Cada vez mais pessoas chegam à idade da transição para a aposentadoria, o que tem estimulado pesquisas sobre o assunto. Pouco se sabe, contudo, sobre como esse processo se dá em trabalhadores autônomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal compreender a experiência de aposentadoria em profissionais autônomos, estando organizado em três estudos. O primeiro consistiu na apresentação dos principais referencias teóricos sobre o tema da aposentadoria, discutindo seus pontos fortes e suas limitações. O segundo, também teórico, descreveu as principais motivações para a entrada e a permanência no mercado de trabalho autônomo. Já o terceiro estudo, de caráter qualitativo e fenomenológico, investigou como profissionais autônomos vivenciam a sua aposentadoria. Foram entrevistados dez participantes, com idades variando entre 60 e 91 anos. A experiência de aposentadoria caracterizou-se por uma transformação do papel de trabalhador e uma modificação na dinâmica de outros papéis sociais desempenhados pelo aposentado. Verificou-se que enquanto o corpo e a mente permitissem a atuação profissional, os autônomos seguiriam trabalhando. Ter construído um ambiente de trabalho flexível proporcionou uma transição de carreira gradual e com um maior controle, apesar dos relatos de pouco planejamento sobre o futuro. Entende-se que os autônomos vivenciam uma aposentadoria parcial, visto que o recebimento de um benefício não se constitui como um marcador social para a saída do mercado de trabalho. / More and more people reach the age of the retirement transition, a fact that has stimulated research on this topic. However, little is known about the retirement process of selfemployed professionals. This work addresses this theme in three studies, aiming to understand the experience of retirement in self-employed professionals. The first study presents the main theoretical frameworks about retirement, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses. The second one, also theoretical, describes the main motivations why selfemployed people choose this kind of work. The third study, qualitative and phenomenological, investigated how self-employed professionals experienced the retirement. Ten participants, aged between 61 and 91 years, were interviewed. The retirement experience consisted in a transformation of the worker role, and a change in the social role dynamics. Participants revealed the desire to keep working while the body and the mind still allow the development of professional activities. Having a flexible work environment provided a gradual career transition, with more control, despite little planning about future. It is concluded that self-employed people experience a partial retirement, since earning a retirement benefit is not perceived as a social marker for stop working.

Cada vez mais pessoas chegam à idade da transição para a aposentadoria, o que tem estimulado pesquisas sobre o assunto. Pouco se sabe, contudo, sobre como esse processo se dá em trabalhadores autônomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal compreender a experiência de aposentadoria em profissionais autônomos, estando organizado em três estudos. O primeiro consistiu na apresentação dos principais referencias teóricos sobre o tema da aposentadoria, discutindo seus pontos fortes e suas limitações. O segundo, também teórico, descreveu as principais motivações para a entrada e a permanência no mercado de trabalho autônomo. Já o terceiro estudo, de caráter qualitativo e fenomenológico, investigou como profissionais autônomos vivenciam a sua aposentadoria. Foram entrevistados dez participantes, com idades variando entre 60 e 91 anos. A experiência de aposentadoria caracterizou-se por uma transformação do papel de trabalhador e uma modificação na dinâmica de outros papéis sociais desempenhados pelo aposentado. Verificou-se que enquanto o corpo e a mente permitissem a atuação profissional, os autônomos seguiriam trabalhando. Ter construído um ambiente de trabalho flexível proporcionou uma transição de carreira gradual e com um maior controle, apesar dos relatos de pouco planejamento sobre o futuro. Entende-se que os autônomos vivenciam uma aposentadoria parcial, visto que o recebimento de um benefício não se constitui como um marcador social para a saída do mercado de trabalho. / More and more people reach the age of the retirement transition, a fact that has stimulated research on this topic. However, little is known about the retirement process of selfemployed professionals. This work addresses this theme in three studies, aiming to understand the experience of retirement in self-employed professionals. The first study presents the main theoretical frameworks about retirement, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses. The second one, also theoretical, describes the main motivations why selfemployed people choose this kind of work. The third study, qualitative and phenomenological, investigated how self-employed professionals experienced the retirement. Ten participants, aged between 61 and 91 years, were interviewed. The retirement experience consisted in a transformation of the worker role, and a change in the social role dynamics. Participants revealed the desire to keep working while the body and the mind still allow the development of professional activities. Having a flexible work environment provided a gradual career transition, with more control, despite little planning about future. It is concluded that self-employed people experience a partial retirement, since earning a retirement benefit is not perceived as a social marker for stop working.

Nesta pesquisa o esporte é abordado como prática cultural capaz de mobilizar a subjetivação dos seus praticantes. Desta forma, jovens atletas considerando suas experiências vividas, principalmente no esporte, se orientam existencialmente, ou seja, eles se valem das experiências no esporte para tomar decisões que nortearão o decorrer de sua vida. A partir disso, o presente estudo almeja explorar o horizonte de experiências vivenciadas por esportistas adolescentes buscando a compreensão de como eles passam por momentos decisivos, sendo inteira e publicamente envolvidos por suas atividades esportivas. Ou seja, o propósito deste estudo é identificar e compreender o horizonte de experiências vividas contextualizadas na prática esportiva de jovens atletas pertencentes a categorias de base de quatro modalidades esportivas (futebol, basquete, atletismo e tênis). Adota-se, para isso, uma atitude investigativa que contemple essa temática enquanto processo cultural, buscando ir além dos conceitos e fatores já pré-estabelecidos. Com efeito, o método fenomenológico na perspectiva clássica atinge, como resultado, um caráter descritivo-estrutural, em decorrência de um processo rigoroso de coleta e análise dos dados. Esse processo perpassa por procedimentos conhecidos como Entrevista Fenomenológica e Cruzamento Intencional. Estes consistem em um percurso que tem, em um primeiro momento, a intenção de apreender a experiência singular de cada sujeito, por relato guiado, em primeira pessoa; em seguida, contrastar estes relatos experienciais numa análise que explicite os elementos intencionais que estruturem a experiência vivida em questão. Por conseguinte, foram efetuadas e transcritas 24 entrevistas, com atletas pertencentes a categorias de base das modalidades citadas. Os resultados apontam para alguns aspectos predominantes entre os praticantes destas modalidades, como a constante tensão eminente da negociação que circunscreve o cotidiano destes jovens atletas por trafegar entre compromissos, treinamentos e lazer. / This research treats sports as a cultural practice that mobilizes the subjectivation of its practitioners. In this way, young athletes considering their experiences, mainly in sports, are existentially oriented, which means that they use sports experiences to make decisions that will guide the course of their life. From this, the present study aims to explore experiences experienced by adolescent athletes, with the view to understand how they go through decisive moments, being fully and publicly involved by their sports activities. In other words, the purpose of this study is to identify and understand lived experiences contextualized in the sports practice of young athletes from youth academy of four modalities (soccer, basketball, athletics and tennis). For this, an investigative attitude that contemplates this theme as a cultural process is adopted, seeking to go beyond pre-established concepts and factors. The phenomenological method in its classical perspective reaches, as a result, a descriptive-structural character, due to a rigorous process of data collection and analysis. This process is structured by procedures known as Phenomenological Interview and Intentional Crossing. The course has, at first, the intention to apprehend the unique experience of each subject, by guided report; then, in a second moment, it intends to contrast these experiential accounts in an analysis that explains the intentional elements that structure the lived experience in question. Therefore, 24 interviews were conducted with athletes belonging to the youth academy of the mentioned modalities. The results show some predominant aspects, such as the constant eminent tension of the negotiation that circumscribes the daily life of these young athletes by traveling between commitments, training and leisure.

This study examined the career development experiences of one African American man, a former student-athlete in a Division I revenue generating football team. This study focused on his experiences as a student-athlete who participated in football as he transitioned out of elite athletics. Division I collegiate athletics represents a highly sought opportunity (NCAA, 2015h). However, this opportunity may reduce college completion and disrupt maximal career development (Hartman, 2014; Van Rheenen, 2013). This qualitative case study of one participant explored the nuanced influences and pathways the participant used to enter his current career after completing college. Mark Savickas’s (2002) Career Construction Theory (CCT), a constructivist non–a priori narrative theory, served as the theoretical framework. Qualitative interview data were collected during a progressive series of three separate in-depth, face-to-face interviews. Data were first analyzed using an inductive, open-coding process. Four patterns emerged from the data relative to the participant’s career development experiences: ambivalence, performance prioritization/competitive spirit, practical mind-set/good judgment, and value of selected communities, which helped him decide on the ideal career environments. Findings were then analyzed via the Savickas CCT tenets of successful career construction that include life themes, self-concepts, and life design. Findings include (a) the participant executed a largely linear pathway developing his career since retirement from elite athletics, (b) the participant experienced minimal challenges to reaching his current level, and (c) that participation in collegiate football provided valuable career development experiences. Additionally, the findings demonstrated a positive career development based on the participant’s alignment of CCT tenets life themes, self-concepts, and life design.

The purpose of the current study was to examine whether older job applicants are discriminated against relative to younger job applicants when changing careers, and to investigate whether an intervention designed to reduce stereotyping and prejudice could alleviate such unfair discrimination, if it was found. A between-subjects laboratory experiment with three factors was conducted, including age (young vs. old job applicant), career-transition type (within- vs. between-career transition), and a dual-identity based recategorization intervention (control vs. intervention), totaling 8 experimental conditions. Data were collected and analyzed from 157 undergraduate student participants. Participants were informed that they would be evaluating the viability of using video-resumes as a potential organizational selection tool, and were randomly assigned to watch a video-resume depicting a White male job applicant applying for the job of mechanical engineer. The job applicant was either younger or older and was either making a career change that was more similar to his previous career (i.e., naval architect) or less similar to his previous career (i.e., chiropractor). In the intervention conditions, the job applicant emphasized his age and the fact that he graduated from UCF; in the control conditions, he only emphasized his age and his educational background from a generic university. An actor in his early twenties played the role of the job applicant. Make-up was applied to age his face, and computer software was used to age his voice. After viewing the video-resumes, participants judged his suitability for hire, competence, warmth, loyalty, and suitability for training. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted and a significant 3-way interaction was found between age, career-transition type, and intervention on both ratings of suitability for hire and on competence ratings. Counter to theory, the older job applicant was negatively impacted relative to the younger applicant when attempting to build a common ingroup identity with the younger decision-maker. These findings were discussed within the context of theories on attribution and impression management, and discussed relative to prior research utilizing the dual-identity based recategorization intervention method. Implications for older workers making career transitions are discussed.

The career counselling services industry is currently being challenged by a unique set of conditions which has resulted in calls for a greater client orientation in the delivery of career services. The current study takes up this challenge by using marketing concepts to explore the relationship between the expectations (desired) people in career transition have of a career counselling service and the perceptions career counselling service providers have of client expectations. In the process, it also examines variables (career transition group membership, career decision-making self-efficacy, age, gender, and previous experience with a career counselling service) that may impact on the expectations people in career transition have of a career counselling service. The study used a three-phased mixed method approach to gather expectation and perception data. In Phase 1, focus group interviews were conducted with participants from three career transition groups - Year 12 students, final year university students, and adults in midcareer transition. A series of one-to-one interviews with three groups of career counsellors (those in schools, tertiary institutions, and private practice) was undertaken in Phase 2. Phase 3 consisted of a questionnaire, which was administered to broader populations of people in career transition and career counsellors. The people in career transition subject group completed a three-part questionnaire consisting of the Expectations About Career Counselling measure (developed by the researcher), the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy-Short Form (an existing measure), and demographic questions. Career counsellors completed a two-part questionnaire, which included the Expectations About Career Counselling (EACC) and demographic questions. The people in career transition subject group were asked to respond to the EACC according to what they wanted from a career counselling service. Career counsellors were asked to respond to the same measure as if they were one of their clients attending their first career counselling interview. In the development of the EACC, an existing measure (the Expectations About Counselling-Brief Form; Tinsley, 1982), was modified using career counselling expectation themes derived from the analysis of data collected in Phases 1 and 2. Factor analysis of the data obtained from the EACC identified four clear factors. These factors were named Career Counsellor Responsibility, Client Responsibility, Quality Outcome and Realism. The findings from Phase 3 indicated that people in career transition had high to very high expectations for the EACC subscales Career Counsellor Responsibility and Quality Outcome, moderate expectations for Realism, and moderate to high expectations for Client Responsibility. Significant differences were found based on transition group membership, gender, age, and previous experience with a career counselling service. In addition, it was found that people in career transition had moderate to high career decision-making self-efficacy and that respondents with higher self-efficacy scores also had higher expectations of a career counselling service. The findings also indicated that there was a significant difference or gap between the expectations of people in career transition and the perceptions of career counsellors concerning client expectations of career counselling. Career counsellors perceived that clients were less committed and more unrealistic about the career counselling process and the counsellor's role than was indicated by the results from the people in career transition subject group. Recommendations based on the findings of this research study were made for career counsellors, professional associations, education and training organisations, education institutions and systems and government policy makers. Specifically, the recommendations addressed the importance of acknowledging, clarifying, and managing client expectations, providing interventions to educate people in career transition about the career decision-making process and the role of the career counsellor, and the implementation of processes to promote ongoing professional development in the career counselling services industry.

Att som elitidrottare gå från ett liv där man i stort sett ägnat varje dag åt sin idrott och i bästa fall kunnat livnära sig på den till att det en dag tar slut innebär en stor omställning för de flesta idrottare. I tidigare studier beskrivs omställningen vid karriärövergången som något av det svåraste idrottare varit med om. Detta kan ha sin grund i att de flesta elitidrottare starkt kopplar sig till sin idrott och när det blir dags att avsluta idrottskarriären kan därför flera komplikationer uppstå. Hur karriärövergången upplevs kan bero på vilket sätt karriären avslutades, om avslutet skedde frivilligt eller ofrivilligt, om idrottaren hade så kallade dubbla karriärer och hur stark den egna idrottsidentiteten är. Syftet med studien var att undersöka före detta elithandbollsspelares upplevelser av karriärövergångar och dubbla karriärer. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med sex stycken före detta elithandbollsspelare som alla varit aktiva på landslagsnivå och vars karriärer på elitnivå pågått mellan 7 och 24 år. En semistrukturerad intervjuguide konstruerades och samtliga intervjuer spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades. Huvudresultaten i studien visade att de handbollsspelare vars karriärer avslutades frivilligt hanterade karriärövergången bättre än de handbollsspelare vars karriärer avslutades ofrivilligt. Utöver hur karriären avslutades sågs de mest betydelsefulla framgångsfaktorerna för en så naturlig övergång som möjligt i form av dubbla karriärer, copingresurser i form av socialt stöd och övergången från spelare till tränare. Vidare kan det diskuteras kring frånvaron av de idrottspsykologiska resurserna för handbollsspelare både under karriären och vid övergången från en elitidrottskarriär till en yrkeskarriär. Ett idrottspsykologiskt stöd i form av till exempel en mental coach hade troligtvis hjälpt många spelare att hantera motgångar under karriären, karriäravslutet samt karriärövergången bättre. Att börja med detta i ett tidigt skede skulle troligtvis bidra till att fler handbollsspelare stannar kvar inom idrotten i en längre utsträckning, vilket kan ses som en fördel för handbollens framväxt. / As an elite athlete, going from a life where one is practically devoted every day to their sport and at best, being able to feed on it until it one day ends, means a big change for most athletes. In previous studies, the conversion at the career transition is described as one of the most challenging things athletes had been through. This may be due to the fact that most elite athletes are strongly connected to their sport and when the time comes to finish the sports career, several complications can arise. How the career transition is perceived may depend on how the career ended, if the conclusion was voluntary or involuntary, if the athlete had so-called double careers and how strong their own sports identity is. The purpose of this study was to investigate former elite handball players’ experiences of career transitions and dual careers. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six former elite handball players, all of whom were active at the national team level and whose elite careers lasted between 7 and 24 years. A semi-structured interview guide was constructed and all of the interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The main findings of the study show that handball players whose career ended voluntarily handled the career transition better than the handball players whose careers ended involuntarily. In addition to how to career ended, the most important success factors for such a natural transition as possible, were seen in the form of double careers, coping resources in the form of social support and the transition from being a player to being a coach. Furthermore, the absence of the sports psychological resources for handball players can be discussed both during their career and at the transition from an elite sports career to a professional career. A sports psychological support in the form of, for example, a mental coach had probably helped many players to deal with setbacks during their career, career termination and career transition better. Beginning with this at an early stage would likely contribute to more handball players remaining in the sport for a longer time, which can be seen as an advantage for the handball’s growth.

<p>This study was made to examine how successful elite Swedish equestrian athletes perceived their transition from junior to senior level. The objectives were a) to examine Young Riders perceived demands, resources and barriers in the transition to elite seniors, and b) to examine the riders’ coping strategies, perceived quality and lessons learned from the transition. The study involved six informants (n = 6), including three females and three males (1 event rider, 2 show jumpers and 3 dressage riders). Participants were between 25-31 years of age (m = 27). A semi-structured interview guide was developed for equestrian sport and based on the Athletic Career Transition Model (Stambulova, 1997, 2003) and the Develomental Model (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004). The results show that participants perceived emotional support as an important resource and had the ability to set long term goals. They used problem focused- and approach-cognitive coping strategies in a successful way in order to manage their perceived demands and barriers during their transition to the senior level.</p>

This study was made to examine how successful elite Swedish equestrian athletes perceived their transition from junior to senior level. The objectives were a) to examine Young Riders perceived demands, resources and barriers in the transition to elite seniors, and b) to examine the riders’ coping strategies, perceived quality and lessons learned from the transition. The study involved six informants (n = 6), including three females and three males (1 event rider, 2 show jumpers and 3 dressage riders). Participants were between 25-31 years of age (m = 27). A semi-structured interview guide was developed for equestrian sport and based on the Athletic Career Transition Model (Stambulova, 1997, 2003) and the Develomental Model (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004). The results show that participants perceived emotional support as an important resource and had the ability to set long term goals. They used problem focused- and approach-cognitive coping strategies in a successful way in order to manage their perceived demands and barriers during their transition to the senior level.

This study presents the investigation of the career transition experience of immigrant skilled workers with a focus on their experiences with career compromise and the coping strategies that they used. The grounded theory approach of qualitative analysis method was used to analyze 20 interview transcripts with participants who had received their education/training and had at least 1 year of work experience prior to immigrating to Canada. The interviews revealed that the career transition journeys of immigrant skilled workers were thwarted with acculturation and career-seeking barriers, which made their career transition experiences quite compromising. The findings support the notion of positive compromise whereby the participants utilized their human agency and open-mindedness to deal with their career compromise. An immigrant vocational theory and an immigrant career compromise theory are proposed. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.