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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Neochamanismo en América Latina : una cartografía desde el Uruguay

Somma, Juan Agustin Scuro January 2016 (has links)
Esta tese é uma cartografia do dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Nela se mostra o processo de chegada de três diferentes tradições de neoxamanismo no Uruguai, que provém do Peru, Brasil e México: o vegetalismo amazônico, o Santo Daime e o Caminho Vermelho, respectivamente. Também descreve um quarto grupo neoxamânico uruguaio, independente dessas tradições, que toma elementos das mesmas. Analisa-se o neoxamanismo como um dispositivo, isto é, como um conjunto de discursos associados a uma imaginada espiritualidade indígena e umas práticas que giram em torno do uso de plantas de poder e da realização de rituais de busca espiritual e de cura. A cura é entendida enquanto expansão da consciência e “reconexão” com outras formas de estar no mundo, diferentes das modernas hegemônicas. Esta diferença se articula através da colocação em circulação de epistemologias outras, “nativas” do continente americano. O conjunto da tese levanta uma tensão, no marco do paradigma da modernidade/colonialidade, em torno da imbricação dos processos de (des)colonialidade que convergem no dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Observam-se alguns efeitos que o neoxamanismo produz e se propõe as ideias de amazonismo e de neo-orientalidade (para o Uruguai) para compreendê-los. / This thesis proposes a cartography of the neo-shamanism dispositif. It describes the process of arrival of three different neo-shamanic traditions in Uruguay: Amazonian vegetalismo, Santo Daime and Red Path, originating from Peru, Brazil and Mexico respectively. Furthermore it describes a Uruguayan neo-shamanic group, independent from these traditions, but which has adapted elements from them. The study analyses neo-shamanism as a dispositif, understood as a set of discourses, associated to an imagined indigenous spirituality, and practices relating to the use of power plants and the performing of rituals for spiritual quest and healing. The cure is understood as an Expansion of Consciousness and "reconnection" with other ways of being in the world, different from those of the modern hegemonic. That difference is articulated through the circulation of Other epistemologies, considered to be "native" originating from the American Continent. The overall thesis presents a tension, within the paradigm of modernity/coloniality, around the interweaving of processes of (de)coloniality converging on the neo-shamanism dispositif. Finally, it observes some effects produced by neo-shamanism and proposes understating these through the perspective of Amazonism and neo-orientalidad (in Uruguay). / Esta tesis es una cartografía del dispositivo del neochamanismo. En ella se muestra el proceso de llegada de tres tradiciones diferentes de neochamanismo al Uruguay, que provienen de Perú, Brasil y México: el vegetalismo amazónico, el Santo Daime y el Camino Rojo, respectivamente. Asimismo, describe un grupo neochamánico uruguayo, independiente de esas tradiciones, que toma elementos de ellas. Se analiza el neochamanismo como un dispositivo, es decir, un conjunto de discursos asociados a una imaginada espiritualidad indígena y unas prácticas que giran en torno al uso de plantas de poder y la realización de rituales de búsqueda espiritual y cura. La cura es entendida en tanto expansión de la conciencia y “reconexión” con otras formas de estar en el mundo, diferentes a las modernas hegemónicas. Esa diferencia se articula a través de la puesta en circulación de epistemologías otras, “nativas” del continente americano. El conjunto de la tesis plantea una tensión, en el marco del paradigma de la modernidad/colonialidad, en torno a la imbricación de los procesos de (de)colonialidad que convergen en el dispositivo del neochamanismo. Se observan algunos efectos que el neochamanismo produce y se proponen las ideas de amazonismo y de neo-orientalidad (por el Uruguay) para comprenderlos.
32

Neochamanismo en América Latina : una cartografía desde el Uruguay

Somma, Juan Agustin Scuro January 2016 (has links)
Esta tese é uma cartografia do dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Nela se mostra o processo de chegada de três diferentes tradições de neoxamanismo no Uruguai, que provém do Peru, Brasil e México: o vegetalismo amazônico, o Santo Daime e o Caminho Vermelho, respectivamente. Também descreve um quarto grupo neoxamânico uruguaio, independente dessas tradições, que toma elementos das mesmas. Analisa-se o neoxamanismo como um dispositivo, isto é, como um conjunto de discursos associados a uma imaginada espiritualidade indígena e umas práticas que giram em torno do uso de plantas de poder e da realização de rituais de busca espiritual e de cura. A cura é entendida enquanto expansão da consciência e “reconexão” com outras formas de estar no mundo, diferentes das modernas hegemônicas. Esta diferença se articula através da colocação em circulação de epistemologias outras, “nativas” do continente americano. O conjunto da tese levanta uma tensão, no marco do paradigma da modernidade/colonialidade, em torno da imbricação dos processos de (des)colonialidade que convergem no dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Observam-se alguns efeitos que o neoxamanismo produz e se propõe as ideias de amazonismo e de neo-orientalidade (para o Uruguai) para compreendê-los. / This thesis proposes a cartography of the neo-shamanism dispositif. It describes the process of arrival of three different neo-shamanic traditions in Uruguay: Amazonian vegetalismo, Santo Daime and Red Path, originating from Peru, Brazil and Mexico respectively. Furthermore it describes a Uruguayan neo-shamanic group, independent from these traditions, but which has adapted elements from them. The study analyses neo-shamanism as a dispositif, understood as a set of discourses, associated to an imagined indigenous spirituality, and practices relating to the use of power plants and the performing of rituals for spiritual quest and healing. The cure is understood as an Expansion of Consciousness and "reconnection" with other ways of being in the world, different from those of the modern hegemonic. That difference is articulated through the circulation of Other epistemologies, considered to be "native" originating from the American Continent. The overall thesis presents a tension, within the paradigm of modernity/coloniality, around the interweaving of processes of (de)coloniality converging on the neo-shamanism dispositif. Finally, it observes some effects produced by neo-shamanism and proposes understating these through the perspective of Amazonism and neo-orientalidad (in Uruguay). / Esta tesis es una cartografía del dispositivo del neochamanismo. En ella se muestra el proceso de llegada de tres tradiciones diferentes de neochamanismo al Uruguay, que provienen de Perú, Brasil y México: el vegetalismo amazónico, el Santo Daime y el Camino Rojo, respectivamente. Asimismo, describe un grupo neochamánico uruguayo, independiente de esas tradiciones, que toma elementos de ellas. Se analiza el neochamanismo como un dispositivo, es decir, un conjunto de discursos asociados a una imaginada espiritualidad indígena y unas prácticas que giran en torno al uso de plantas de poder y la realización de rituales de búsqueda espiritual y cura. La cura es entendida en tanto expansión de la conciencia y “reconexión” con otras formas de estar en el mundo, diferentes a las modernas hegemónicas. Esa diferencia se articula a través de la puesta en circulación de epistemologías otras, “nativas” del continente americano. El conjunto de la tesis plantea una tensión, en el marco del paradigma de la modernidad/colonialidad, en torno a la imbricación de los procesos de (de)colonialidad que convergen en el dispositivo del neochamanismo. Se observan algunos efectos que el neochamanismo produce y se proponen las ideas de amazonismo y de neo-orientalidad (por el Uruguay) para comprenderlos.
33

Curriculum guide to teach computed radiography at El Camino College

Guzman, Dawn Nella 01 January 2002 (has links)
The purpose of the project was to design a curriculum guideline for educators to teach computed radiography. This project can be used as a stand-alone course, or integrated into existing radiologic technology courses.
34

Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law / Oskäliga avtalsvillkor inom den Europeiska Avtalsrätten : Rättsföljder för svensk avtalsrätt

Garrido Huidobro, Mattias January 2014 (has links)
Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish con­tract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more jus­tice oriented Swedish private law.  Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
35

Crescimento, produtividade e qualidade das frutas de morangueiro em hidroponia: efeito da concentração de nutrientes e da densidade de plantio. / Growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry crop in hydroponics: effects of nutrient concentration and plant density.

Portela, Isabelita Pereira 23 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Tatiane_Kuka_Valente_Gandra.pdf: 6435645 bytes, checksum: d575f0c3d4782ff59377ccfc558b3d8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / The strawberry crop presents great importance for the Horticulture sector of the Southern part of Rio Grande do Sul due to its high yield and economic income, once the fruit has guaranteed market and high marketable price. Hydroponic cultivation allows optimizing the greenhouse vertical area, leading to a higher yield, reduces the diseases occurrence and also makes easier crop management and, as a consequence, enhances farmer life quality. However, there are few studies on the adaptation of the crop to this cultivation system, especially focusing concentrations of the nutrient solution and, overall, plant densities. Aiming to study growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry crop in hydroponics system, two trials were conducted in a plastic greenhouse at Universidade Federal de Pelotas , RS. NFT (nutrient film technique) hydroponic system was employed. It consists of cement tiles cultivation benches. The first trial aimed to study different ionic concentrations of the nutrient solution for cultivar Camarosa and was replicated in two consecutive years (2009/2010). The analyzed experimental factor was the nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) at four levels: 0.9, 1.5, 2.1, 2.7dS m-1 (2009) and five levels: 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, 2.7 dS m-1 (2010). The second trial was conducted in order to verify the effect of different plant densities on cultivar Camino Real. The experimental factor was plant density at four levels: 15.0, 12.5, 10.7, and 9.3 plants m-2. Fresh and dry matter of leaves, crown, roots and fruit, leaf area, fruit number and average fruit weight were evaluated. Samples of fruits were analyzed regarding to total soluble solids content (TSS), titratable total acidity (TTA)  for both trials of 2010  concentrations of anthocyanins, L-ascorbic acid, total phenolics compounds and 12 antioxidant capacity only for EC trial in 2010. The obtained results of the first trial indicated that EC from 1.2 to 1.5dS m-1 promotes plant growth and fruit yield. Growth and yield decreased when EC is below or above these values. The fruits total soluble solids content, antocyanin and L-ascorbic acid concentrations were increased at 1.7dS m-1 EC. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was increased reducing the EC to 1.2dS m-1. While soluble solids, anthocyanin and L-ascorbic acid content, respectively, decreased by 17, 17 and 15%, fruit yield was increased by 52% and phenolic compounds concentration by 22 %, when the EC decreased from 1.7 to 1.2dS m-1.The average fruit weight was reduced with increasing EC in 2009 and it was not affected in 2010, as well as the acidity and the antioxidant capacity. We can conclude that nutrient solution from 1.2 to 1.5 dS m-1 EC can be used to achieve higher yieldy, without great losses in fruit quality of cultivar Camarosa grown in NFT hydroponic system. The results obtained from the second trial indicated that growth and yield of individual plants of strawberry cultivar Camino Real was not affect by increasing plant density in the rage from 9.3 to 15.0 plants m-2. Growth and yield per square meter, as well as chemical characteristics related to the organoleptic quality of fruits (TSS and TSS/TTA), present linear response to increasing plant density. We suggest the adoption of the plant density of 12.5 plants m-2, which provides high yield, with appropriate organoleptic characteristics of fruits, and reduction in the number of plants required in relation to 15.0 plants m-2 plant density. However, it is necessary to carry out additional studies on cultivar Camino Real in order to promote changes in the system and its management and check the economic feasibility of its cultivation in hydroponics. / A cultura do morangueiro possui grande importância para o setor hortigranjeiro da Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, pois permite atingir altas produtividades e alto rendimento econômico, uma vez que as frutas tem mercado garantido e um alto valor. O cultivo hidropônico permite a otimização do espaço vertical do ambiente protegido, resultando em maior produtividade, diminuindo a ocorrência de doenças e, ainda, facilitando os tratos culturais e beneficiando a qualidade de vida do agricultor. Porém, há poucos estudos sobre a adaptação da cultura a este tipo de sistema de produção, principalmente em se tratando de concentrações da solução nutritiva e, sobretudo, de densidades de plantio. Com o objetivo de se estudar o crescimento, a produtividade e a qualidade das frutas de morangueiro em sistema hidropônico, dois experimentos foram realizados em condições de estufa plástica, no Campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS. O sistema hidropônico empregado era do tipo NFT (técnica da lâmina de nutrientes), constituído de bancadas de cultivo construídas com telhas de fibrocimento. O primeiro experimento teve o objetivo de estudar diferentes concentrações iônicas da solução nutritiva para a cultivar Camarosa e foi repetido em dois anos consecutivos (2009/2010). O fator experimental estudado foi a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva (CE) em quatro níveis: 0,9; 1,5; 2,1; 2,7dS m-1 (2009); e cinco níveis: 0,7; 1,2; 1,7; 2,2 e 2,7 dS m-1 (2010). O segundo experimento foi conduzido a fim de verificar o efeito de 9 diferentes densidades de plantio sobre a cultivar Camino Real. O fator experimental estudado foi a densidade de plantio em quatro níveis: 15,0; 12,5; 10,7 e 9,3 plantas m-2. Avaliaram-se a matéria fresca e seca de folhas, coroa, raízes e frutas, a área foliar, o número de frutas e o peso médio das frutas. Amostras das frutas foram analisadas em relação ao teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), à acidez total titulável (ATT)  em ambos os experimentos realizados em 2010, às concentrações de antocianinas, ácido L-ascórbico, compostos fenólicos totais e à capacidade antioxidante  somente no experimento sobre CE, em 2010. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento indicam que a CE entre 1,2 e 1,5dS m-1 favoreceu o crescimento da planta e a produtividade das frutas. O crescimento e a produtividade diminuíram quando a CE foi mantida abaixo ou acima destes valores. Os teores de SST, de antocianinas e de ácido L-ascórbico das frutas foram aumentados com a elevação da CE para 1,7dS m-1. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais elevou-se com a diminuição da CE para 1,2dS m-1. Enquanto os teores de SST, de antocianinas e de ácido L-ascórbico, respectivamente, diminuíram em 17, 17 e 15%, a produtividade foi aumentada em 52% e a concentração de compostos fenólicos totais em 22%, quando a CE diminuiu de 1,7 para 1,2dS m-1. O peso médio das frutas foi reduzido com a elevação da CE em 2009 e não foi afetado em 2010, assim como a ATT e a capacidade antioxidante. Conclui-se que a solução nutritiva com CE entre 1,2 e 1,5dS m-1 pode ser indicada para obter maior produtividade, sem grandes perdas na qualidade das frutas da cultivar Camarosa em sistema hidropônico NFT. Os resultados obtidos no segundo experimento indicam que o crescimento e a produtividade individual das plantas da cultivar de morangueiro Camino Real não foram afetados pela elevação da densidade de plantio, no intervalo entre 9,3 e 15,0 plantas m-2. O crescimento e a produtividade por unidade de área, bem como as características químicas relacionadas à qualidade organoléptica das frutas (concentração de SST e relação SST/ATT), apresentaram resposta linear ao incremento da densidade de plantio. Sugere-se a adoção da densidade de plantio de 12,5 plantas m-2, que proporciona rendimento elevado e frutas com adequadas características organolépticas e redução no número de mudas necessárias, em relação à densidade de 15,0 plantas m-2. Porém, existe a necessidade de desenvolver novos estudos com a cultivar Camino Real, a fim de promover adaptações no sistema e seu manejo e verificar a viabilidade econômica de seu cultivo em hidroponia.
36

Dwelling, Walking, Serving: Organic Preservation Along the Camino de Santiago Pilgrimage Landscape

Quesada-Embid, Mercedes Chamberlain January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
37

Multi-layer survivability: routing schemes for GMPLS-based networks

Urra i Fàbregas, Anna 18 December 2006 (has links)
En les xarxes IP/MPLS sobre WDM on es transporta gran quantitat d'informacio, la capacitat de garantir que el trafic arriba al node de desti ha esdevingut un problema important, ja que la fallada d'un element de la xarxa pot resultar en una gran quantitat d'informacio perduda. Per garantir que el trafic afectat per una fallada arribi al node desti, s'han definit nous algoritmes d'encaminament que incorporen el coneixement de la proteccio en els dues capes: l'optica (WDM) i la basada en paquets (IP/MPLS). D'aquesta manera s'evita reservar recursos per protegir el trafic a les dues capes. Els nous algoritmes resulten en millor us dels recursos de la xarxa, ofereixen rapid temps de recuperacio, eviten la duplicacio de recursos i disminueixen el numero de conversions del trafic de senyal optica a electrica. / The use of optical technology in core networks combined with IP/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) solution has been presented as a suitable choice for the next generation Internet architecture. The integration of both layers is facilitated by the development of Generalized MPLS (GMPLS). In this network architecture, a single fibre failure can result in potentially huge data losses as the effects propagate up and through the network causing disruptions in the service of many applications. This research provides and evaluates new QoSP routing schemes that consider both IP/MPLS and optical network layers to compute the paths and backup paths subject to the QoS requirements of the traffic. Although effort has been devoted in developing multi-layer routing algorithms that consider all switching layers, protection is not considered amongst them. This is considered in this thesis. Where electrical to optical signal conversions have been reduded as well as the avoidance of traffic duplications resulting in better use of the network resources.
38

Suecia, o la torre de Babel : Análisis de las imágenes de Suecia en la novela El camino a Ítaca de Carlos Liscano

Wretljung Alonso, Camilla January 2015 (has links)
The focus of this study is to investigate what images of Sweden are transmitted in the novel The road to Ithaca (1994), by the Uruguayan author Carlos Liscano. The study focuses on the first half part of the novel for this taking place in Stockholm, Sweden, in the early nineties. The aim is to investigate by what literary strategies and literary subgenres the images of Sweden are transmitted.    The theoretical framework applied derives from studies of the literary genre of the picaresque novel and its bufonesco mood, such as the literary strategies irony and laconism. For the analysis Mieke Bal´s concept of focalization and semantic axes are used.      The study shows that in Sweden there are parallel worlds to the official world of the welfare state; in the shadow side of society there are the metecos, unwanted residents: the undocumented and the mentally ill. Through a picaresque and ironic style, the author shows that Sweden is a neat, clean, but culturally hermetic society; almost perfect on the surface, but with a lot of hidden “trash” beneath.    The welfare state of Sweden seams benevolent in its integrative intention, but is, at the same time, blind, or even worse, disinterested in the new reality of the country; that of the welfare state in dissolution and Sweden as a Tower of Babel.
39

Enhanced fault recovery methods for protected traffic services in GMPLS networks

Calle Ortega, Eusebi 07 May 2004 (has links)
Les noves tecnologies a la xarxa ens permeten transportar, cada cop més, grans volums d' informació i trànsit de xarxa amb diferents nivells de prioritat. En aquest escenari, on s'ofereix una millor qualitat de servei, les conseqüències d'una fallada en un enllaç o en un node esdevenen més importants. Multiprotocol Lavel Switching (MPLS), juntament amb l'extensió a MPLS generalitzat (GMPLS), proporcionen mecanismes ràpids de recuperació de fallada establint camins, Label Switch Path (LSPs), redundants per ser utilitzats com a camins alternatius. En cas de fallada podrem utilitzar aquests camins per redireccionar el trànsit. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat millorar alguns dels actuals mecanismes de recuperació de fallades MPLS/GMPLS, amb l'objectiu de suportar els requeriments de protecció dels serveis proporcionats per la nova Internet. Per tal de fer aquesta avaluació s'han tingut en compte alguns paràmetres de qualitat de protecció com els temps de recuperació de fallada, les pèrdues de paquets o el consum de recursos.En aquesta tesi presentem una completa revisió i comparació dels principals mètodes de recuperació de fallada basats en MPLS. Aquest anàlisi inclou els mètodes de protecció del camí (backups globals, backups inversos i protecció 1+1), els mètodes de protecció locals i els mètodes de protecció de segments. També s'ha tingut en compte l'extensió d'aquests mecanismes a les xarxes òptiques mitjançant el pla de control proporcionat per GMPLS.En una primera fase d'aquest treball, cada mètode de recuperació de fallades és analitzat sense tenir en compte restriccions de recursos o de topologia. Aquest anàlisi ens dóna una primera classificació dels millors mecanismes de protecció en termes de pèrdues de paquets i temps de recuperació. Aquest primer anàlisi no és aplicable a xarxes reals. Per tal de tenir en compte aquest nou escenari, en una segona fase, s'analitzen els algorismes d'encaminament on sí tindrem en compte aquestes limitacions i restriccions de la xarxa. Es presenten alguns dels principals algorismes d'encaminament amb qualitat de servei i alguna de les principals propostes d'encaminament per xarxes MPLS. La majoria dels actual algorismes d'encaminament no tenen en compte l'establiment de rutes alternatives o utilitzen els mateixos objectius per seleccionar els camins de treball i els de protecció. Per millorar el nivell de protecció introduïm i formalitzem dos nous conceptes: la Probabilitat de fallada de la xarxa i l'Impacte de fallada. Un anàlisi de la xarxa a nivell físic proporciona un primer element per avaluar el nivell de protecció en termes de fiabilitat i disponibilitat de la xarxa. Formalitzem l'impacte d'una fallada, quant a la degradació de la qualitat de servei (en termes de retard i pèrdues de paquets). Expliquem la nostra proposta per reduir la probabilitat de fallada i l'impacte de fallada. Per últim fem una nova definició i classificació dels serveis de xarxa segons els valors requerits de probabilitat de fallada i impacte.Un dels aspectes que destaquem dels resultats d'aquesta tesi és que els mecanismes de protecció global del camí maximitzen la fiabilitat de la xarxa, mentre que les tècniques de protecció local o de segments de xarxa minimitzen l'impacte de fallada. Per tant podem assolir mínim impacte i màxima fiabilitat aplicant protecció local a tota la xarxa, però no és una proposta escalable en termes de consum de recursos. Nosaltres proposem un mecanisme intermig, aplicant protecció de segments combinat amb el nostre model d'avaluació de la probabilitat de fallada. Resumint, aquesta tesi presenta diversos mecanismes per l'anàlisi del nivell de protecció de la xarxa. Els resultats dels models i mecanismes proposats milloren la fiabilitat i minimitzen l'impacte d'una fallada en la xarxa. / New network technology enables increasingly higher volumes of information to be carried. Various types of mission-critical, higher-priority traffic are now transported over these networks. In this scenario, when offering better quality of service, the consequences of a fault in a link or node become more pronounced. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and the extended Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) provide fast mechanisms for recovery from failures by establishing redundant Label Switch Paths as backup paths. With these backups, traffic can always be redirected in case of failure. The main objective of this thesis is to improve some of the current MPLS/GMPLS fault recovery methods, in order to support the protection requirements of the new Internet services. Some parameters, such as fault recovery time, packet loss or resource consumption, all within the scope of this quality of protection, are considered. In this thesis a review and detailed comparison of the MPLS fault recovery methods are presented. Path protection methods (global backups, reverse backups and 1+1 methods), as well as segment protection and local methods are included in this analysis. The extension of these mechanisms to optical networks using GMPLS control plane is also taken into account.In the first phase MPLS fault recovery methods are analyzed without taking into account resource or network topology constraints. This analysis reported a first classification of the best protection methods in terms of packet loss and recovery time. This first analysis cannot be applied to real networks. In real networks, bandwidth or network topology constraints can force a change in the a priori optimal protection choice. In this new scenario, current routing algorithms must be analyzed. The main aspects of the QoS routing methods are introduced, and some of these mechanisms are described and compared. QoS routing algorithms do not include protection as a main objective and, moreover, the same QoS objectives for selecting the working path are used for selecting the backup path. In order to evaluate the quality of protection, two novel concepts are introduced and analyzed: the network failure probability and the failure impact. The physical network provides an initial value of the network protection level in terms of network reliability and availability. A proposal to evaluate network reliability is introduced, and a formulation to calculate the failure impact (the QoS degradation in terms of packet loss and delay) is presented. A proposal to reduce the failure probability and failure impact as well as the enhancement of some current routing algorithms in order to achieve better protection are explained. A review of the traffic services protection requirements and a new classification, based on the failure probability and failure impact values, is also provided in this work.Results show that path protection schemes improve network reliability. Segment/local protection schemes reduce the network failure impact. Minimum impact with maximum reliability can be achieved using local protection throughout the entire network. However, it is not scalable in terms of resource consumption. In this case our failure probability evaluation model can be used to minimize the required resources. Results demonstrate the reduction of the failure impact combining segment protection and our network reliability evaluation model in different network scenarios.In summary, an in-depth analysis is carried out and a formulation to evaluate the network protection level is presented. This evaluation is based on network reliability maximization and failure impact reduction in terms of QoS degradation. A scalable proposal in terms of resource consumption, detailed and experimentally analyzed, offers the required level of protection in different network scenarios for different traffic services.
40

The Rediscovery of Galicia in the Revival of the Camino de Santiago: Changing Images of Galicia in Modern Pilgrim Accounts

Gulish, Rachael Jean 27 July 2011 (has links)
No description available.

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