, the chance of survival decreases significantly. seven out of 10 people who suffer from cardiac arrest receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation before an ambulance is on site. Due to the fact that more interventions from bystanders take place before the ambulance is in place, the time from cardiac arrest to start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been reduced from 11 minutes to one minute. The aim of the study is to shed light on how different factors affect the survival of people with cardiac arrest in prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A literature review was chosen as the method. The searches were performed in the Cinahl and PubMed databases and resulted in 14 articles. Another four articles were included manually. The quality of the articles were reviewed and classified according to Sophiahemmet University's assessment for quality. The data analysis was performed with an integrated analysis. The results showed that survival after cardiac arrest is strongly dependent on time. The time from collapse to the beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the time from collapse to defibrillation are crucial for the chance of survival. The chain that saves lives (the survivalchain) represents different steps that must be followed in a cardiac arrest in order to maximizethe chance of optimal treatment strategy in the event of a cardiac arrest. The conclusion is that new treatment strategies are needed to reach out and treat people faster. AED enables laymen to deliver life-saving shocks within minutes. Furthermore, the development of mobile phone technology makes it possible to identify and recruit lay peopleto nearby cardiac arrests for life-saving measures.

For the last forty years, Jane Eyre criticism has understandably focused on Bertha Mason Rochester as a marginalized, abused, and silenced mixed-race woman. Although Jane's childhood friend Helen Burns is a very different and much less controversial character, she and Bertha suffer similar deaths from the culpable neglect of their guardians. Both women serve as the impetus of a bystanders dilemma: the perennial question of whether a person is obligated to protect another's life or dignity at the risk of his or her own. Because contemporary law imposed no duty to rescue upon bystanders, this paper uses the commentary of Victorian legal theorist John Austin to create a standard against which to judge the ethical merit of the choices made by bystanders throughout the novel. Maria Temple, superintendent of Lowood, is a bystander to the fatal abuse heaped upon her students; she has the power to expose the schools brutal conditions, but chooses to remain silent so that she can keep her job and her limited power. Her choice, while practical, makes her complicit in Helen's death. When Jane becomes bystander to Bertha's dangerously negligent captivity, she chooses to flee Thornfield rather than intervene. Though many critics have decried her selfishness, Jane makes a practical and ethical choice because she has so little chance of helping Bertha and so much to lose in the attempt. Just as Miss Temple is able to protect Jane because of her self-serving decisions, Jane in turn is able to protect Adele. Yet all these successes are predicated upon earlier neglect of persons unable to protect themselves, as Helen and Bertha remind us. There is no comfortable solution to the bystanders dilemma.

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<p>This thesis describes an analysis of the influence of dose and dose rate from low LET radiation on the induction of a cytotoxic bystander effect. The general direction was as follows:</p> <p>a) Utilize a well – established reporter cell line with two types of low – LET radiation across varying dose and dose rates in order to assess the possibility of a dose rate effect. These results identified the recovery of bystander cell survival to control levels after high dose treatment. Additionally, dose rate effects were seen at high dose treatments following electron irradiation as well as between similar low – LET sources.</p> <p>b) Apply aggressive radiation treatment for toxic medium production in order to elicit a bystander cell death response in a cell line with no previous observed effect. Results indicated a similar response to a reporter line including an increase in cell survival at high doses. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was identified as necessary to the observed effect.</p> <p>c) Develop a dosimetry model for <em>in vitro</em> bystander studies following toxic medium production with a β-emitting radiopharmaceutical. Furthermore, use this model to re-examine survival fraction data in comparison with traditional external beam treatment. A code-base and application were developed. Comparison between treatments indicated a similar survival curve shape with differences in the magnitude of the response. This is possibly the result of cell response to low – dose rates from radiopharmaceutical treatment.</p> <p>The overall conclusion points to the importance of dose rate in observed bystander cell death as well as the differentiating response at high doses. Additionally, the similarity in survival curve behaviour across differing cell type's further points to common underlying critical mechanisms. However, it is believed that further data acquisition and aggregation is required in order to build a robust model for the influence of these factors.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Victims of domestic violence (DV) are growing, still the number of cases reported isn't. In Rättvik only half the amount of cases are reported compared to two years ago. Rättvik is working to reduce DV by starting the project "Våga Hjälpa!". The purpose of this study was to use a quantitative approach to examine if the project is known in Rättvik. The study's based on a survey with a 27% response rate. The analysis was made by SPSS and interpreted on the basis of conformity, the bystander effect and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Results show that the majority haven't been in contact with DV and that the knowledge of how to act is evenly spread. The study concludes with an objective evalution of "Våga Hjälpa!" where our study results are related to the project objectives. The evaluation partly shows a fullfilled result but also some improvement opportunities. / Allt fler blir offer för våld i nära relationer, trots detta ökar inte anmälda relationsvåldsbrott. I Rättviks kommun ser man idag en halvering av anmälda våldsbrott i jämförelse med två år tillbaka. Kommunen arbetar aktivt för att minska relationsvåldsbrott och har startat projektet "Våga hjälpa!". Syftet med denna studie var att med en kvantitativ ansats undersöka i vilken utsträckning projektet "Våga Hjälpa!" är känt bland Rättviks invånare. Studien bygger på en enkätundersökning med en svarsfrekvens på 27%. Analysen av materialet har gjorts genom SPSS för att sedan tolkas utifrån konformitet, åskådareffekten samt Theory of Planned Behaviour. Resultatet av studien visar att majoriteten av respondenterna inte kommit i kontakt med relationsvåld samt en jämn spridning avseende kunskap om hur man ska agera. Studien avslutas med en målutvärdering av "Våga Hjälpa!" där resultatet av vår studie relateras till projektets mål. Denna utvärdering påvisar delvis ett uppfyllt resultat men även vissa förbättringsmöjligheter.