<p>The road traffic density is continuously increasing. By the intensive use of automobiles, it comes</p><p>to considerable difficulties and unpredictable events. The frequency of traffic obstructions, traffic</p><p>jams and accidents will also increase in future. A solution for this problem would be that</p><p>the driver would be supplied information when he is on the road. The information should be</p><p>including about road and traffic conditions and also information about other vehicles, which in</p><p>the near vicinity.</p><p>This kind of information sharing between vehicles is called C2C communication.Especially in</p><p>Europe there are many projects which are working for different C2C communcation applications,</p><p>like.</p><p>Objective of this thesis is based on former works, which optimized the antenna positions</p><p>for C2C communication by ray tracing simulation. The investigation of antennas for the C2C</p><p>communication, two different approches are taken in to account, a narrow band, and broad band.</p><p>Investigation of transparent material for broad band is also the part of this thesis.</p>

This study has been carried out at Klättermusen, a Swedish company producing outdoor clothingand equipment with a focus on durability, safety, function and environment. The purpose of thethesis was to investigate if Klättermusen should use Cradle to Cradle (C2C) in their sustainabilitywork. This was reviewed by studying the working procedure, by making a case study, byinvestigating if there are alternative ways to practise C2C, by studying the weak points of theC2C-certification and by investigating the compatibility with other sustainability tools.The C2C vision is inspired by the ecosystems and is based on the three rules Waste equals food, Usecurrent solar income and Celebrate diversity. An important aspect of C2C is the focus on attaining apositive impact on humans and the environment instead of doing things less bad by minimizingemissions. To make it possible for companies to communicate their effort and progress to theircustomers and become more competitive a C2C certification has been elaborated. The core ofthe certification is an assessment of the materials included in the product to make sure they aresecure, healthy and recyclable. Other parts included in the certification are energy, water andsocial aspects.When studying the C2C certification three of Klättermusen’s products were used as references.To certify these products Klättermusen has to gather information from their suppliers and makestrategies regarding Materials, Material Reutilization, Energy, Water and Social Responsibility. Forexample all the substances that contained in the garment at a concentration of at least 0.01 %must be reported, which means that all suppliers must be requested to list their substances. Thecertification cost of a pair of pants investigated in this study was estimated to 54 500 €.An assessment was made to find alternative ways to practise C2C and identify weak points of theC2C certification. It is based on interviews held with Jenny Pfau working for EPEA and threepersons in contact with C2C in their work; Kjersti Kviseth, Magnus Hedenmark and RichardBlume. According to Jenny Pfau Klättermusen can practise C2C by making a screening, a detailedassessment or a workshop. Both Magnus Hedenmark and Richard Blume practise the frameworkof The Natural Step and think that the C2C certification should be used as a tool within theframework. Some weak points found by these persons in the certification are that it is timeconsuming,not transparent enough and lack of a systems perspective.The C2C certification was compared with bluesign, a sustainability standard for the textileindustry, and Eco Index, a sustainability tool made for the outdoor industry. The purpose was toinvestigate if the C2C certification is compatible with other tools and the compared aspects weremainly lifecycle stages, impact categories and level of detail, but also purpose, procedure,workload, required knowledge and experience, cost, credibility and transparency.Both strengths and weaknesses were found when studying the C2C certification. It has got apositive approach to sustainability and develops safe products from a chemical perspective buthas a lack of systems perspective, is costly and time-consuming. The compatibility of the toolswas discussed with the comparison as a basis. Eco Index is modular and could be adjusted tocomplement the C2C certification but both tools have a big workload. bluesign and the C2Ccertification include the same lifecycle stages but have different strengths, which could makethem complementing each but possibly contradictive.Klättermusen is recommended to make a sustainability vision of their future products and thenchoose which tools to use. Since Klättermusen is already a bluesign system partner it could be agood idea to complement bluesign with Eco Index and C2C, but this choice should depend onthe future vision.

The road traffic density is continuously increasing. By the intensive use of automobiles, it comes to considerable difficulties and unpredictable events. The frequency of traffic obstructions, traffic jams and accidents will also increase in future. A solution for this problem would be that the driver would be supplied information when he is on the road. The information should be including about road and traffic conditions and also information about other vehicles, which in the near vicinity. This kind of information sharing between vehicles is called C2C communication.Especially in Europe there are many projects which are working for different C2C communcation applications, like. Objective of this thesis is based on former works, which optimized the antenna positions for C2C communication by ray tracing simulation. The investigation of antennas for the C2C communication, two different approches are taken in to account, a narrow band, and broad band. Investigation of transparent material for broad band is also the part of this thesis.

As the global wireless network becoming mature, the growing number of mobile devices, and the personal need of keeping in touch with others daily, mobile communication is becoming a necessity of life. Using mobile devices, such as cell phones or PDAs, everyone could communicate with each other independently; and this communication environment is similar with P2P network. Utilizing the connection network of cell phones is becoming a brand new business channel. Since group-buying is part of our daily life, people live in the same area could buy products or services together based on mutual needs, and this could enhance the bargaining power of customers and lower the purchase price. This research proposes a group-buying system architecture under mobile environment, and discusses the problems that customers might encounter in every stage of the buying process. Mobile device users under the environment could exchange information with each other and this could help customers search group-buying information efficiently. Sensor Network combines with MP2P Network accelerates the spread of group-buying information in a marketplace, and helps the originator and other buyers to negotiate with the supplier. Based on the observation of the variation of the group-buying information distribution in the experiment, we summarize under what situation a better information distribution would take place in a specific marketplace.

The goodness of group buying is consumers can buy product with lower price, and seller can reduce the bargain cost by collecting orders. But it is hard to be realized in the mall. A recent survey shows most everyone has his own mobile device. In this research, we organize a mobile P2P network by exchanging between two mobile devices. We propose a system for consumers and sellers to exchange group buying information. In Mobile P2P Network environment, group buying initiator is hard to decide the best timing to end the group buying. Because buyers can easily participate or leave the group buying group, and initiator may not know the exactly how many buyers participate the group buying. So we simulate a virtual mall with the realistic data and try to find the suitable group buying model in this environment. Then we examine if participation externality effect, price drop effect and ending effect will appear in this model. Finally, we observe the trend of the number of buyers in group buying to suggest the group buying ending time. The research result indicates that participation externality effect and price drop effect still appear in the Mobile P2P Network environment. But ending effect is not obvious. Because the group buying information is distributed by participating buyers, the distribution will affect the trend of participation and participation externality effect. With suggestion of the system, initiator will not waste much time to wait few participations, and participators can reduce the time cost.

Det har genom åren bedrivits en mängd forskning kring prissättning på marknaden där företag är den säljande parten. Den idag växande andrahandsmarknaden, där konsumenter innehar rollen som säljare, har helt exkluderats från forskning kring prissättning. Forskningens begränsning har gett upphov till studiens syfte som varit att undersöka huruvida den kostnadsbaserade, den konkurrensbaserade och den kundbaserade prissättningsstrategin, avsedda för B2C-marknaden, kan appliceras på den växande C2C-marknaden. För att utreda detta har en intervjustudie genomförts med säljare av vinylskivor på webbaserade och fysiska andrahandsmarknader. Av intervjuerna har olika grupper av säljare, med olika mål och tillvägagångsätt vid prissättning och försäljning, identifierats och kategoriserats. Av resultatet har framgått att de prissättningsstrategier som är utformade för B2C-marknaden till stor del kan appliceras på C2C-marknaden. De kan dock tillämpas i varierande grad på de olika kategorierna, den kostnadsbaserade strategin har exempelvis visat sig vara ytterst framträdande inom en kategori, men helt frånvarande inom en annan. Där den inte varit närvarande har en utomstående faktor framträtt i form av ett affektionsvärde.

許多研究認為客戶在網路上消費時考慮再三的問題，最後都可歸因於消費者缺乏對於電子商務的信任感。在C2C 電子商務中目前最熱門的交易方式─拍賣網站上，消費者在購物時必須同時與賣家和拍賣網站進行互動，然而綜觀過去的研究對有哪些因素影響買家對賣家的信任與對拍賣網站的信任，以及此兩種信任分別帶來哪些價值的研究仍嫌不足，因此本研究希望就以上仍不足之處提供解答。 研究結果顯示「互動經驗」、「賣家聲譽」對於「買家對賣家的信任感」有顯著的影響，特別是「互動經驗」影響的程度最大，這表示賣家應特別注重交易過程的互動情形，才可提升買家對賣家的信任感。「互動經驗」、「拍賣網站聲譽」、「隱私安全」對於「買家對拍賣網站的信任感」有顯著的影響，特別是「拍賣網站聲譽」影響程度最大，這代表拍賣網站經營者應特別注重拍賣網站本身聲譽，值得注意的是屬於賣家因素的「互動經驗」對拍賣網站信任感的影響力僅次於「拍賣網站聲譽」，這顯示追求拍賣網站信任感的提昇也可藉由改善拍賣網站上買賣雙方的互動情形來著手。「買家對賣家信任感」對於「賣家的價值」與「買家對拍賣網站信任感」對「拍賣網站的價值」皆有顯著的影響，值得注意的是「買家對賣家信任感」也助於提升「拍賣網站的價值」，因此拍賣網站可藉由協助賣家提升買家對賣家的信任來獲得自身的價值，這顯示了協助買賣雙方建立信任的過程並非對拍賣網站是毫無利益可言的，相反的，這是另一條創造價值可行的路，值得拍賣網站經營者深思。「信任傾向」、「風險承受」、「產品型態」、「產品種類」等干擾變項均無明顯的干擾能力，這顯示賣家與拍賣網站無須考慮買家信任傾向、買家風險承受度、產品型態、價格的差異，只要專注於提升買家對賣家的信任與對拍賣網站的信任即可獲得價值。

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between consumer behavior and the business (B2C and C2C) in the sharing economy. Research questions: What factors of Consumer behaviour effect C2C business in sharing economy? What factors of Consumer behaviour effect B2C business in sharing economy? Methodology: A descriptive research design with a quantitative approach was conducted, utilizing an online questionnaire with a total of 120 respondents in China. Conclusion: the finding from the study demonstrates that all of the adopted variables (psychological, personal, social and culture) had a close link and impact on the B2C business based on a shared economy. the findings indicated that with the exception of the ‘social’ variable, the others had a considerable impacts on the business strategy, despite the existing variability. The research shows that most of the elements of the consumer behavior affect both B2C and C2C.The applicability of the model is essential to the multinational firms.

This report covers a case study performed at Linköping University. The project consists of the development of a web application of type e-commerce, named Delish, which is a service for trading lunch boxes among students. The report treats the compilation of a theoretical framework, the development and its results followed by a discussion. The web application serves as a foundation in order to examine how an application should be designed to ensure high navigability and simplicity while establishing user trust. Information is gathered in order to define a theoretical and methodical framework. The development is accompanied by an evaluation of the products fulfilment of earlier set goals, by conducting market surveys and usability testing. Navigability is achieved through the implementation of different navigational systems and the application is perceived as simple as a result of effective use of colours and typography. Through the implementation of a ranking system and communication of data integrity, the application is perceived as trustworthy. / Denna rapport omfattar en fallstudie som genomförs vid Linköpings universitet. Under projektet utvecklas en webbapplikation i form av en e-butik vid namn Delish vilken tillhandahåller en tjänst för köp och försäljning av lunchmatlådor mellan studenter. Rapporten behandlar utvecklingsarbetet, dess teoretiska grund samt associerat resultat och diskussion. Webbapplikation används som bas för att undersöka hur en applikation av denna typ bör utformas för att uppfylla krav på hög navigerbarhet och enkelhet samt skapa ett förtroende hos användaren. Implementering föranleds av upprättandet av en teoretisk och metodisk grund för att säkerställa att frågeställningen uppfylls. Arbetet kompletteras genom undersökningar av applikationens fullföljande av tidigare nämnda målbilder. Detta görs bland annat i form av en enkätundersökning och användartester. Hög navigerbarhet uppnås genom implementering av olika navigationssystem och webbapplikationen upplevs enkel på grund av ett effektivt användande av färger och typografi. Implementeringen av ett betygsättningssystem samt tydlig kommunicering av datahantering gör den förtroendeingivande.

Tato práce zkoumá možnosti využití aplikací Webu 2.0 v současné marketingové praxi která je vystavena neustálým vlivům změn, kdy koncoví zákazníci získávají stále větší vyjednávací sílu a jsou stále více odolnější vůči tradičním způsobům masové komunikace. Cílem teoretické části je popis a definování pojmu Webu 2.0 dle údajů ze sekundárních zdrojů, vysvětlení obecného rámce Webu 2.0. Dále zde popisuji i jednotlivé aplikace, které spadají pod kategorii Web 2.0 ? blogy, online komunity, wikis, podcasting, mash-upy a widgets. V praktické části pak zkoumám popsané aplikace z hlediska praktického využití. U každé aplikace uvádím příklady z praxe, výhody a nevýhody spojené s jejich použitím a stanovuji doporučení na jejich nejplepší využití. V závěru této části se též poohlížím po příkladech z české praxe a hodnotím ji v porovnání s praxí zahraniční.