O Canabidiol (CBD), principal composto não-psicotomimético da Cannabis sativa, possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo a indução de efeitos tipoantidepressivos e ansiolíticos em roedores após administração sistêmica. O isolamento social aumenta comportamentos agressivos em camundongos, condição denominada agressão induzida pelo isolamento social ou agressão territorial. Drogas ansiolíticas e antidepressivas podem atenuar comportamentos agressivos. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se o CBD atenuaria comportamentos agressivos induzidos pelo isolamento social em camundongos. Camundongos Suíços machos (7-8 semanas de idade no dia do isolamento, 30-40 g no dia do teste) foram mantidos isolados (camundongos residentes) para indução dos comportamentos agressivos. Paralelamente, camundongos co-específicos (camundongos intrusos) foram mantidos agrupados (oito por caixa). Neste modelo, um camundongo intruso da mesma linhagem, sexo e idade foi colocado na caixa moradia do residente. As interações entre os camundongos residente e intruso foram gravadas por 20 min e a latência para a primeira mordida contra o intruso, o número de ataques e o tempo total de ataques foram analisados por um observador cego aos grupos experimentais. Após 10 dias de isolamento social, foi testado se a administração aguda (i.p.) de CBD (5, 15, 30 ou 60 mg/kg), 30 min antes do teste, atenuaria comportamentos agressivos dos camundongos residentes contra os intrusos. Para avaliar a participação de receptores 5-HT1A e CB1 nos efeitos do CBD, grupos independentes de animais receberam 1 injeção prévia de WAY 100635 (antagonista dos receptores 5-HT1A, 0,3 mg/kg) ou AM251 (antagonista dos receptores CB1, 1 mg/kg), 30 min antes do CBD (15 mg/kg). Para controlar possíveis efeitos motores da droga, grupos independentes de animais tratados com doses efetivas de CBD ou não efetivas de WAY100635 ou AM251 foram submetidos ao actímetro para avaliação da atividade locomotora total. O CBD (15 mg/kg) aumentou a latência para o residente atacar o intruso e este efeito foi atenuado tanto pela administração prévia de AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186,62±83,16; VEI+CBD: 956,25±150,77; AM+VEI: 271,71±156,18; AM+CBD: 395,86±208,24; p=0,030) quanto WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116,33±29,38; VEI+CBD: 860,87±177,36; WAY+VEI: 305,12±159,16; WAY+CBD: 302,57±154,68; p=0,011). Além disso, o CBD reduziu o número de ataques em todas as doses testadas (VEI: 23,00±3,66; CBD 5: 12,25±2,43; CBD 15: 6,62±2,43; CBD 30: 7,71±3,24; CBD 60: 8,16±2,36; p=0,002) e as doses intermediárias (15 e 30 mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir o tempo total de ataques (VEI: 114,37±22,65; CBD 5: 80,87±23,83; CBD 15: 40,00±14,58; CBD 30: 25,86±12,88; CBD 60: 54,67±9,68; p=0,018), ambos os efeitos sendo atenuados pelo AM251 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 19,25±2,56; VEI+CBD: 3,25±2,36; AM+VEI: 22,86±4,97; AM+CBD: 14,14±4,10; p=0,028; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 66,62±9,19; VEI+CBD: 11,75±9,56; AM+VEI: 118,86±31,00; AM+CBD: 58,71±17,45; p=0,049) e WAY100635 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 30,83±6,77; VEI+CBD: 7,87±4,68; WAY+VEI: 22,50±5,06; WAY+CBD: 23,57±6,74; p=0,059; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 151,17±32,65; VEI+CBD: 16,75±10,88; WAY+VEI: 113,75±24,66; WAY+CBD: 76,29±21,36; p=0,002). Não foi observado efeito motor do CBD em nenhuma das doses testadas, bem como do WAY100635 e AM251. Esses resultados evidenciam que o CBD atenua comportamentos agressivos em camundongos e nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento de receptores CB1 e 5-HT1A. Desse modo, este fitocanabinoide poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para tratar comportamentos agressivos associados a transtornos psiquiátricos / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa plant, induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodents after systemic administration. Long-term individual housing increases aggressive behavior in mice, a condition named isolation-induced aggression or territorial aggression, which can be attenuated by anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify whether CBD would attenuate the aggressive behavior induced by social isolation. Male Swiss mice (7-8 weeks of age on the isolation day, 30-40 g on the test day) were individually housed (resident mice) to induce aggressive behavior, while conspecific mice (intruder mice) were grouped housed (eight per cage). In this model, an intruder mouse of the same strain, sex and age is placed in the resident home cage. The resident-intruder interactions were videotaped for 20 min and the latency to the first bite against the intruder, the number of attacks and the total duration of aggressive encounters were recorded and later analyzed by an observer blind to the treatment groups. After 10 days of social isolation, we tested if acute intraperitoneal CBD administration (5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) to the resident mice 30 min prior to the test would attenuate aggressive-like behavior towards the intruder animal. To evaluate the involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors in the CBD effects, independent groups of animals were injected with WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg) or AM251(1 mg/kg) 30 min prior to CBD (15 mg/kg). To control possible motor effects, independent animals treated with effective doses of CBD or ineffective doses of WAY100635 or AM251 were submitted to the actimeter to evaluate the total locomotor activity. CBD (15 mg/kg) increased latency to attack the intruder and this effect was attenuated by the prior administration of AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186.62±83.16; VEI+CBD: 956.25±150.77; AM+VEI: 271.71±156.18; AM+CBD: 395.86±208.24; p=0.030) or WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116.33±29.38; VEI+CBD: 860.87±177.36; WAY+VEI: 305.12±159.16; WAY+CBD: 302.57±154.68; p=0.011). Moreover, CBD reduced the number of attacks in all tested doses (VEI: 23.00±3.66; CBD 5: 12.25±2.43; CBD 15: 6.62±2.43; CBD 30: 7.71±3.24; CBD 60: 8.16±2.36; p=0.002) as well as the duration of aggressive behavior encounters in the intermediary doses (15 and 30 mg/kg; VEI: 114.37±22.65; CBD 5: 80.87±23.83; CBD 15: 40.00±14.58; CBD 30: 25.86±12.88; CBD 60: 54.67±9.68; p=0.018), both effects were attenuated by AM251 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 19.25±2.56; VEI+CBD: 3.25±2.36; AM+VEI: 22.86±4.97; AM+CBD: 14.14±4.10; p=0.028; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 66.62±9.19; VEI+CBD: 11.75±9.56; AM+VEI: 118.86±31.00; AM+CBD: 58.71±17.45; p=0.049) and WAY100635 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 30.83±6.77; VEI+CBD: 7.87±4.68; WAY+VEI: 22.50±5.06; WAY+CBD: 23.57±6.74; p=0.059; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 151.17±32.65; VEI+CBD: 16.75±10.88; WAY+VEI: 113.75±24.66; WAY+CBD: 76.29±21.36; p=0.002). CBD, in all tested doses, as well as WAY100635 and AM251, did not induce locomotor changes. These findings suggest that CBD decreases aggressive behaviors in mice and allow us to suggest that this effect involves CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this phytocannabinoid may be therapeutically useful to treat aggressive behaviors that are usually associated with psychiatric disorders

O Canabidiol (CBD), que representa aproximadamente 40% dos canabinóides encontrados na planta Cannabis sativa, é desprovido dos efeitos psicológicos e cognitivos típicos do 9-Tetraidrocanabinol (9THC). Estudos sugerem que o CBD apresenta propriedades ansiolíticas, porém esta substância nunca foi testada na ansiedade clínica. Do mesmo modo, não se sabe como estes possíveis efeitos seriam mediados centralmente em pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade social (TAS). Diante das evidências da existência de um sistema canabinóide em humanos e do crescente interesse terapêutico no uso do CBD, justifica-se um estudo para desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia analítica para a determinação e quantificação de CBD e 9THC empregando a técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa/espectrometria de massas. O método desenvolvido e validado se mostrou rápido, simples, de baixo custo com boa sensibilidade e apropriado para aplicação na área da toxicologia clínica. O método demonstrou ser linear no intervalo de concentração de 5 a 500 ng/0,5 mL de plasma para o CBD (r2 = 0,99) e de 5 a 300 ng/0,5 mL (r2 = 0,98) para o 9THC. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram respectivamente 0,1 ng/0,5 mL e 0,5 ng/0,5 mL para o CBD e, 5 ng/0,5 mL e 10 ng/0,5 mL para o 9THC. Valores de precisão inter e intra ensaio estão respectivamente, na faixa de 5,5% a 12,7%, e de 2,1% a 8,1%. Valores de exatidão inter e intra ensaio estão respectivamente, na faixa de 1,2% a 12,0, e de 1,2 a 14,5 para CBD e 9THC. A eficiência da extração foi obtida na faixa de 54,6 a 93,2% de recuperação para os analitos. A metodologia validada foi empregada em um estudo clínico para correlacionar a dose após a administração controlada de CBD em pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade social. / Dissertation (Master). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. The Cannabidiol (CBD), that represents about 40% of the cannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa plant, is devoided of the typical psychological and cognitive effects of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC). Researches suggest that CBD shows ansiolitic properties, but this substance was never tested on clinical anxiety. It is unknown how possible CBD effects could be centrally mediated in social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients. There are evidences about the existence of a cannabinoid system in humans and there is also increasing interest on therapeutic CBD application. The present study was conducted to develop and validate an analytical methodology for determination and quantification of CBD and 9THC, employing gas phase chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The validated method was fast, easy, low cost, with a good sensibility and appropriate for clinical toxicology applications. The method was linear on the range of 5 to 500 ng/0,5 mL of plasma for CBD (r2=0,99) and 5 to 300 ng/0,5 mL (r2=0,98) for 9THC. The detection and quantification limits were 0,1 ng/0,5 mL and 0,5 ng/0,5 mL for CBD and 5ng/0,5 mL and 10 ng/0,5 mL for 9THC respectively. Inter and intraday reproducibility were between 5,5% to 12,7% and 2,1% to 8,1%, respectively. Inter and intraday accuracy was between 1,2% to 12% and 1,2% to 14,5% for CBD and 9THC respectively. The recovery of extraction was between 54, 6% to 93,2% of recovery for the analytes The validated methodology was applied in a clinical trial to correlate the doses after the controlled cannabidiol administration to patients with social anxiety disorders.

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological illness that affects tens of millions of people globally and can lead to large restrictions in the affected individuals lives. Up to one third of epilepsy patients present epileptic seizures despite treatment with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Relatively recent research into new epileptic treatments has led to the development of cannabidiol-based anticonvulsant drugs. Cannabidiol (CBD) is extracted from the plant Cannabis sativa. CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, compared to other cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC). CBD is considered to possess neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties that can help patients with treatment-resistant forms of epilepsy such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet syndrome (DS). The precise mechanism of action is not known, though it is speculated to stem from CBDs agonist or antagonist activity at various ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters. Objective: The purpose of this literature study was to evaluate the effects and safety of cannabidiol in patients with epilepsy.  Method: This thesis is a literature study that was performed by retrieving and reviewing scientific studies from the PubMed database. Search terms such as ‘’Cannabidiol’’, ‘’epilepsy’’, ‘’CBD’’ and ‘’seizure’’ were used. Inclusion criteria for the studies were that the studies should be five years or younger and have at least 50 participants. Results: Five scientific articles were included in the literature study. Any sort of seizure reduction was noted in 36-63,6% of the participants, ≥50% seizure reduction was noted in 36-55% of participants. 1-3% had a 100% seizure reduction. The seizure reductions were greater amongst the CBD groups than in the placebo groups. The vast majority of the adverse effects were deemed to be mild or moderate with diarrhea, somnolence and decreased appetite being the most common. There were elevations of aminotransferase liver enzymes in 1,4-15% of the participants, primarily amongst participants that combined CBD with valproic acid. Mortalities were noted in the studies, though none were considered to be related to treatment. Conclusions: To alleviate human suffering and develop better treatment options of difficult to treat conditions, research into previously tabooed substances is justified. CBD appeared to have good seizure reducing properties when used against various types of epilepsy, with over all tolerable adverse effects. However the studies also indicate that CBD might not be safe to combine with all other antiepileptic drugs, such as valproic acid because of elevations of liver enzymes that might indicate hepatotoxicity. Additional studies are also required to evaluate the correlation with CBD plasma concentration and seizure reduction.

L’intérêt grandissant suscité par les propriétés thérapeutiques exhibées par les cannabinoïdes a motivé la naissance du projet décrit dans ce mémoire de maîtrise. La synthèse efficace de différents cannabinoïdes est devenue essentielle afin de pouvoir mieux comprendre les mécanismes régulant les propriétés médicales de ces composés ainsi que pour promouvoir le développement de nouveaux traitements médicamenteux. Le cannabidiol est d’intérêt particulier en raison des propriétés anti-inflammatoires, et anticancéreuses exhibées par cette molécule. Ce projet vise à explorer différentes routes permettant la fonctionnalisation du cannabidiol en phase avancée dans le but de faciliter l’accès aux dérivés de ce produit naturel. La première partie de ce mémoire se concentre sur le développement d’une voie de synthèse permettant la fonctionnalisation d’un précurseur du cannabidiol en utilisant le 1,3-diméthoxybenzène, un produit de départ abordable et commercialement disponible. L’approche proposée comporte six étapes et s’appuie sur une réaction de Diels-Alder pour générer l’adduit bicyclique du cannabidiol. Plusieurs routes ont été explorées pour obtenir la fonctionnalisation de ce précurseur, à savoir une borylation de Hartwig-Miyaura et une bromination du cycle aromatique. La deuxième partie de ce projet se concentre sur la fonctionnalisation du cannabidiol en phase avancée en s’appuyant sur la fonctionnalité de l’amide de Weinreb. Ces travaux ont abouti au développement d’une voie de synthèse efficace et durable pour la production de l’olivetol, un fragment clé pour la production à grande échelle de cannabidiol dans l’industrie pharmaceutique. Cette méthode se base sur une approche en quatre étapes s’appuyant sur un amide de Weinreb en utilisant un produit de départ abordable, l’acide 3,5-dimethoxy benzoïque. La synthèse de l’amide de Weinreb puis de la cétone correspondante, suivie d’une réduction de Wolff-Kishner, et enfin la démethylation du substrat ont permis d’obtenir le produit désiré. La versatilité de cette approche tolère une fonctionnalisation variée de la molécule, permettant la synthèse potentielle de divers dérivés de l’olivetol. / The increasing interest around the therapeutic possibilities offered by cannabinoids was the motivation for the project described in this Master’s thesis. The efficient synthesis of various CBs has become critical to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms behind the medical properties of cannabinoids as well as for the development of novel drug treatments. Cannabidiol is of particular interest as the molecule exhibits anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. This work aims to explore different routes to enable the late-stage functionalization of cannabidiol in order to easily access derivatives of the natural compound. The first part of this work focuses on developing a route enabling the functionalization of the cannabidiol precursor utilizing the affordable and commercially available starting material 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene. The proposed six-step approach relies on a Diels-Alder reaction to generate the bicyclic adduct of cannabidiol. Several routes were then explored to obtain the functionalization of the precursor namely a Hartwig-Miyaura borylation and a bromination of the aromatic ring. The second part of this project focuses on the functionalization of cannabidiol relying on the Weinreb amide functionality. This work led to the development of an efficient and sustainable route for the synthesis of olivetol, a key fragment for the large-scale production of cannabidiol within the pharmaceutical industry. The method relies on a four-step approach relying on a Weinreb amide synthesized using the affordable 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid. The synthesis of the Weinreb amide followed by the formation of the corresponding ketone, subsequent Wolff-Kishner reduction, and finally demethylation of the substrate allowed to generate the desired product. The versatility of the approach allows for variations in functionalization, enabling potential formation of various olivetol derivatives.

This thesis describes in the form of a commentary on own original publications research on the problems of cannabinoids, ie. phytocannabinoids and some synthetic cannabinoids, their pharmacokinetics and effects. The work consists of four thematic areas: the pharmacokinetics of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in rats, depending on the route of administration; THC concentration time profile in humans (after inhalation) and implications for transport safety; the pharmacokinetic profile of synthetic cannabinoids in rats; extraction and determination of phytocannabinoids in plant material. The first part of the thesis was to determine pharmacokinetic profiles of THC, CBD and combination thereof (1:1 weight ratio) in rats with respect to administration common in humans, i.e. inhalation, oral and subcutaneous administration. THC, its metabolites (11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-OH-THC; 11-nor-delta-9- carboxytetrahydrocannabinol, THCOOH) and CBD concentrations in serum and brains of animals were monitored at the 24 hours experimental interval during the study. Except for inhalation administration, co-administration of CBD inhibited THC metabolism (after both oral and subcutaneous), resulting in an increase in THC concentrations in both serum and brain of the rats relative to...

Problématique: Chaque année, plus de 18 millions de personnes mondialement consomment de la cocaïne. De ces consommateurs, 16% développeront un trouble de l'usage de la cocaïne (TUC). Le TUC est associé à des problèmes physiques, sociaux et psychologiques, représentant un problème majeur de santé publique. Chez les individus ayant un TUC, la consommation excessive et répétée de cocaïne induit un stress oxydatif favorisant une réponse inflammatoire systémique et une neuroinflammation. Le cannabidiol (CBD) a gagné en intérêt pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires dans les études précliniques ainsi que pour son profil sécuritaire et tolérable. À notre connaissance, une seule étude clinique a évalué les effets du CBD sur trois marqueurs inflammatoires spécifiques. Les propriétés anti- inflammatoires du CBD doivent être confirmées chez l’humain, et notamment chez les personnes avec un trouble lié à l'usage de substances. Objectifs: L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si l'administration de CBD module les concentrations plasmatiques de divers marqueurs inflammatoires comparativement au placebo chez les personnes ayant un TUC. Méthodologie: Nous avons réalisé une analyse exploratoire des données provenant d’un essai clinique randomisé contrôlé unicentrique dont l’objectif primaire était de déterminer l’effet du CBD sur la rechute et les envies intenses de consommer. 78 participants âgés de 18 à 65 ans et ayant reçu un diagnostic de TUC ont été randomisés (1:1), de manière stratifiée pour le sexe et la sévérité de la dépendance à la cocaïne, au traitement CBD ou placebo. Les participants ont reçu 800 mg/jour de leur traitement attitré pendant 92 jours. Des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés avant le début du traitement, puis au jour 8, aux semaines 4 et 12. Ces derniers ont été analysés par immunodosage multiplexé pour déterminer les concentrations de diverses cytokines et par cytométrie de flux pour déterminer les phénotypes cellulaires. Des comparaisons entre les groupes ont été effectuées en utilisant des estimations d’équation généralisées. Résultats: Les niveaux de facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire, d’interleukine-6, de monocyte intermédiaire et de cellule tueuse naturelle faiblement cytotoxique étaient significativement inférieurs chez les participants recevant du CBD que chez ceux recevant du placebo. Comparativement au groupe placebo, les lymphocytes CD25+CD4+T étaient augmentés dans le groupe CBD. Les niveaux de lymphocytes B étaient similaires dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Le CBD démontre certaines propriétés anti-inflammatoires chez les personnes avec un TUC. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour répliquer les résultats et pour évaluer les bénéfices cliniques de la diminution des marqueurs inflammatoires par le CBD. / Issue: More than 18 million people worldwide use cocaine each year. Of these users, 16% will develop cocaine use disorder (CUD). CUD is associated with physical, social and psychological problems, representing a major public health problem. Repeated and excessive cocaine use induces oxidative stress leading to a systemic inflammatory response and neuroinflammation. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained interest for its anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical studies as well as for its safe and tolerable profile. To our knowledge, only one clinical study has evaluated the effects of CBD on three specific inflammatory markers. The anti-inflammatory properties of CBD need to be confirmed in humans, particularly in people with substance use disorders. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine whether CBD administration modulates plasma concentrations of various inflammatory markers compared to placebo in individuals with CUD. Methodology: We conducted an exploratory analysis of data from a single-center randomized controlled trial whose primary objective was to determine the effect of CBD on relapse and intense cravings. 78 participants aged 18 to 65 years with a CUD diagnosis were randomized (1:1) to CBD treatment or placebo. Randomization was stratified for gender and severity of cocaine dependence. Participants received 800 mg per day of their assigned treatment for 92 days. Blood samples were taken before the start of treatment and then at day 8, week 4 and week 12. These blood samples were analyzed by multiplexed immunoassay for concentrations of various cytokines and by flow cytometry for cellular phenotypes. Comparisons between groups were made using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, intermediate monocyte, and low cytotoxic natural killer cell were significantly lower in participants receiving CBD than in those receiving placebo. Compared to the placebo group, CD25+CD4+T lymphocytes were increased in the CBD group. B-cell levels were similar in both groups. Conclusion: CBD demonstrates some anti-inflammatory properties in people with CUD. Further studies will be needed to replicate the results and to evaluate the clinical benefits of CBDmediated reduction of inflammatory markers.

A growing interest for Cannabidiol (CBD), a component of Cannabis Sativa, has occurred over the past years. The medical potential of the component is yet to be better characterized, as its effects on sleep, and in particular memory, are to date not well understood or consistently characterized. This master thesis project focuses on analysing the effect of CBD on an anaesthesia-induced sleep-like state in rats, and its effects on the hippocampal sharp-wave-ripples, which have been shown to be associated with memory replay during sleep, and hence system consolidation. The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, the two structures involved in memory consolidation, were recorded in 19 rats, split in two groups (CBD and vehicle). From these recordings, an automated sleep scorer using principal component analysis was developed to obtain the animals’ hypnograms, which were analysed to study sleep-like structure. From the recordings of the hippocampal pyramidal layer, and an additionnal layer deeper under it, respectively ripples and sharp waves were detected in all animals, and characterized for each group. We observed and demonstrated that CBD changes the sleep-like structure by shortening both REM and NREM bouts, resulting in an increase in transitions between both states. Additionally, we observed that, although ripples are not significantly different between both groups, sharp waves tend to be smaller among CBD animals. Lastly we noticed that both sharp wave and ripple activity, after increasing upon transition to NREM, decreases as the bout last. This finding suggests that vehicle animals, who have longer bouts and less transitions, would display less sharp wave and ripple activity, although we found no significant difference in the amount of both brain events. This paradox suggests that there is still more to characterize in order to understand if CBD enhances or not memory consolidation. In sum, CBD changes anaesthesia-induced sleep by shortening the duration of both NREM and REM bouts, resulting in an increase in transitions between both state. As for sleep events, sharp waves appeared shorter among CBD animals, although the same difference was not observed for ripples. Finally, sharp wave and ripple activity appear to peak upon transition from REM to NREM sleep, and decreases as the NREM bout lasts longer, however, no effect of CBD on this observation was highlighted.

O canabidiol (CBD), um componente não-psicotomomético presente na planta Cannabis sativa, induz efeitos ansiolíticos em roedores e humanos após administração sistêmica. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram feitos para identificar as estruturas cerebrais envolvidas nesses efeitos do CBD. Dados prévios do nosso laboratório apontam para um possível envolvimento do núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD, como evidenciado pelos níveis alterados (reduzidos) de imunorreatividade para proteína c-Fos (marcador de ativação neuronial) em animais tratados com administração sistêmica de CBD no modelo da resposta emocional condicionada (REC) contextual. Os mecanismos de ação pelos quais o CBD produz seus também são ainda pouco compreendidos, mas pode envolver a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou se a administração de CBD diretamente no NLET atenuaria a expressão da REC contextual. Além disso, nós também avaliamos o envolvimento do NLET nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD em outros dois modelos animais de ansiedade amplamente utilizados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste do lamber punido de Vogel e, se os efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD envolveriam a ativação local de receptores 5-HT1A. Os resultados mostraram que o CBD reduziu significativamente o tempo de congelamento e atenuou as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pela re-exposição ao contexto aversivo no modelo da REC contextual. Além disso, o CBD também aumentou a exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, bem como o número de lambidas punidas no teste de Vogel, sugerindo um efeito ansiolítico. Adicionalmente, o CBD não alterou o número de entradas nos braços fechados do LCE e não interferiu no consumo de água ou no limiar nociceptivo, descartando potenciais interferentes nesses dois modelos. Nós também observamos que o pré-tratamento local com WAY100635, um antagonista de receptores 5-HT1A, foi capaz de bloquear os efeitos do CBD injetado no NLET nos três modelos animais utilizados. Logo, estes resultados dão suporte à proposta que NLET está envolvido nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD observado após a administração sistêmica, e que este efeito parece envolver a neurotransmissão mediada por receptores 5-HT1A. / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, induces anxiolytic effects in rodents and humans following systemic administration. Despite the brain structures of CBD acts remain poorly understood, previous results from our laboratory suggest that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may be involved in the anxiolytic effects of CBD, as evidenced by changed levels (decreased) in c-Fos protein expression (a marker of neuronal activation) in animals treated with systemic administration of CBD in the contextual fear conditioning. The mechanisms of CBD effects are still poorly understood but may involve activation of 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, in the present study, we have investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of intra-BNST administration of CBD in rats submitted to contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, we also evaluated the involvement of the BNST in the anxiolytic effects of CBD in other two widely used animal models of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze and the Vogel conflict test, and if these effects are mediated by local activation of 5-HT1A receptors. The results showed that CBD significantly decreased the freezing time and attenuated the cardiovascular responses induced by contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, CBD has also increased the exploration of open arms in EPM, and the number of punished licks in the Vogel test, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. Additionally, the CBD did not alter the number of entries in closed arms of the EPM and did not affect water consumption or pain threshold, eliminating potential interferences of these two models. We also found that local pretreatment with WAY100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, was able to block the effects of CBD injected into the BNST in the three animal models of anxiety used. Hence, these results support the proposal that BNST is involved in anxiolytic effects of CBD observed after systemic administration, and this effect seems to involve the neurotransmission mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.

Submitted by PPG Odontologia (odontologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-27T16:07:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-04T14:34:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-04T14:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_DE_ARAUJO_NORONHA_DIS.pdf: 673617 bytes, checksum: 0e6162f0003c8204cabce0b4b4b0a140 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Maxillofacial fractures of traumatic origin have a high incidence in the world population. These can be treated in different ways, ranging from conservative methods to widely invasive procedures. Among the multiple possibilities of treatment of this type of disease is the use of herbal medicines, where cannabidiol (CBD) is inserted. This is the main non-psychomimetic component of Cannabis sativa (Can-ns) and plays potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic effects in a variety of pathological conditions. The present dissertation is structured in the form of 2 scientific papers. The first one consists of a literature review, whose objective was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of CBD that may be involved in bone repair. The results of this study suggest that CBD is unable substance of interfering in the healing process of bone defects from its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. The second is an experiment in an animal model, using 64 Wistar rats, divided into two groups (test with CBD and control). At the periods of two, four, six and eight weeks, they were evaluated clinically and histologically in the cicatricial process of mechanically induced bone defects in the skull cap of rats. It was found that the CBD exerted a beneficial effect in the fourth week after treatment where an increase in the mean of neoformed bone within the defect was observed, however, no statistically significant difference was observed in the healing process of the bone defects at the times analyzed. These results suggest the need to deepen the theme, aiming at a better understanding of the possible effects of CBD on bone metabolism and repair. / As fraturas ?sseas bucofaciais de origem traum?tica possuem uma elevada incid?ncia na popula??o mundial. Estas podem ser tratadas de distintas formas, que variam desde m?todos conservadores at? procedimentos amplamente invasivos. Dentre as m?ltiplas possibilidades de tratamento deste tipo de enfermidade, est? a utiliza??o de fitoter?picos, onde insere-se o canabidiol (CBD). Esse ? o principal componente n?o-psicomim?tico da Cannabis sativa (Can-ns) e desempenha potentes efeitos anti-inflamat?rios, antioxidantes e analg?sicos em diversas condi??es patol?gicas. A presente disserta??o est? estruturada na forma de 2 artigos cient?ficos. No primeiro foi realizada uma revis?o de literatura, cujo objetivo foi avaliar os mecanismos de a??o do CBD que possam estar envolvidos no reparo ?sseo. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o CBD ? uma subst?ncia capaz de interferir no processo cicatricial de defeitos ?sseos a partir do seu potencial antiinflamat?rio. O segundo trata de um experimento desenvolvido em modelo animal, utilizando 64 ratos Wistar, divididos randomicamente em 2 grupos (teste com CBD e controle). Avaliou-se cl?nica e histologicamente o efeito da administra??o intraperitoneal do CBD, na dose de 10 mg/kg/dia, por duas, 4, 6 e 8 semanas, no processo cicatricial de defeitos ?sseos mecanicamente induzidos em calota craniana de ratos. Constatou-se que o CDB exerceu um efeito ben?fico na quarta semana p?s tratamento onde observou-se um aumento na m?dia de osso neoformado no interior do defeito. Contudo n?o foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa no processo cicatricial dos defeitos ?sseos nos tempos analisados. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de aprofundar o tema, visando uma melhor compreens?o sobre poss?veis efeitos do uso do CBD no metabolismo e reparo ?sseo.

This dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part aimed to investigate the cannabidiol anxiolytic effect in treatment-naïve individuals with social anxiety disorder through simulation of public speaking. Twenty-four never-treated social anxiety disorder subjects were allocated to receive 0 or 600 mg cannabidiol (CBD; n=12) in a double-blind randomized design. The same number of controls performed the simulation of a public speaking test without receiving any medication. Pretreatment with CBD significantly reduced anxiety, cognitive impairment, and discomfort in speech performance and significantly decreased alertness in their anticipatory speech. The placebo group displayed higher anxiety, cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alertness when compared with controls as assessed with the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS). The SSPS-N scores showed significant increases during testing of the placebo group that was almost abolished in the cannabidiol group. No significant differences were observed between the cannabidiol and control groups in SSPS-N scores or in cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alertness factors of the VAMS. The second part evaluated healthy subjects\' x y during a public speaking test following a high rimonabant oral dose, to understand better the possible pharmacological approaches for anxiety disorder treatment. Twenty four participants were randomly allocated to receive 0 or 90 mg rimonabant (n=12) in a double-blind design. No significant adverse effects were reported in either group. Participants who received rimonabant showed increased anxiety levels compared to placebo during anticipatory speech and performance measurements. Rimonabant treatment did not affect sedation, cognitive impairment, discomfort, blood pressure, heart rate, self-statements during public speaking, or bodily symptoms scales. Increased anxiety may reflect lower endocannabinoid activity in CB1 receptors and CB1 p \' possible role in modulation of anxiety and anxiety disorders. The third part aimed to monitor cannabinoid blood concentrations during sustained abstinence from chronic daily cannabis smoking. Thirty male chronic daily cannabis smokers resided on a secure clinical research unit for up to 33 days, with blood collected once daily. ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) whole blood concentrations were quantified by two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven of 30 participants were THC-positive on admission, with a median (range) concentration 1.4 ng/mL (0.3-6.3). THC decreased gradually with only 1 of 11 participants negative at 26 days; 2 of 5 participants remained THC-positive (0.3 ng/mL) for 30 days. 5.0% f p p h TH >=1 0 g/ L f 12 y M 11-OH-THC w 1 1 g/ L w h >=1 0 g/ L 24h THCCOOH detection rates were 96.7 on admission, decreasing slowly to 95.7 and 85.7% on days 8 and 22, respectively; four of 5 participants remained THCCOOH positive (0.6-2.7 ng/mL) after 30 days and one remained positive on discharge at 33 days. THC was quantified in some participants for 30 days, albeit in low concentrations, due to the large cannabinoid body burden from extended exposure / Esta tese é dividida em três partes. A primeira parte consiste em investigar o efeito ansiolítico do canabidiol na ansiedade social através do teste de simulação de falar em público. Vinte e quatro sujeitos com ansiedade social, nunca tratados, receberam placebo ou canabidiol (CBD) 600 mg (n=12) em um estudo randomizado e duplo-cego. O mesmo número de indivíduos saudáveis realizaram o teste de simulação de falar em público sem receber medicação. A administração do CBD reduziu significativamente a ansiedade, sedação física e outros sentimentos e atitudes durante a fase de estresse, e diminui o nível de alerta na fase pré-estresse. O grupo placebo apresentou níveis elevado de ansiedade, sedação física, outros sentimentos e atitudes, e alerta comparado com o grupo controle. A pontuação do SSPS-N evidenciou aumento significativo durante o teste no grupo placebo, enquanto que o CBD reduziu estes níveis. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos CBD e controle na SSPS-N e nos fatores sedação física, outros sentimentos e atitudes e alerta, da Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS). A segunda parte do estudo avaliou a ansiedade em indivíduos saudáveis que receberam alta dose oral de rimonabanto e submetidos ao teste de simulação de falar em público, para melhor entendimento do possível mecanismo farmacológico para tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade. Vinte e quatro sujeitos saudáveis receberam placebo ou rimonabanto 90 mg (n=12) em um randomizado e duplo-cego. Não foi observado efeitos adversos significativo em ambos grupos. O grupo rimonabanto apresentou maiores níveis de ansiedade na fase pré-estresse e durante o estresse. Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos demais fatores avaliados entre os grupos. O aumento na ansiedade após administração do rimonabanto pode-se ao fato de haver diminuição no sistema endocanabinóide nos receptores CB1 e a possível modulação na ansiedade clínica e patológica. A terceira parte objetivou quantificar canabinóides no sangue total em usuários crônicos de cannabis durante abstinência supervisionada. Trinta usuários crônicos de cannabis, do sexo masculino, permaneceram no centro de pesquisa por até 33 dias, com coleta de sangue uma vez ao dia. ?9-tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), 11-hidróxi-THC (11-OH-THC) e 11-nor-9-carbóxi-THC (THCCOOH) foram quantificados no sangue por meio da cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa bidimensional. Vinte e sete de 30 usuários foram positivos para THC no ingresso do estudo, com concentração mediana (variação) de 1.4 ng/mL (0.3-6.3). Níveis de THC diminuíram gradativamente com somente 1 de 11 participantes negativo no dia 26; 2 de 5 indivíduos permaneceram positivos para THC (0.3 g/ L p 30 5 0% j TH >=1 0 g/ L p 12 ç mediana de 11-OH-TH f 1 1 g/ L g >=1 0 g/ L pó 24h. A taxa de detecção de THCCOOH foi 96.7% no ingresso, diminuindo gradativamente para 95.7 e 85.7% nos dias 8 e 22, respectivamente; 4 de 5 sujeitos permaneceram positivo para THCCOOH (0.6-2.7 ng/mL) após 30 dias e um permaneceu positivo no 33º dia. Foi detectado THC em alguns indivíduos por 30 dias, porém em baixas concentrações, devido a extensa eliminação do canabinóide em decorrência da exposição crônica