I explore how recreational canoeists develop sense of place developed and ecological identity through experience. The intersection between artefact and narrative is the entry-point of exploration of understandings of how recreational canoeists learn through experiences. There are three structural elements. A factional narrative arc of a canoe trip frames the work. Fragments of collective narratives: weave into this story and add richness and depth of experience. Participants’ interwoven narratives form the second element of this work. Finally, footnotes underpin this text to explain and support the research. They emerge to reflect the complexity of telling, and understanding, experience. This is a story of stories. This is a story of a trip that never happened. It holds real participants’ narratives based in lived experiences that shape this story. Narratives emerge between artefact and experience, between experience and ecological identity, between ecological identity and place, and between place and story.

I explore how recreational canoeists develop sense of place developed and ecological identity through experience. The intersection between artefact and narrative is the entry-point of exploration of understandings of how recreational canoeists learn through experiences. There are three structural elements. A factional narrative arc of a canoe trip frames the work. Fragments of collective narratives: weave into this story and add richness and depth of experience. Participants’ interwoven narratives form the second element of this work. Finally, footnotes underpin this text to explain and support the research. They emerge to reflect the complexity of telling, and understanding, experience. This is a story of stories. This is a story of a trip that never happened. It holds real participants’ narratives based in lived experiences that shape this story. Narratives emerge between artefact and experience, between experience and ecological identity, between ecological identity and place, and between place and story.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Montana, 2008. / Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on July 6, 2009. Includes bibliographical references.

O presente estudo tem por objeto o processo de tradução e suas dificuldades a partir da análise da obra La Chasse-Galerie, do escritor franco-canadense Marie-Louis-Honoré Beaugrand (1848-1906). Nosso objetivo é mostrar as diferentes marcas culturais e linguísticas presentes na citada obra e os caminhos percorridos para encontrar uma tradução capaz de transpor, a partir da língua alvo, os mesmos significados e os mesmos sentimentos expressados na língua de partida, sem que a obra parecesse estrangeira aos olhos do leitor. Para atingir esse objetivo, tomamos por base os conceitos teóricos de Eco (2007) sobre a tradução que afirma que quando se traduz nunca se diz a mesma coisa, mas quase e Berman (2002), porque o seu posicionamento é o de que, uma tradução só é boa ou bem sucedida quando o tradutor deixa nela as marcas do estrangeiro, isto é, deixa entrar a cultura do estrangeiro (do texto de partida) para dentro da sua cultura (texto de chegada). / The object of study of the present research is the translation processes and their difficulties. Based on La Chasse-Galerie, the piece of the French-Canadian writer Marie-Louis-Honoré Beaugrand (1848-1906), we aim at demonstrating the various cultural and linguistic aspects present in the mentioned work as well as the methods we used to reach a translation capable of transmitting to the target language the same meanings and feelings expressed in the original language of the tale without making the piece strange to the readers eyes. To meet this goal, we used the translation theory by Eco (2007), according to which something translated never says the same thing, but nearly, and by Berman (2002), because he believes an effective translation is the one which allows the reader to recognize traces of the source text, that is, traces of the original culture.

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This study reviewed first the development of race result in canoe sprint during the past decades. The race results of MK1-1000 and WK1-500 have increased 32.5 % and 42.1 %, respectively, a corresponding 5.0 % and 6.5 % increase in each decade. The development of race results in canoe sprint during the past decades resulted from the contributions of various aspects. The recruitment of taller and stronger athletes improved the physiological capacity of paddlers. Direct investigation on energy contribution in canoe sprint enhanced the emphasis on aerobic capacity and aerobic endurance training. Advancement of equipment design improved the efficiency of paddling. Physiological and biomechanical diagnostics in canoe sprint led to a more scientific way of training. Additionally, other aspects might also have contributed to the development of race results during the past decades. For example, the establishment of national team after World War II provided the possibility of systematic training, and the use of drugs in the last century accelerated the development of race results in that period. Recent investigations on energetics in high-intensity exercises demonstrated an underestimate of WAER % in the table provided by some textbooks since the 1960s. An exponential correlation between WAER % and the duration of high-intensity exercises was concluded from summarizing most of the relevant reports, including reports with different methods of energy calculation. However, when reports with the MAOD and Pcr-La-O2 methods were summarized separately, a greater overestimate of WAER % from MAOD was found compared to those from Pcr-La-O2, which was in line with the critical reports on MAOD. Because of the lack of investigation of the validity of the comparisons between MAOD and Pcr-La-O2, it is still not clear which method can generate more accurate results and which method is more reliable. With regard to kayaking, a range of variation in WAER % was observed. Many factors might contribute to the variation of WAER % in kayaking. Therefore, the methods utilized to calculate the energy contributions, different paddling conditions, and the level of performance were investigated in kayaking. The findings indicated that the method utilized to calculate the energy contributions in kayaking, rather than paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, might be the possible factor associated with WAER %. Some other possible factors associated with WAER % still need to be further investigated in the future. After verifying the dependence of WAER % on the method of energy calculation, but not on paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, energy contributions of kayaking were investigated for the three racing distances on a kayak ergometer with junior paddlers. Energetic profiles in kayaking varied with paddling distances. At 500 m and 1000 m the aerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 57.8 % and 76.2 %), whereas at 200 m the anaerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 31.1-32.4 %). Muscular volume seemed to have an influence on absolute energy productions. The anaerobic alactic system determined the performance during the first 5 to 10 s. The anaerobic lactic system probably played a dominant role during the period from the 5th-10th s to 30th-40th s. The aerobic system could dominate the energy contribution after 30–40 s. This energetic profile in kayaking could provide physiological support for developing the training philosophy in these three distances. Additionally, the method introduced by Beneke et al. seemed to be a valid method to calculate the energy contributions in maximal kayaking. Energy contributions in canoeing were similar to those in kayaking. The relative energy contributions on open water canoeing were 75.3 ± 2.8 % of aerobic, 11.5 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic lactic, and 13.2 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic alactic at maximal speed of simulated 1000 m. Further, the C of canoeing seemed also to be similar to the reported findings in kayaking, with a function of y = 0.0242 * x2.1225. Training programs could be designed similarly for kayaking and canoeing with regard to energetic profile. In order to extend the findings on energetics in canoe sprint to other exercises, energy contributions in kayaking, canoeing, running, cycling, as well as arm cranking were compared with the same duration. Results indicated that WAER % during maximal exercises with the same duration seemed to be independent of movement patterns, given similar VO2 kinetics during the maximal exertion. The exponential relationship between WAER % and duration in maximal exercises could be supported by excluding the influence from movement patterns. Additionally, MLSS in kayaking was investigated. The blood lactate value of MLSS was found to be 5.4 mM in kayaking, which could expand the knowledge of MLSS in different locomotion. The MLSS in kayaking might be attributed to the involved muscle mass in this locomotion, which could result in a certain level of lactate removal, and allow a certain level of equilibrium between lactate production and removal. LT5, instead of LT4, was recommended for diagnostics in kayaking, given an incremental test as used in this study.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux mobilisations familiales et/ou individuelles pour la réalisation de projets d’immigration clandestine vers l’Europe à partir de la Casamance, une région essentiellement riche du sud du Sénégal. Elle vise à reconstituer les budgets de familles et de candidats à l’immigration à travers une analyse des stratégies et des mécanismes qu’ils mettent en oeuvre pour tenter d’améliorer et/ou de sortir de leur situation. Cette thèse examine également les déterminants qui sont à l'origine des départs, les acteurs impliqués, l’organisation des voyages, le rapport au risque, les itinéraires suivis par les candidats à l’immigration, la place des tontines dans ces voyages, et enfin les politiques de prévention des départs en Casamance et leurs effets sur les migrations en provenance de cette région. Les analyses sont développées à partir d’une approche qualitative articulée essentiellement autour du recueil de récits de vie, de récits de vie croisés, d’entretiens semi-directifs, d’observations, de discussions informelles mais aussi et surtout d’un examen des contextes individuels et collectifs dans lesquels s’inscrivent ces acteurs. Enfin l’examen des mobilisations familiales et individuelles dans l’immigration clandestine et des mobilisations familiales dans l' immigration pour études permet d’introduire une dimension comparative à ce travail. / This thesis is interested in the family and/or individual mobilizations for the realization of projects of illegal immigration towards Europe from the Casamance, a region essentially rich in the South of Senegal. She aims at reconstituting the budgets of families and applicants for immigration through an analysis of the strategies and the mechanisms which they implement to try to improve and/or to go out of their situation. This thesis also examines the determiners which are at the origin of the departures, the implied actors, the organization of the journeys, the relationship at the risk, the routes followed by the candidates, places her tontines in these journeys, and finally the prevention policies of the departures in Casamance and their effects on the migrations from this region. Analyses are developed from a qualitative approach articulated essentially around the collection of narratives of life, crossed narratives of life, semi-directive conversations, observations, informal discussions but also and especially an examination of the individual and collective contexts which join these actors. Finally the examination of the family and individual mobilizations in the illegal immigration and the family mobilizations in the immigration for studies allows to introduce a comparative dimension in this work.

This study reviewed first the development of race result in canoe sprint during the past decades. The race results of MK1-1000 and WK1-500 have increased 32.5 % and 42.1 %, respectively, a corresponding 5.0 % and 6.5 % increase in each decade. The development of race results in canoe sprint during the past decades resulted from the contributions of various aspects. The recruitment of taller and stronger athletes improved the physiological capacity of paddlers. Direct investigation on energy contribution in canoe sprint enhanced the emphasis on aerobic capacity and aerobic endurance training. Advancement of equipment design improved the efficiency of paddling. Physiological and biomechanical diagnostics in canoe sprint led to a more scientific way of training. Additionally, other aspects might also have contributed to the development of race results during the past decades. For example, the establishment of national team after World War II provided the possibility of systematic training, and the use of drugs in the last century accelerated the development of race results in that period. Recent investigations on energetics in high-intensity exercises demonstrated an underestimate of WAER % in the table provided by some textbooks since the 1960s. An exponential correlation between WAER % and the duration of high-intensity exercises was concluded from summarizing most of the relevant reports, including reports with different methods of energy calculation. However, when reports with the MAOD and Pcr-La-O2 methods were summarized separately, a greater overestimate of WAER % from MAOD was found compared to those from Pcr-La-O2, which was in line with the critical reports on MAOD. Because of the lack of investigation of the validity of the comparisons between MAOD and Pcr-La-O2, it is still not clear which method can generate more accurate results and which method is more reliable. With regard to kayaking, a range of variation in WAER % was observed. Many factors might contribute to the variation of WAER % in kayaking. Therefore, the methods utilized to calculate the energy contributions, different paddling conditions, and the level of performance were investigated in kayaking. The findings indicated that the method utilized to calculate the energy contributions in kayaking, rather than paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, might be the possible factor associated with WAER %. Some other possible factors associated with WAER % still need to be further investigated in the future. After verifying the dependence of WAER % on the method of energy calculation, but not on paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, energy contributions of kayaking were investigated for the three racing distances on a kayak ergometer with junior paddlers. Energetic profiles in kayaking varied with paddling distances. At 500 m and 1000 m the aerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 57.8 % and 76.2 %), whereas at 200 m the anaerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 31.1-32.4 %). Muscular volume seemed to have an influence on absolute energy productions. The anaerobic alactic system determined the performance during the first 5 to 10 s. The anaerobic lactic system probably played a dominant role during the period from the 5th-10th s to 30th-40th s. The aerobic system could dominate the energy contribution after 30–40 s. This energetic profile in kayaking could provide physiological support for developing the training philosophy in these three distances. Additionally, the method introduced by Beneke et al. seemed to be a valid method to calculate the energy contributions in maximal kayaking. Energy contributions in canoeing were similar to those in kayaking. The relative energy contributions on open water canoeing were 75.3 ± 2.8 % of aerobic, 11.5 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic lactic, and 13.2 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic alactic at maximal speed of simulated 1000 m. Further, the C of canoeing seemed also to be similar to the reported findings in kayaking, with a function of y = 0.0242 * x2.1225. Training programs could be designed similarly for kayaking and canoeing with regard to energetic profile. In order to extend the findings on energetics in canoe sprint to other exercises, energy contributions in kayaking, canoeing, running, cycling, as well as arm cranking were compared with the same duration. Results indicated that WAER % during maximal exercises with the same duration seemed to be independent of movement patterns, given similar VO2 kinetics during the maximal exertion. The exponential relationship between WAER % and duration in maximal exercises could be supported by excluding the influence from movement patterns. Additionally, MLSS in kayaking was investigated. The blood lactate value of MLSS was found to be 5.4 mM in kayaking, which could expand the knowledge of MLSS in different locomotion. The MLSS in kayaking might be attributed to the involved muscle mass in this locomotion, which could result in a certain level of lactate removal, and allow a certain level of equilibrium between lactate production and removal. LT5, instead of LT4, was recommended for diagnostics in kayaking, given an incremental test as used in this study.

Las características antropométricas, del material de competición y la evolución de las variables cinemáticas (velocidad, frecuencia, longitud e índice de ciclo) sobre las distancias de 200 y 500 m, se valoraron en un total de 131 piragüistas de 13 y 14 años (hombres kayakistas, mujeres kayakistas y hombres canoistas, agrupados por edad). En la mayoría de las medidas antropométricas, los hombres kayakistas de 14 años fueron superiores al resto de categorías, no encontrándose diferencias entre los grupos de mujeres. La evolución de las variables cinemáticas fue similar en las diferentes categorías y distancias, con una tendencia decreciente de la velocidad y del índice de ciclo a partir de los primeros 50 m, una estabilización de la longitud de ciclo a partir de esta distancia y una disminución progresiva de la frecuencia de ciclo desde el inicio de la prueba. / The anthropometric characteristics, set-up of competition equipment and evolution of the kinematic variables (speed, cycle frequency, cycle length and cycle index) over distances of 200- and 500-m were analysed in 131 paddlers (male kayakers, women kayakers and male canoeists; 13-14 years-old). In most of the anthropometric measurements, 14 year-old male kayakers were higher than other groups; no differences were found between female groups. The evolution of the kinematic variables was similar in the different categories and distances. The speed and cycle index decreased through the test after the first 50 m, while the cycle length was stable. The cycle frequency had a progressive decrease along the distance

The cedar dugout canoe is iconically associated with First Nations peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast, but the vital contribution it made to the economic and social development of British Columbia is historically unrecognized. This beautifully designed and crafted oceangoing vessel, besides being a prized necessity to the maritime First Nations peoples, was an essential transportation link for European colonists. In speed, maneuverability, and carrying capacity it vied with any other seagoing technology of the time. The dugout canoe became an important site of engagement between First Nations peoples and settlers. European produced textual and visual records of the colonial period are examined to analyze the dugout canoe as a site of intercultural interaction with a focus upon the European representation. This research asks: Was the First Nations' dugout canoe essential to colonial development in British Columbia and, if so, were the First Nations acknowledged for this vital contribution? Analysis of primary archival resources (letters and journals), images (photographs, sketches and paintings) and colonial publications, such as the colonial dispatches, memoirs and newspaper accounts, demonstrate that indeed the dugout canoe and First Nations canoeists were essential to the development of the colony of British Columbia. However, these contributions were differentially acknowledged as the colony shifted from a fur trade-oriented operation to a settler-centric development that emphasized the alienation of First Nations’ land for settler use. By focusing research on the dugout canoe and its use and depiction by Europeans, connections between European colonists and First Nations canoeists, navigators and manufacturers are foregrounded. This focus brings together these two key historical players demonstrating their “entangled” nature (Thomas 1991:139) and breaking down “silences” and “trivializations” in history (Trouillot 1995:96), working to build an inclusive and connected history of colonial British Columbia. / Graduate