No description available.

La tache bactérienne (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians) cause d’importantes pertes économiques dans la culture de la laitue (Lactuca sativa) lorsque les conditions sont propices à son développement. Un seul produit étant homologué au Canada contre cette maladie, peu d’options s’offrent aux producteurs pour lutter contre cette dernière. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer différents sels (benzoate de sodium, bicarbonate de sodium, carbonate de sodium, métabisulfite de sodium et sorbate de potassium) et extraits végétaux à base de feuilles de chêne (Quercus rubra), choux frisés (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) et clous de girofle (Syzygium aromaticum) pour lutter contre la tache bactérienne. Sur la base des concentrations bactéricides minimales (CBMs), les sels se sont avérés plus toxiques envers X. campestris pv. vitians que les extraits végétaux avec des valeurs de CBM inférieures. Parmi les extraits végétaux testés, les extraits à l’éthanol de feuilles de chêne et les extraits de clous de girofle se sont révélés les plus toxiques envers la bactérie. Le bioessai I a montré l’efficacité du carbonate de sodium et du benzoate de sodium à réprimer la maladie en présence d’une pression de maladie faible à modérée. De même, différents extraits de clous de girofle, feuilles de chêne et choux frisés (en combinaison ou non avec un sel) ont permis une réduction marquée de la maladie lors des bioessais II et III. En présence d’une forte pression de maladie (bioessai IV), aucun des traitements ayant causé une réduction intéressante de la tache bactérienne lors des essais I, II et III n’a toutefois mené à une réduction suffisamment importante de la maladie pour permettre la commercialisation des laitues. Plusieurs extraits végétaux et sels ont montré au cours de cette étude un potentiel prophylactique intéressant qui pourrait éventuellement être exploité dans un programme de lutte intégrée contre la tache bactérienne de la laitue.

La tache bactérienne (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians) et la maladie des taches et des nervures noires (Pseudomonas cichorii) sont responsables de lourdes pertes dans la culture de la laitue. Comme très peu de produits phytosanitaires sont présentement homologués au Canada pour lutter contre les maladies bactériennes de la laitue, peu d'options s'offrent aux producteurs. Il est donc urgent de développer des produits antibactériens qui pourraient rapidement trouver des applications dans cette culture. L'exploitation des propriétés antimicrobiennes de différents sels utilisés dans l'industrie alimentaire ou d'extraits végétaux apparaît une voie prometteuse. Cette étude, comportant cinq volets, s'inscrit dans ce contexte. Au cours du premier volet des travaux, la phytotoxicité de cinq sels (benzoate de sodium, bicarbonate de sodium, carbonate de sodium, métabisulfite de sodium, sorbate de potassium) a été déterminée au moyen d'essais in vitro avec des disques foliaires de laitue et d'essais en serre avec des plants de laitue. Appliqués sur des plants de laitue, inoculés avec P. cichorii, à une concentration ne causant que des symptômes faibles ou modérés de phytotoxicité, les sels à l'étude n'ont pas affecté significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la survie de P. cichorii sur le tissu foliaire et n'ont pas réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la gravité de la maladie des taches et des nervures noires. Au cours du deuxième volet des travaux, différents extraits hydro-éthanoliques à base de résidus d'espèces horticoles ou d'essences forestières ont été testés in vitro pour leur activité antibactérienne envers X. campestris pv. vitians et P. cichorii. Les résultats obtenus montrent d'une part, que les extraits d'essences forestières présentent une plus forte activité antibactérienne et d'autre part, que l'activité antibactérienne varie selon l'espèce et la structure utilisées dans la préparation de l'extrait et selon le lot considéré d'un même extrait. Davantage d'extraits de résidus d'essences forestières ont été soumis, au cours du troisième volet des travaux, à un test de diffusion sur gélose afin d'évaluer leur activité antibactérienne. Selon le diamètre de la zone d'inhibition, l'extrait éthanolique de feuilles d'érable à sucre récoltées au sol à l'automne (FESRSA) ainsi que les extraits hydro-éthanoliques (50%, v/v) de FESRSA et de feuilles vertes d'érable à sucre ont montré la plus forte activité antibactérienne contre P. cichorii et X. campestris pv. vitians. Chez des plants de laitue cultivés en serre, inoculés avec l'une ou l'autre de ces bactéries, l'application foliaire de l'extrait éthanolique de FESRSA (3,2 g/L) a réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,05) la gravité de la tache bactérienne et ce, sans causer de symptômes de phytotoxicité susceptibles de nuire à la commercialisation de la laitue. L'extrait éthanolique de FESRSA (1,6 et 3,2 g/L) a également réduit significativement la gravité de la maladie des taches et des nervures noires (une expérience sur deux). L'extrait de FESRSA a été fractionné par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP) et le composé antibactérien présent dans l'extrait a été identifié à l'aide d'un système UPLC/Q-Tof-MS (quatrième volet). La géraniine (C₄₁H₂₈O₂₇, 952,0818 g/mol), identifiée comme le principal composé antibactérien, a par la suite été purifiée par CLHP préparative et son activité antibactérienne in vitro a été déterminée pour les deux bactéries à l'étude. Sur la base des concentrations minimales inhibitrices et des concentrations minimales létales, la bactérie X. campestris pv. vitians s'est avérée davantage sensible à la géraniine. Dans le but d'en connaître davantage sur le mécanisme responsable de l'activité antibactérienne de la géraniine, l'effet de cette dernière sur l'intégrité de la membrane plasmique et l'ultrastructure bactérienne a été étudié chez X. campestris pv. vitians (cinquième volet). Les observations en microscopie électronique en transmission révèlent que la géraniine a causé des altérations morphologiques chez cette bactérie, y compris une dégradation de ses enveloppes, comme le suggèrent également les essais réalisés avec un fluorochrome (SYTOX Green) marquant les acides nucléiques et pénétrant uniquement les membranes endommagées. Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette étude contribuent à l'avancement des connaissances dans le domaine des composés antibactériens, notamment celles relatives à leur utilisation à des fins phytosanitaires chez la laitue. Cette étude pourrait éventuellement mener à la mise au point d'un nouveau produit phytosanitaire à base de FESRSA pour lutter contre les maladies bactériennes de la laitue tout en favorisant la valorisation de résidus lignocellulosiques.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4434052 bytes, checksum: e6bd53f46965b44a3dcdbb9a5a63b4ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to select tomato prokaryotic phylloplane residents for biocontrol purposes, by using Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Alternaria solani as challenging pathogens. Additionally, to perform a screening test using detached leaves. Consequently, leaves from healthy tomato plants were collected at Viçosa, MG and epiphytic prokaryote populations were extracted by shacking them in PBS (0,85% NaCl in 0,1M phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.0) following sonication (60Hz, 20 minutes) and serial dilution and plating in culture medium. Three hundred bacterial isolates were obtained and preserved in refrigerator, with periodical tubetube transfer, in a refrigerator. The screening was performed in two selection cycles. In the first selection in greenhouse, with three replicates per isolate and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria as challenging pathogen, 79 isolates were able to reduce disease by 82%. In a second selection cycle, using 6 replicates per isolate, the 33 isolates were able to reduce severity by 50% in average. The 33 isolates had their antagonistic potential tested against the tomato fungal and bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pseudomonas corrugata, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Alternaria solani and Corynespora cassiicola in vitro conditions. Out of the 33 isolates, the isolate RFK-24 inhibited growth of Xathomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Alternaria solani while isolate RFS-183 was able to inhibit Alternaria solani, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato e Pseudomonas corrugata, but none of them inhibited Corynespora cassiicola. Being RFK-24 and RFS- 183 the ones with a wider antagonistic potential out of the 33 previously selected, they were chosen for continuing the research with detached leaves and the challenging pathogens Alternaria solani e Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. There was a positive correlation between disease severity reduction in plants the greenhouse and in detached leaves, for both antagonists. For situations involving large number of isolates to undergo mass screening, the approach with detached organs may replace the laborious and time consuming greenhouse screening. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar procariotos residentes de filoplano de tomateiro como agentes de biocontrole contra o patógeno Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. 300 isolados foram obtidos a partir de folhas sadias de tomateiros coletadas na micro-região de Viçosa-MG, as quais foram submetidas à extração das populações procarióticas epifíticas em solução de tampão fosfato (PBS) com emprego de ultra-som (60Hz, 20 min.) e semeadura de diluições em série em placas de Petri contendo meio 523. Em casa-de-vegetação, numa primeira etapa 79 isolados apresentaram capacidade de reduzir, em média, 82 % da severidade de doença. Desses, numa segunda etapa, 33 isolados apresentaram redução média da severidade de doença em 50 %. Os 33 isolados foram submetidos a testes de antibiose in vitro, em que foi avaliada a potencialidade em inibir o crescimento bacteriano e fúngico dos seguintes patógenos do tomateiro: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pseudomonas corrugata, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Alternaria solani e Corynespora cassiicola. Dos 33 isolados pré- selecionados verificou-se que o isolado RFK-24 foi capaz de inibir o crescimento dos patógenos, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis e Alternaria solani e o RFS-183 em inibir o crescimento dos patógenos Alternaria solani, Xanthomons campestris pv. vesicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato e Pseudomonas corrugata, mas ambos não inibiram o crescimento da Corynespora cassiicola. Os dois isolados foram selecionados para ensaios in vivo e em folíolos destacados, contra os patógenos desafiantes Alternaria solani e Xanthomons campestris pv. vesicatoria. Para ambos foi observada a correlação entre a severidade de doença apresentada em casa-de-vegetação e os resultados em folíolos destacados, como a inibição da germinação de conídios do patógeno fúngico e a supressividade em meio semi-seletivo dos antagonistas sob o patógeno bacteriano. Os resultados obtidos com o método com folíolos destacados e sua correlação com os dados de biocontrole experimental em casa-de-vegetação permitem deduzir que o uso de folíolos destacados pode ser utilizado como método para seleção massal.

Orientador: Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soprano_AdrianaSantos_D.pdf: 24018757 bytes, checksum: 29724fbb81a588e3bb656bf4c2df3390 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri (X. citri), afeta a maioria das espécies de Citrus, ocorre praticamente em todos continentes e se destaca como uma séria ameaça à citricultura brasileira. O mecanismo molecular pelo qual X. citri causa cancro não é inteiramente conhecido, entretanto, sabe-se que a bactéria utiliza o sistema secretório tipo III para injetar proteínas de patogenicidade, entre elas, PthAs da família AvrBs3/PthA, também conhecidas como efetores TAL (transcriptional activator-like). Os efetores TAL atuam como fatores de transcrição transativando genes específicos da planta que vão beneficiar a bactéria ou desencadear respostas de defesa. Com o objetivo de entender os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais os efetores TAL atuam, a técnica de duplo híbrido foi usada para identificar proteínas de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis) que interagem com PthA4, um dos efetores TAL de X. citri necessário para o desenvolvimento do cancro cítrico. A maioria das proteínas de laranja identificadas como alvos de PthA4 apresenta domínios de ligação à DNA ou RNA e está envolvida no controle da transcrição, estabilização de mRNAs e tradução. Várias dessas proteínas interagem entre si, sugerindo a presença de um complexo multiproteico como alvo de efetores TAL. Entre as proteínas envolvidas no controle da transcrição, destacamos a CsMAF1, uma proteína homóloga à MAF1 humana que atua como regulador negativo da RNA Polimerase III. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho revelam que CsMAF1 complementa o fenótipo do mutante maf1 de levedura, reprimindo a expressão de tRNAHis e que a expressão de PthA4 na cepa complementada restaura a síntese desse tRNA. Portanto, os dados mostram que CsMAF1 atua como um repressor da RNA Pol III em levedura e que PthA4 altera o estado repressor de CsMAF1 sobre a RNA Pol III. De forma surpreendente, verificamos que plantas de citros com níveis reduzidos de CsMAF1 apresentaram aumento significativo no número e intensidade de lesões hiperplásticas ou eruptivas quando infiltradas com X. citri, indicando que CsMAF1 desempenha um papel crítico no desenvolvimento dos sintomas do cancro cítrico. O aumento das lesões do cancro nas plantas silenciadas para CsMAF1 se correlaciona com um aumento expressivo de tRNAs, incluindo o tRNAHis, confirmando assim o papel repressor de CsMAF1 sobre a RNA Pol III em citros. Além disso, mostramos nesse trabalho que CsMAF1 é uma fosfoproteína que se encontra na forma dimérica em solução, uma característica singular ainda não descrita para membros dessa família de proteínas. Verificamos que CsMAF1 é fosforilada in vitro pelas quinases PKA e PKC e que apresenta sítios adicionais de fosforilação conservados para a quinase TOR, incluindo o resíduo Thr62. Curiosamente, tais sítios se localizam na interface de dimerização de CsMAF1, sugerindo que a fosforilação desses sítios deve regular a função da proteína e/ou seu estado multimérico. De fato, verificamos que a substituição do resíduo de treonina Thr 62 para ácido aspártico (Asp 62) diminui a proporção dímero:monômero de CsMAF1, indicando que a fosforilação de resíduos na interface do dímero desestabiliza o dímero, e que esse pode ser um mecanismo regulatório novo para essa classe de proteína. Desse modo, esses achados abrem novas perspectivas para o entendimento não só dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na regulação da RNA Pol III pela CsMAF1, como também do papel de PthA4 na interação com CsMAF1 e sua modulação da transcrição / Abstract: Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri (X. citri), is a disease that affects most of the Citrus species, occurs in almost all continents and stands as a threat to the Brazilian citrus industry. The molecular mechanism by which X. citri causes canker is poorly understood, however the bacterium injects pathogenicity proteins via the type III secretion system (T3S) including proteins of AvrBs3/PthA family, also known as transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors. TAL effectors have been extensively studied and are known to act as transcription factors that transactivate specific plant genes which either benefit the bacteria or trigger defense responses. To gain insights into the molecular mode of action of TAL effectors, a twohybrid screening was performed to identify sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) proteins that interact with PthA4, one of the X. citri TAL effectors required for citrus canker development. Among the proteins identified as PthA4 interactors, most are DNA and/or RNA-binding factors involved in chromatin remodeling and repair, transcriptional control and mRNA stabilization/modification. Several of these proteins interact with each other, suggesting the presence of a multiprotein complex as a target of TAL effectors. Among the proteins involved in transcription control, we selected for further studies the CsMAF1, a homolog of the human MAF1 that acts as a negative regulator of RNA polymerase III. The results presented here reveal that CsMAF1 complements the yeast maf1 mutant phenotype by repressing the tRNAHis transcription, and that PthA4 expression in the complemented strain restores the tRNAHis synthesis. Thus, the data show that CsMAF1 acts as a RNA Pol III repressor in yeast and that PthA4 somehow suppresses the repressor activity of CsMAF1 upon on the RNA Pol III. Surprisingly, we found that citrus plants with reduced levels of CsMAF1 showed a significant increase in the number, morphology and size of eruptive or hyperplastic lesions when infiltrated with X. citri, indicating the CsMAF1 plays a critical role in canker development. Increased canker lesions in CsMAF1 silenced plants correlated with a significant increase of tRNAs expression, including tRNAHis, thus confirming the repressor role of CsMAF1 upon the citrus RNA Pol III. Furthermore, we showed in this work that CsMAF1 is a phosphorylated and a dimer in solution, a feature that so far has not been reported for any member of this protein family. We found that CsMAF1 is phosphorylated in vitro by PKA and PKC, and has additional phosphorylation sites for the TOR kinase, including the Thr 62 residue. Interestingly, these phosphorylation sites are located at the dimerization interface of CsMAF1, suggesting that phosphorylation of such sites might regulate the function of the protein and / or its multimeric state. Indeed, mutation of threonine residue Thr62 to aspartic acid (Asp62) decreases the dimer:monomer CsMAF1 ratio, indicating that phosphorylation of the residues at the interface of the dimer destabilizes the dimer, and this may be a novel regulatory mechanism for this class of protein. Thus, these findings open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in RNA Pol III regulation by CsMAF1, as well as for the role of PthA4 in the modulation of RNA Pol III transcription mediated by CsMAF1 / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Maize is the staple food for a majority of people in Southern Africa, but plant diseases are responsible for at least 10% of crop production losses. Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of maize was first reported in South Africa in 1949 and has not been reported elsewhere. Very little is known about the pathogen involved and therefore it is deemed necessary to compile a characteristic profile for the pathogen to prevent the possibility of major crop losses as a result of this disease. This study aimed to use biochemical and phenotypic methods to determine the specific characteristics of the causal agent of BLS. Diseased plant material showing symptoms of BLS were collected during the maize production seasons of 2012 and 2013 within South Africa’s maize production regions namely the North West, Free State, Gauteng and Northern Cape provinces. To prevent contamination, maize leaves were surface sterilised thoroughly before bacterial isolation commenced. Sections of the infected maize leaves were placed on GYC agar plates on which yellow, mucoid bacterial colonies after incubation for 24 to 48 hrs. The isolated bacteria were purified and the molecular identification of the bacteria was conducted in a related study. Although literature indicates that Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae is the causal agent of BLS, pure cultures obtained from maize leaves showing characteristic symptoms of BLS were identified as species of Xanthomonas, Pantoea, and Enterobacter. To elucidate the pathogenicity of the isolated strains, pathogenicity tests based on Koch’s postulates were performed. Results from the pathogenicity tests confirmed that only the isolate Xanthomonas species was capable of inducing the characteristic BLS symptoms when healthy maize plants were inoculated with the suspected pathogens. It is important to inoculate the maize seedlings at the correct age (four-leaf stage) and the spray method is recommended. Re-isolation was repeated from the same plant material used during the initial isolation process but the isolation method was amended. The optimised isolation method involved the use of a dilution range and spread plate method. Colonies from this isolation technique grew as bright yellow colonies that were identified as Xanthomonas spp. This outcome indicates the importance of surface sterilisation, pulverisation and subsequent dilution of plant materials for isolation of bacterial pathogens from diseases plants. These isolates were used to create protein profiles with SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and carbon utilisation patterns with the Biolog® GN2 system. Protein profiling banding patterns was assessed based on presence/absence criteria. Highly similar protein profiles were observed among the X. campestris pv. zeae isolates but groupings of different protein profiles were determined when minor differences in the protein profiles was taken into account. Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae was successfully distinguished from the X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum reference strain through unique SDS banding patterns. Banding patterns obtained from cultures grown in a liquid medium (tryptic soy broth) were of a higher quality than the banding patterns obtained from bacteria harvested from solid media (CYG agar plates). Carbon source utilisation data was used to evaluate the average well colour development obtained from each isolate. Statistically significant differences were found among some of the isolates, with some isolates being metabolically more active than other isolates. Substrate utilisation patterns produced by the isolates corresponded to previously published studies on various Xanthomonas species. The cell count of the samples used during carbon utilisation patterns must be standardised in order to obtain reliable results. During this study, the application of Koch’s postulates and two inoculation techniques confirmed that Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae is the pathogen responsible for bacterial leaf streak of maize. Members of the Pantoea and Enterobacter genera were found on the leaf surface of maize plants infected with BLS but inoculations of healthy maize plants with these bacteria did not result in bacterial leaf streak symptoms on the maize plants. These bacteria were not pathogenic and were considered endophytes. The identified pathogen was characterised through protein and metabolic profiling. The protein profiles of the pathogen obtained through analysis of the major bands of the SDS-PAGE gels were highly similar and distinguishable from the Xanthomonas reference culture. Groupings within the X. campestris pv. zeae group was found when major and minor bands were considered, this may however be altered when the intensities of the bands are used during analysis. Carbon utilisation patterns were assessed using Biolog® GN2 plates. A metabolic fingerprint was created for the pathogen of BLS, it was possible to distinguish between X. campestris pv. zeae and other Xanthomonas strains based on the fingerprint. This fingerprint could be used to identify the pathogen. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Maize is the staple food for a majority of people in Southern Africa, but plant diseases are responsible for at least 10% of crop production losses. Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of maize was first reported in South Africa in 1949 and has not been reported elsewhere. Very little is known about the pathogen involved and therefore it is deemed necessary to compile a characteristic profile for the pathogen to prevent the possibility of major crop losses as a result of this disease. This study aimed to use biochemical and phenotypic methods to determine the specific characteristics of the causal agent of BLS. Diseased plant material showing symptoms of BLS were collected during the maize production seasons of 2012 and 2013 within South Africa’s maize production regions namely the North West, Free State, Gauteng and Northern Cape provinces. To prevent contamination, maize leaves were surface sterilised thoroughly before bacterial isolation commenced. Sections of the infected maize leaves were placed on GYC agar plates on which yellow, mucoid bacterial colonies after incubation for 24 to 48 hrs. The isolated bacteria were purified and the molecular identification of the bacteria was conducted in a related study. Although literature indicates that Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae is the causal agent of BLS, pure cultures obtained from maize leaves showing characteristic symptoms of BLS were identified as species of Xanthomonas, Pantoea, and Enterobacter. To elucidate the pathogenicity of the isolated strains, pathogenicity tests based on Koch’s postulates were performed. Results from the pathogenicity tests confirmed that only the isolate Xanthomonas species was capable of inducing the characteristic BLS symptoms when healthy maize plants were inoculated with the suspected pathogens. It is important to inoculate the maize seedlings at the correct age (four-leaf stage) and the spray method is recommended. Re-isolation was repeated from the same plant material used during the initial isolation process but the isolation method was amended. The optimised isolation method involved the use of a dilution range and spread plate method. Colonies from this isolation technique grew as bright yellow colonies that were identified as Xanthomonas spp. This outcome indicates the importance of surface sterilisation, pulverisation and subsequent dilution of plant materials for isolation of bacterial pathogens from diseases plants. These isolates were used to create protein profiles with SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and carbon utilisation patterns with the Biolog® GN2 system. Protein profiling banding patterns was assessed based on presence/absence criteria. Highly similar protein profiles were observed among the X. campestris pv. zeae isolates but groupings of different protein profiles were determined when minor differences in the protein profiles was taken into account. Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae was successfully distinguished from the X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum reference strain through unique SDS banding patterns. Banding patterns obtained from cultures grown in a liquid medium (tryptic soy broth) were of a higher quality than the banding patterns obtained from bacteria harvested from solid media (CYG agar plates). Carbon source utilisation data was used to evaluate the average well colour development obtained from each isolate. Statistically significant differences were found among some of the isolates, with some isolates being metabolically more active than other isolates. Substrate utilisation patterns produced by the isolates corresponded to previously published studies on various Xanthomonas species. The cell count of the samples used during carbon utilisation patterns must be standardised in order to obtain reliable results. During this study, the application of Koch’s postulates and two inoculation techniques confirmed that Xanthomonas campestris pv. zeae is the pathogen responsible for bacterial leaf streak of maize. Members of the Pantoea and Enterobacter genera were found on the leaf surface of maize plants infected with BLS but inoculations of healthy maize plants with these bacteria did not result in bacterial leaf streak symptoms on the maize plants. These bacteria were not pathogenic and were considered endophytes. The identified pathogen was characterised through protein and metabolic profiling. The protein profiles of the pathogen obtained through analysis of the major bands of the SDS-PAGE gels were highly similar and distinguishable from the Xanthomonas reference culture. Groupings within the X. campestris pv. zeae group was found when major and minor bands were considered, this may however be altered when the intensities of the bands are used during analysis. Carbon utilisation patterns were assessed using Biolog® GN2 plates. A metabolic fingerprint was created for the pathogen of BLS, it was possible to distinguish between X. campestris pv. zeae and other Xanthomonas strains based on the fingerprint. This fingerprint could be used to identify the pathogen. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T11:44:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Rosa Peixoto Nascimento.pdf: 846418 bytes, checksum: 7dd326913edffe1dc94410cf6178eac6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T11:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Rosa Peixoto Nascimento.pdf: 846418 bytes, checksum: 7dd326913edffe1dc94410cf6178eac6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Submédio São Francisco is the main producting and exporting region of table grapes in Brazil, where the cultivated area with this fruit crop has been significantly expanded in the last years. However, the intensification of grape production, the use of susceptible cultivars, and the favorable environmental conditions of that region allowed the occurrence of disease and pest problems, with emphasis for the bacterial canker (Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola - Xcv). Reported for the first time in Brazil, in plantations of the Submédio São Francisco in 1998, the canker is the most important bacterial disease of grapevine in that region. The present work aimed to study: methods of preservation and pathogen growth at different temperatures, pHs and NaCl concentrations; elaboration and validation of a diagramatic key for bacterial canker; and the reaction of grapevine varieties to the pathogen, based on the disease epidemiological components. The preservation methods: dried paper strips (DPS), periodic transfer (PT), sterile distiled water (SDW) and dried leaves (DL) were utilised for storing two Xcv strains during 12 months. The variables viability and pathogenicity were evaluatedmonthly and estimated by bacterial growth and area under disease incidence curve (AUDIC). Both the DPS and SDW methods maintained 100% of cell viability and showed higher AUDIC values during 11 months. PT did not permit growth at 30 days while DL allowed the pathogen isolation for 5 months. The influence of temperature (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40 and 45°C), pH (5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5; 8.0; 8.5 and 9.0) and NaCl concentration (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7%) on the growth of two Xcv strains was studied in NYD medium and evaluated in spectrophotometer. The minimum and maximum temperatures for Xcv growth were respectively 5 and 39°C, while the optimum growth was observed from 27 to 29°C. Xcv does not growth at 0 or 40°C. The optimum pH for Xcv growth ranged from 7.0 to 7.5. The pathogen growth declined from 3.0 % NaCl and was null at 6.0 %. Aiming to standardize methods to quantify bacterial canker severity a diagrammatic key was elaborated including the levels 2, 4, 8, 17, 34, 63 and 91% of diseased leaf area. To validate the diagrammatic key, 50 leaves with different levels of severity, previously measured by the softwareAutoCAD®, were evaluated by 10 raters with and without the use of the key. Two evaluations were performed with the key at 7-day intervals when different sequences of the same leaves were visually estimated by the same raters. The accuracy and precision of each rater were determined by simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. Without the key, most of the raters overestimated disease severity. With the key raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision; however, all tended to underestimate severity, with absolute errors concentrated around 10%. Raters showed good repeatability and high reproducibility of estimative by using the key compared to not using it. The reaction of 20 grapevine varieties, 13 scions and seven rootstocks, was evaluated in relation to disease resistance under greenhouse conditions. Plants were inoculated with a suspension of the strain Xcv1 (A570 = 108 CFU mL-1), incubated in a greenhouse and observed daily for epidemiological components of bacterial canker: incubation period (PI), incidence of leaves with symptoms (INC), incidence of leaves with canker (IFC), disease severity (SEV), progress rate of disease incidence (TPID), area under the disease severity progress curve (AACPSD). All varietieswere susceptible to the pathogen, although there were significant differences among them (P=0.05) for most of the analyzed variables. ‘Brasil’ showed the highest disease levels for all variables tested, while ‘Isabel’ and ‘Paulsen 1103’ presented the highest values of PI and the lowest values of INC, IFC, SEV, TPID and AACPSD, suggesting the potential of those varieties in programs of genetic breeding and integrated management of grapevine bacterial canker. The studied variables might be utilized in research including reaction of varieties to this disease. Considering all the epidemiological components, the analysis of the Euclidean distance by UPGMA allowed the separation of scion and rootstock varieties into three similarity groups each. / O Submédio São Francisco é o principal centro produtor e exportador de uvas de mesa do Brasil, onde a área plantada com esta cultura tem se expandido significativamente, nos últimos anos. No entanto, a intensificação do cultivo da videira, o plantio de variedades suscetíveis, além das condições climáticas prevalentes na região propiciam o surgimento de problemas fitossanitários, entre os quais se destaca o cancro bacteriano (Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola - Xcv). Detectado pela primeira vez no Brasil, em parreirais do Submédio São Francisco, em 1998, o cancro é a doença bacteriana mais importante da videira na região. No presente trabalho foram estudados: métodos de preservação e o crescimento do patógeno em diferentes temperaturas, pHs e concentrações de NaCl; elaboração e validação de uma escala diagramática para cancro bacteriano; e reação de variedades de videira ao patógeno, baseada nos componentes epidemiológicos da doença. Os métodos dessecação em papel de filtro (DPF), repicagens periódicas (RP), água destilada esterilizada (ADE) e folhas herborizadas (FH) foramutilizados para preservar dois isolados de Xcv (Xcv1 e Unb1216) durante 12 meses. As variáveis viabilidade e patogenicidade foram avaliadas mensalmente e estimadas pela obtenção de crescimento bacteriano e área abaixo da curva de incidência da doença (AACID). Tanto o método DPF como ADE propiciaram viabilidade constante de 100 % durante 11 meses e os maiores valores de AACID. No método RP não se observou crescimento dos isolados aos 30 dias, enquanto que, em FH, Xcv foi isolada até cinco meses. Os efeitos da temperatura (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40 e 45°C), pH (5,0; 5,5; 6,0; 6,5; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0; 8,5 e 9,0) e concentração de NaCl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7%) sobre o crescimento de dois isolados de Xcv em meio de cultura NYD foram estudados sendo que o crescimento foi avaliado em fotocolorímetro. As temperaturas mínima e máxima para o crescimento de Xcv foram respectivamente 5 e 39°C, enquanto que um crescimento ótimo foi observado no intervalo de 27 a 29°C. Xcv não cresce a 0 e 40°C. A faixa de pH ótima para o crescimento desta bactéria é de7,0 a 7,5. O crescimento de Xcv foi reduzido a partir de 3,0 % de NaCl, sendo o nível de 6,0 % letal para essa bactéria. Para padronizar métodos de quantificação da severidade do cancro bacteriano, foi elaborada uma escala diagramática com níveis de 2, 4, 8, 17, 34, 63 e 91% de área foliar lesionada. Navalidação da escala diagramática, 50 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade da doença, mensurados previamente com o programa AutoCAD®, foram avaliadas por 10 pessoas sem e com a utilização da escala. Foram realizadas duas avaliações com utilização da escala com intervalo de sete dias, onde seqüências diferentes das mesmas folhas foram estimadas visualmente pelos mesmos avaliadores. A acurácia e a precisão de cada avaliador foram determinadas por regressão linear simples, entre a severidade real e a estimada. Sem a escala, a maioria dos avaliadores superestimou a severidade da doença. Com a escala, os avaliadores obtiveram melhores níveis de acurácia e precisão, embora tendessem a subestimar a severidade com erros absolutos concentrando-se na faixa de 10%. Os avaliadores apresentaram boa repetibilidade e elevada reprodutibilidade das estimativas com utilização da escala, o mesmo não sendo verificado sem a utilização desta. A reação de 20 variedades de videira, sendo 13 de copa e sete de porta-enxerto, foi avaliada quanto à resistência à doença, em casa de vegetação. As plantas foram inoculadas com a suspensão do isolado Xcv1 (A570 = 0,4 correspondente a108 UFC mL-1), incubadas em casa de vegetação e observadas diariamente quanto aos componentes epidemiológicos do cancro bacteriano: período de incubação (PI), incidência de folhas com sintomas (INC), incidência de folhas com cancro (IFC), severidade da doença (SEV), taxa de progresso da incidência da doença (TPID), área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da doença (AACPSD). Todas as variedades foram suscetíveis ao patógeno, embora diferindo significativamente entre si (P=0,05) para a maioria das variáveis analisadas. Em geral, ‘Brasil’ apresentou os maiores níveis de doença para todas as variáveis testadas, enquanto ‘Isabel’ e ‘Paulsen 1103’ destacaram-se ao propiciarem os maiores valores de PI e os menores valores de INC, IFC, SEV, TPID e AACPSD, indicando o potencial dessas para utilização em programas de melhoramento genético e de manejo integrado do cancro bacteriano da videira. As variáveis estudadas podem ser utilizadas em pesquisas envolvendo reação de variedades ao cancro bacteriano da videira. Quando considerado o conjunto doscomponenetes epidemiológicos, a análise da distância Euclidiana por UPGMA permitiu a separação das variedades de copa e porta-enxerto em três grupos de similaridade cada.

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