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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
401

DistribuiÃÃo e participaÃÃo geoquÃmica de metais traÃo na costa norte de Fortaleza-CE / Distribution and geochemistry of trace metals from the north coast of Fortaleza-CE

Saulo RobÃrio Rodrigues Maia 05 July 2004 (has links)
No Cearà a zona costeira representa apenas 14,38% do territÃrio estadual, mas possui 48,9% da populaÃÃo do estado (IBGE, 2002. Na RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF) a densidade demogrÃfica da Zona Costeira Cearense (ZCC) aumenta para 598,00 hab/km2, atingindo valores ainda maiores quando focada a cidade de Fortaleza (6.814 hab/km2). Na dÃcada de 70, Fortaleza teve um salto de crescimento urbano, desordenado, na sua Ãrea costeira, com uma sÃria de construÃÃes que afetaram de maneira direta a sua linha de costa, tais como o antigo e atual porto de Fortaleza. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influÃncia das atividades antrÃpicas sobre a emissÃo de metais e sobre a distribuiÃÃo e partiÃÃo geoquÃmica destes metais contidos nos sedimentos da regiÃo costeira da RMF. Analisados os teores de Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Al e Fe, nos sedimentos costeiros coletados em duas campanhas, nos perÃodos de chuva e seca, nÃo foi encontrada diferenÃa estatÃstica entre resultados obtidos relativos Ãs diferentes campanhas, exceto para o Fe. Os teores mÃdios obtidos foram: 0,72 a 17,54 ng.g-1 de Hg, 0,32 a 4,64 μg.g-1 de Cu, 0,13 a 0,77 μg.g-1 de Cd, 3,29 a 13,00 μg.g-1 de Pb, 1,81 a 18,64 μg.g-1 de Zn, 0,78 a 9,12 mg.g-1 de Al, 0,76 a 9,27 mg.g-1 (PerÃodo chuvoso) e 1,28 a 13,92 mg.g-1 (PerÃodo de seca) de Fe. Todos os metais apresentaram correlaÃÃes significativas com os principais carreadores geoquÃmicos, isto à com a matÃria orgÃnica, o alumÃnio e o ferro, menos com os carbonatos, mostrando que este substrato nÃo à um retentor geoquÃmico eficaz de metais. Apesar do oceano ser um bom diluidor de contaminantes foi verificado Ãreas de concentraÃÃes de metais prÃximas à linha de costa, à regiÃo do porto e à saÃda do EmissÃrio Submarino de Fortaleza (ESF) se dispersando no sentido E-W da deriva litorÃnea. O ESF mostrou-se ser fonte pontual de mercÃrio, cobre, zinco, cÃdmio e chumbo, entretanto o enriquecimento do sedimento por Hg, Cu e Zn ainda à de baixo grau. TambÃm foi observado que o runoff urbano à importante emissor de Cd e Pb, tendo em vista as elevadas concentraÃÃes encontradas prÃximas à linha de costa. A distribuiÃÃo dos metais mostrou que hà dois importantes fatores determinantes do comportamento destes metais em sedimentos costeiros da RMF. O primeiro fator està relacionado aos carreadores geoquÃmicos que predominantemente influenciam o comportamento do cobre, do chumbo e do zinco. O segundo fator està relacionado à proximidade e/ou intensidade das Ãreas fontes e dominou o comportamento do Hg e do Cd. / The coastal zone of Cearà State corresponds to only 14.38% of the Stateâs territory but harbors about 48.9% of its total population. The Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza (RMF), the Stateâs Capital population density at the coastal zone reaches 598 inhab/km2, and 6.814 inhab/km2 when only the city of Fortaleza itself is considered. During the 1970âs, Fortaleza witnessed an accelerated and unplanned urban growth along its coastal zone including engineering works, which affected the coastline itself, including the Fortaleza Harbor and may have increased pollutants emissions to the coastal region. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of these antropogenic developments on the emissions of trace metals and their distribution and geochemical partitioning in bottom sediments collected along the RMF coastal region. In two field campaigns, in the rain and dry season, the concentrations of Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Al, were measured in bottom sediments of the coastal zone. There was no significant difference between the two campaigns for all trace metals, except for Fe. Measured concentrations varied between 0.72 to 17.54 ng.g-1 for Hg; 0.32 to 4.64 μg.g-1 for Cu; 0.13 to 0.77 μg.g-1 for Cd; 3.29 to 13.00 μg.g-1 for Pb; 1.81 to 18.64 μg.g-1 for Zn; 0.78 to 9.12 mg.g-1 for Al, 0.76 to 9.27 mg.g-1 (rain season) and 1.28 to 13.92 mg.g-1 (dry season) for Fe. All trace metals concentrations presented significant positive correlation with the major geochemical carries analyzed, i.e. organic matter content, Aluminum and Iron, except for carbonates, carbonates are not efficient carriers of metals in these metals. Although the oceanic water mass acts as a large diluter of contaminants, areas of higher trace metal concentrations were observed close to the shoreline, at the area of influence of the Fortaleza Harbor and near the outlet of a submarine wastewater outfall. Concentrations decrease in an E-W direction following the littoral drift. The submarine wastewater outfall of Fortaleza showed an important point source of Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Although absolute concentrations of these trace metals were, in general, low. The higher concentrations along the shoreline suggest that urban runoff is also a significant source of trace metals, in particular of Cd and Pb. The spatial distribution of trace metals concentrations showed two important factors determining the behavior of trace metals in the bottom sediments of the RMF. The first factor is related to the concentrations of the geochemical carriers, which influence the behavior of Cu, Pb and Zn. The second factor is the proximity and/or the intensity of area sources and dominated the behavior of Hg and Cd.
402

Preparação, caracterização e avaliação do potencial citotóxico in vitro de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados funcionalizados com folato encapsulando quercetina em células de câncer de bexiga / Preparation, characterization and cytotoxic potential evaluated in bladder cancer cells of nanostructured lipid carriers functionalized with folate encapsulated quercetin

Letícia Bueno Silva 05 December 2016 (has links)
Câncer de bexiga (CB) é a segunda doença mais prevalente do trato urinário. Atualmente as principais terapias para o CB apresentam baixa eficácia, altas taxas de recorrência e vários efeitos adversos. Assim, avalia-se o potencial de novas moléculas para a terapia do CB. Quercetina (QT) é um flavonóide com propriedades inibidora da proliferação celular e apoptótica que são interessantes para o tratamento do câncer, porém é um composto instável e fotossensível, o que inviabiliza sua administração na forma livre. Desta forma, o encapsulamento da QT em carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLN) funcionalizados com folato (CLN-F) pode ser um sistema efetivo de entrega de QT em células de CB que poderá superar os desafios da terapia intravesical do CB. O encapsulamento da QT pode aumentar a estabilidade da QT, sua permeação pelo urotélio, internalização em células tumorais, seu tempo de residência na bexiga e sua eficácia farmacológica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram preparar, caracterizar e avaliar a citotoxicidade de QT livre e encapsulada em CLN e CLN-F em células de CB. O CLN e CLN-F foram preparados pelo método de emulsão e sonicação. A funcionalização do CLN foi realizada pela reação do estabilizante Pluronic F68 com folato (PF68F). Esta funcionalização foi avaliada por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética Nuclear (RMN) unidimensional de 1H. Os CLNs foram caracterizados quanto ao diâmetro, índice de polidispersão (PdI), potencial zeta (PZ), cristalinidade, eficiência de encapsulamento (EE) e morfologia. Além disso, foi avaliado o perfil de liberação da QT, a atividade antioxidante e a citotoxicidade da QT livre e encapsulada. A funcionalização foi confirmada pelos espectros de RMN que apresentaram sinais atribuídos ao PF68 e ao folato. O diâmetro, PdI e o PZ dos CLN foram 176,5 nm, 0,124 e -11,4 mV, respectivamente. O CLN-F apresentou 197,9 nm de diâmetro, 0,160 de PdI e -17,5mV de PZ. O encapsulamento da QT não alterou significativamente estes parâmetros para ambas as partículas. Obteve-se uma alta eficiência de encapsulamento da QT, para os dois carreadores (~98%), devido, provavelmente, ao baixo valor de índice de recristalização (~28) dos CLNs. Os CLN apresentam forma esférica, estabilidade por 330 dias e um perfil de liberação sustentada da QT. O IC50 do CLN-F-QT (83,4 ?g/mL) foi menor que o IC50 do CLN-QT (94,9 ?g/mL) provavelmente devido ao aumento da internalização causada pela funcionalização das partículas com folato. Os CLN-QT e CLN-F-QT apresentaram alta atividade antioxidante. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o CLN-F-Q é um sistema com potencial para a futura terapia do CB, pois apresenta tamanho menor que 200 nm, baixo PdI, alta estabilidade, EE e atividade antioxidante, liberação sustentada além de ser citotóxico para as células RT4. / Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most prevalent tumor of urinary tract. Currently the main BC therapies have low effectiveness, high recurrence rate and several adverse effects. Thus, new molecule have been investigate to CB therapy. Quercetin (QT) is a flavonoid with interesting properties for cancer therapy such as inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, QT is an unstable and photosensitive compound. Therefore, QT encapsulated in nanostructure lipid carriers (NLC) functionalized with folate (F-NLC) might be an alternative targeting system of QT for tumor cell and can be strategy to overcome intravesical CB therapy challenges. The QT encapsulation can improve QT stability, increase its permeation in the urothelium and uptake in tumor cells, increase retention time in the bladder and enhancing its pharmacological efficacy. Aims of this study were preparation, characterization of NLC-QT and F-NLC-QT and cytotoxic evaluation of these particles in BC cells. NLC and F-NLC were prepared by ultrasonication method. NLC were funcionalized by conjugated between surfactant Pluronic and folate (PL68F). This conjugation was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The particles were characterized regarding to size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), crystallinity, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and morphology. Furthermore, stability, release profile, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of QT encapsulated or not in NLC, were evaluated. RMN spectrums confirmed the PF68 functionalization, exhibiting peaks attributed to PF68 and folate. Size, PdI and ZP of NCL were respectively 176.5 nm, 0.124 and -11.4, whereas F-NLC showed 197.9 nm of size, 0.160 of PdI and ZP of -17.5mV. The QT encapsulation did not affect these physical parameters. Low values of crystalization index (~28) might promote high EE of quercetin (~98%). NLC shows spherical shape, sustained release profile of QT and were stable for 330 days. IC50 of NLC-QT (87.4 ?g/mL) was smaller thanthe IC50 of F-NLC-QT (94.9 ?g/mL). This difference might be explained by the increase of NLC uptake by endocytosis mediated by folate receptor. NLC-QT and F-NLC-QT showed high antioxidant activity. Therefore, our results suggest that QT-F-NLC is a carry system with potential for future BC therapy that show size smaller than 200 nm, low PdI, high long-term stability, high EE and antioxidant activity, sustained release and cytotoxic to CB cells (RT4).
403

Preparação de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas NLS para liberação modificada/prolongada de fármacos antiretrovirais (Nevirapina, Saquinavir e Efavirenz) / Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles SLN to prolonged/modified release of antiviral drugs (Nevirapine, Saquinavir, Efavirenz)

Sousa, Marcelo de, 1980- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T23:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_Marcelode_D.pdf: 3494030 bytes, checksum: 462ff3b363ece6e2ff2f83e5d1028485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos dias atuais não há cura e nem vacina para as pessoas portadoras de HIV. A erradicação do vírus não é possível porque a maioria está depositado em órgãos que são de difícil acesso aos fármacos antirretrovirais. Uma alternativa seria direcionar os fármacos à estes órgãos por intermédio de nanocarreadores. Os fármacos utilizados neste trabalho foram a Nevirapina, o Saquinavir e o Efavirenz e o nanocarregador foi as Nanopartículas Lipídicas Sólidas (NLS). As NLS foram produzidas utilizando ácido esteárico, ácido mirístico e Compritol 888 ATO como matrizes dos nanocarregadores, brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio, Lipoid-S75 e Tween 80 como surfatantes e n-butanol como co-surfatante. A formulação otimizada foi obtida através de um planejamento experimental 2 com ponto central utilizando os surfatantes como variáveis. A molécula direcionadora adicionada na superfície das nanopartículas foi a d-manose, a qual estava ligada na octadecilamina. Este açúcar foi escolhido por que é receptor dos macrófagos/monócitos. A estratégia é que estas células capturem os nanocarregadores carregados com fármacos antirretrovirais e os enviem aos órgãos depósitos de HIV. Estas NLS foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de espalhamento dinâmico de luz, potencial Zeta, Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Difratometria de raios-X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), além dos estudos de liberação in vitro. / Abstract: Nowadays there is neither cure nor vaccine for people living with HIV. However, virus eradication is not possible because most are deposited in organs that are difficult access to antiretroviral drugs. An alternative would be to target the drugs to these organs via nanocarriers. The drugs used in this work were Nevirapine, Saquinavir and Efavirenz and the nanocarriers were Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN). The SLN were produced using stearic acid, myristic acid and Compritol 888 ATO as matrix of nanocarriers, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, Lipoid-S75 and Tween 80 as surfactants and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The optimized formulation was obtained through an 2 experimental design with central point using surfactants as variable. The target molecule added in the nanocarriers surface was d-mannose, which was linked in the octadecylamine. This sugar was chosen because it is receptor of macrophages/monocytes. The strategy is that these cells capture the nanocarriers loaded antiretroviral drugs and it send deposit organs of HIV. These SLN were characterized by techniques dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta Potential, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV), beyond of in vitro released studies. / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
404

Preparo e caracterização de nanopartículas lipídicas como carreadores do anestésico local dibucaína / Preparation and characterization of lipid nanoparticles as carriers of local anesthetic dibucaine

Barbosa, Raquel de Melo, 1975- 14 November 2013 (has links)
Orientadores: Eneida de Paula, Daniele Ribeiro de Araújo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_RaqueldeMelo_D.pdf: 5424104 bytes, checksum: a7f0888c7fb32138387068083d5bf74f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (SLN) e carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (NLC) têm sido utilizados com sucesso como sistemas de liberação modificada. O anestésico local dibucaína (DBC) foi encapsulado em SLN e NLC objetivando aplicação tópica, para melhora de sua disponibilidade redução de efeitos adversos. As nanopartículas lipídicas foram preparadas pelas técnicas de sonicação (Son) ou homogeinização à alta pressão (HP), sendo utilizados palmitato de cetila (CP) ou miristato de miristila (MM) como matrizes lipídicas sólidas, acrescidos (NLC) ou não (SLN) de uma mistura de triglicerídeos de ácido cáprico e caprílico; poloxamer 188 foi usado como tensoativo. A DBC encapsulada foi quantificada por metodologia validada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. As análises físico-químicas compreenderam diâmetro médio, potencial zeta, distribuição de tamanhos e morfologia das nanopartículas, percentual de encapsulação além de medidas de calorimetria exploratória de varredura (DSC), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) e difração de raios X à baixo ângulo (SAXS). Medidas in vitro do perfil de liberação do fármaco, da estimativa de fluxo, deformação e elasticidade das partículas através de membranas artificiais e de toxicidade em cultura de células (fibloblastos 3T3 e queratinócitos HaCat) foram feitas. A estabilidade das amostras foi avaliada em função do tempo e testes de antinocicepção (tail flick, em ratos Wistar) foram usados para avaliar a atividade terapêutica in vivo. O diâmetro médio das partículas de SLN e NLC produzidas foi similar (ca. 200nm). A estabilidade física das nanopartículas foi satisfatória por até 240 dias de armazenamento a 4 ºC, principalmente para NLCMM/HP com e sem DBC, sugerindo que a metodologia de HP produz partículas mais estáveis. Todas as formulações apresentaram eficiência de encapsulação maior que 70%, sendo que NLCMMDBC/HP apresentou a maior encapsulação (90,54 ± 0,95%). Medidas de FTIR e DSC revelaram a DBC molecularmente dispersa na matriz lipídica das nanopartículas. Quanto à organização molecular das SLN e NLC, resultados de SAXS indicaram a existência de arranjos lipídicos lamelares no interior das SLN, não alterados pela adição da DBC; as medidas de RPE com marcadores de spin doxil-estearato revelaram espectros compatíveis com bicamadas, com maior organização molecular dos lipídios das SLN e NLC, após inserção da DBC. Ensaios in vitro confirmaram a liberação modificada da dibucaína associada às partículas, governada por difusão de Fick. Tanto a elasticidade quanto o fluxo das partículas in vitro apresentaram baixos valores evidenciando deposição das mesmas nas membranas com poros de 30 nm. A citotoxicidade intrínsica da DBC sobre ambos os tipos celulares foi reduzida após encapsulação nas SLN e NLC. O efeito analgésico in vivo da DBC a 0,05% aplicada topicamente (dispersa em gel de carbopol) aumentou significativamente após encapsulação nas formulações, em particular para SLNCPDBC liofilizada com o crioprotetor maltose. Assim, formulações de dibucaína em SLN ou NLC, preparadas com MM ou CP mostraram-se promissoras como bases para produtos farmacêuticos de liberação modificada, para anestesia dérmica / Abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), intended for topical application, were successfully prepared as sustained release systems for the encapsulation of the local anesthetic dibucaine (DBC), aiming to reduce its toxic effects and to improve its availability. The particles were prepared by two differents procedures: sonication (Son) or high pressure homogenization (HP), employing either cetyl palmitate (CP) or myristyl myristate (MM) as the solid lipid matrix, in the presence (NLC) or absence (SLN) of a mixture of capric and caprylic acids; poloxamer 188 was used as surfactant. DBC was quantified through a validated HPLC procedure. Physico-chemical analysis of the nanoparticles included measurements of size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, DBC encapsulation efficiency, as well as exploratory scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) tests. In vitro analysis of the release profile, flow and elasticity of the particles were performed through artificial membranes while toxicity was tested in 3T3 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes in culture. Stability of the formulations as a function of time was also measured. The therapeutic activity of the formulations was determined using antinociception tests (tail flick) in Wistar rats. SLN and NLC produced by both methodologies were similar (~200 nm), but HP produced more stable nanoparticles. The physical stability of the nanoparticles was satisfactory during a storage period of 240 days, especially for NLCMM/HP with or without DBC. All formulations showed encapsulation efficiencies higher than 70%, the greatest being assigned for NLCMMDBC/HP (90.54 ± 0.95%). FTIR and DSC revealed that DBC was molecularly dispersed in the lipid matrix of the nanoparticles. As for the SLN and NLC molecular packing, SAXS diffractrograms indicated the existence of lamellar repeats in SLN core region, which were not disturbed by the addition of DBC while EPR data with doxyl stearate probes revealed spectra compatible with bilayers, with higher molecular order in the presence of DBC. In vitro assays confirmed the prolonged release of dibucaine from the nanoparticles, by Fickian diffusion. Nanoparticles's elasticity and flow were low showing deposition on the surface of 30 nm pore membranes. The intrinsic cytotoxicity of DBC against both cell types was decreased, when encapsulated in SLN and NLC. The in vivo analgesic effect of 0.05% DBC topically applied (dispersed in carbopol gel) was significantly prolonged in the nanoparticle formulations, largely for SLNCPDBC lyophilized with maltosis as crioprotector. In conclusion, dibucaine formulations in SLN or NLC prepared with MM or CP are promising for the development of pharmaceutical products intended for prolonged dermal anesthesia / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
405

Desenvolvimento de tecnologia Depot para entrega modificada de fármacos encapsulados em nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas e carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados / Depot Technology development for drugs encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers delivery

Marques, Letícia Paifer, 1989- 08 September 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_LeticiaPaifer_M.pdf: 4333961 bytes, checksum: dd287508ba192ad95556c2094f8d9d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Através de modificações na estrutura química da molécula de pectina cítrica, polissacarídeo utilizado nas indústrias alimentícias como agente gelificante/espessante, foi desenvolvido um Sistema Depot para entrega subcutânea de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) e carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLN) contendo, respectivamente, Dexametasona (DXM) e Valerato de Betametasona (BTM). Os fármacos foram encapsulados nesses sistemas devido à necessidade de modificar seus perfis de liberação, diminuindo o número de aplicações e sua dosagem, reduzindo ocorrência de efeitos adversos. O produto da reação de oxidação da pectina cítrica foi caracterizado através de Espectroscopia da região do Infravermelho, Análise Termogravimétrica e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura. Os resultados indicaram o sucesso da reação, confirmado através da gelificação do hidrogel de pectina cítrica oxidada. As NLS e os CLN apresentaram valores de diâmetro médio em torno de 80nm, alta eficiência de encapsulação e perfis de liberação prolongada; para os CLN o fármaco BTM foi liberado ao longo de 144 horas e para as NLS o fármaco DXM foi liberado ao longo de 24 horas. Estes resultados mostram que as NLS de DXM poderiam ser utilizadas para tratar processos inflamatórios agudos e que os CLN de BTM seriam úteis no tratamento de processos inflamatórios crônicos / Abstract: A modified chemical structure of citrus pectin was used to develop a Depot system for subcutaneuous delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) containing, respectively, Dexamethasone (DXM) and Betamethasone Valerate (BTM). Citrus pectin is a polysaccharide used in food industry as a gelling/thickener agent. The drugs were encapsulated in this system with the aim to modify their release profiles. This would result in the reduction of the number of applications and dosage. As a consequence, it would also reduce adverse side effects that these drugs may cause. The citrus pectin oxidation product was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results indicated that the reaction occurred. This was confirmed by gelation of the citrus pectin oxidation product. SLN and CLN showed values with diameters around 80nm, high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release profiles. BTM was released from the CLN over 144 hours and DXM was released from the NLS over 24 hours. These results showed that the DXM-NLS would be useful in the treatment of acute inflammatory processes. BTM-CLN could be applied in the treatment of chronic inflammatory processes / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestra em Química
406

Triboeletrização de polímeros dielétricos : mosaicos macroscópicos de carga e seus efeitos sobre as forças de atrito em interfaces / Triboelectrification of dielectric polymers : macroscopic mosaics of charge and its effects on friction forces at interfaces

Burgo, Thiago Augusto de Lima, 1984- 19 April 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Fernando Galembeck / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T05:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Burgo_ThiagoAugustodeLima_D.pdf: 54614783 bytes, checksum: 04e6b01b521de52d69d91a83d891d034 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A triboeletrização de polímeros gera domínios macroscópicos de carga positiva e negativa, verificando a geometria fractal de mosaicos de carga previamente detectados por microscopia de sonda elétrica. Utilizando métodos analíticos adequados (espectroscopia de perda de energia de elétrons, microespectroscopia infravermelho/Raman e carbonização/colorimetria) e cálculos teóricos, espécies positivas foram identificadas como hidrocarbocátions e espécies negativas como fluorocarbânions. A triboeletrização de PTFE com PE é entendida como segue: a ruptura homolítica mecanoquímica da cadeia é seguida por transferência eletrônica dos radicais livres de hidrocarbonetos para os radicais mais eletronegativos do fluorocarbono. Os íons gerados pelos fragmentos de cadeia sofrem auto-ordenamento de acordo com a teoria de Flory- Huggins, formando os padrões macroscópicos observados experimentalmente. Estes resultados mostram que a triboeletrização só pode ser compreendida considerando os eventos químicos complexos provocados por ação mecânica, acoplados a conceitos bem estabelecidos pela físico-química. Além disso, o atrito entre superfícies dielétricas produz padrões de carga fixos e estáveis que contribuem para interações eletrostáticas entre superfícies. Medidas de coeficiente de resistência de rolamento de esferas de vidro sobre PTFE triboeletrizado, bem como de atrito estático de pellets de polietileno e imagens de microscopia de força lateral, mostraram que as forças de atrito aumentam muitas vezes em superfícies triboeletrizadas, nas quais as contribuições das interações eletrostáticas podem suplantar todas outras contribuições. Estes resultados são explicados considerando um mecanismo segundo o qual a indução de carga por uma superfície triboeletrizada no contato com outra superfície dissipa energia durante o atrito, sugerindo novas abordagens para controlar atrito em interfaces pelo controle da formação de tribocargas / Abstract: Tribocharged polymers display macroscopically patterned positive and negative domains, verifying the fractal geometry of electrostatic mosaics previously detected by electric probe microscopy. Using suitable analytical techniques (electron energy-loss spectral imaging, infrared/Raman microspectrophotometry and carbonization/colorimetry) and theoretical calculations, the positive species were identified as hydrocarbocations and the negative species as fluorocarbanions. A comprehensive model is presented for PTFE tribocharging with PE: mechanochemical chain homolytic rupture is followed by electron transfer from hydrocarbon free radicals to the more electronegative fluorocarbon radicals. Polymer ions self-assemble according to Flory-Huggins theory, thus forming the experimentally observed macroscopic patterns. These results show that tribocharging can only be understood by considering the complex chemical events triggered by mechanical action, coupled to well-established physicochemical concepts. Also, friction between dielectric surfaces produces patterns of fixed, stable electric charges that in turn contribute electrostatic components to surface interactions between the contacting solids. The coefficient of rolling resistance of glass beads on tribocharged PTFE was measured, as well as the static friction coefficient of polyethylene pellets on PTFE and friction force on the scanning probe during lateral-force microscopy imaging. Results show that friction coefficients may increase many-fold on tribocharged surfaces and the contribution of electrostatic interactions may supersede all other contributions to friction. These results are explained considering a mechanism according to which charge induction by an electrified surface on a contacting body accounts for energy dissipation during friction suggesting new approaches to control friction coefficients, by controlling tribocharge formation / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
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Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas lipídicas para o carreamento conjunto do gene para PTEN e mitoxantrona em células de câncer de mama e de próstata / Development of lipidic nanoparticles for PTEN gene and mitoxantrone delivery in breast and prostate cancer cells

Radaic, Allan, 1986- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Eneida de Paula, Marcelo Bispo de Jesus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Radaic_Allan_M.pdf: 4265854 bytes, checksum: c076b4c5a6bc95bdcef69dea768f492f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O câncer é a doença genética responsável pelo maior número de mortes em países desenvolvidos e a segunda maior causa mortis em países em desenvolvimento. Uma das principais formas de tratamento do câncer é a quimioterapia, que se utiliza de fármacos para induzir a morte em células cancerígenas, impedindo, assim, seu crescimento anormal. Para ultrapassar desvantagens das tratamentos atuais, novas terapias vêm sendo desenvolvidas. Dentre elas, a terapia gênica e o uso de sistemas de liberação de fármacos foram as abordagens escolhidas em nossa pesquisa. Carreadores Lipídicos Nanoestruturados (CLN) e Nanopartículas Lipídicas Sólidas (NLS) são alternativas interessantes para viabilizar tais terapias, por conseguirem entregar material genético de forma efetiva e segura de genes, fármacos e proteínas em células alvo. Portanto, esta dissertação teve por objetivos i) desenvolver e aperfeiçoar um novo método de produção de CLN e NLS: a extrusão de microemulsão e ii) produzir nanopartículas capazes de carrear genes (gene codificante para PTEN) e fármacos (mitoxantrona) concomitantemente em células de câncer. Os resultados demonstram que a extrusão de microemulsão é um método factível para a produção de tais partículas, sendo que 15 passagens pela membrana de 100 nm, 5 ºC acima da temperatura de fusão dos lipídios sólidos são os melhores parâmetros para otimização deste processo. As nanopartículas lipídicas produzidas apresentaram diâmetro médio em torno de 140 nm e foram estáveis por, pelo menos, 180 dias estocadas a 4 ºC. Além disso, CLN e NLS mostraram-se semelhantes quanto ao tamanho, potencial Zeta e polidispersão (PDI). Apesar de não apresentarem diferenças quanto a transição de fase, as nanopartículas lipídicas apresentaram uma ultraestrutura monolítica bastante distinta dos lipossomas, o que garantiu uma alta eficiência de encapsulamento para o fármaco mitoxantrona: de 81% em CLN e 64 % em NLS. Finalmente, o carreamento concomitante do fármaco mitoxantrona e do gene da PTEN diminuiu a viabilidade celular em linhagens de câncer de mama (MCF-7) e de próstata (PC3), de maneira mais eficiente que formulações lipossomais / Abstract: Cancer is the genetic disease responsible for major death causes in developed countries and it is the second leading cause of death in developing countries. One of the main forms of cancer treatment is chemotherapy, which uses drugs to induce death in neoplastic cells, thereby preventing their overgrowth. To overcome disadvantages of current treatments, new therapies have been developed. Among them, gene therapy and the use of drug delivery systems were the approaches used in our research. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) are suitable carriers for such therapies since they can effectively and safely deliver genetic material, drugs and proteins in target cells. Therefore, this work was aimed i) to develop and optimize a new method of production of NLC and SLN: the microemulsion extrusion and ii) to produce nanoparticles capable of co-delivery genes (the coding gene for PTEN) and drugs (mitoxantrone) into cancer cells. The results demonstrate that microemulsion extrusion is a reliable method for the production of such particles, being 15 passages through 100 nm membrane, at 5 °C above the solid lipid melting temperature, are the best parameters for process optimization. The lipid nanoparticles showed average diameter of 140 nm and they were stable up to 180 days of storage at 4 °C. Moreover, NLC and SLN showed similar size, Zeta potential and polydispersity (PDI). While calorimetry did not reveal great differences among the formulations tested, transmission electron microscopy revealed a monolithic structure for lipid nanoparticles distinct from lipossomes, which allowed NLC and SLN to encapsulate 81 and 64 %, respectively, of mitoxantrone. Finally, concomitant entrapment of mitoxantrone and PTEN gene in lipid nanoparticles led to a decrease in the cell viability of breast (MCF-7) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells, more efficiently than liposomal formulations / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
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Étude des effets mémoire dans les matériaux scintillateurs / Study of memory effects in scintillating materials

Patton, Gaël 17 September 2015 (has links)
L'intérêt des matériaux scintillateurs est la conversion de rayonnements de hautes énergies (particule γ, particules α, électrons,...) en photons de basse énergie détectables par les photo-détecteurs habituels. Ils sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications : recherche en physique des hautes énergies, spectrométrie gamma pour la recherche ou la radio-protection, imagerie médicale ou technique, ainsi que pour la sécurité intérieure. Les propriétés de scintillation de ce type de matériau sont dépendantes de l'historique d'irradiation. Ce comportement, appelé effets mémoire, influe directement sur les performances des instruments utilisant ces matériaux. Trois effets mémoire différents peuvent être distingués : le vieillissement qui est une diminution du rendement de scintillation après une absorption de rayonnements ionisants, la rémanence qui est la persistance de l'émission lumineuse après la fin de l'excitation, et enfin la radio-sensibilisation qui est une augmentation, temporaire ou non, du rendement de scintillation en fonction de la dose absorbée par le scintillateur. Ce travail s'attache principalement à la compréhension du phénomène de radio-sensibilisation et à la rémanence dans les scintillateurs. Un matériau modèle, YP O4 : Ce, N d, a été utilisé afin de mettre en évidence la corrélation entre les pièges électroniques présents dans le matériau et les effets mémoire. Une fois ce lien mis en évidence, une étude sur un matériau commercial largement utilisé dans de nombreuses applications, l'iodure de césium dopé thallium, a été menéee. Sur la base de mesures de thermoluminescence, un modèle numérique a été développé afin de simuler les effets mémoire dans ces matériaux, puis de prédire leurs comportements en cas de modification des pièges électroniques. Par ailleurs, des méthodes de réduction des effets mémoire ont été étudiées via l'introduction de nouveaux pièges aux caractéristiques précises ou via la stimulation optique du matériau en parallèle de son irradiation / The interest of scintillating materials is the conversion of high energy radiations (γ or α particles, electrons, ...) in low energy photons detectable by usual photo-detectors. They are used in many applications : research in high energy physics, gamma spectrometry for research or radiation protection, medical and technical X-ray imaging, as well as for homeland security. The scintillation properties of this materials is dependent on the history of irradiation. This behavior, called memory effect, directly affects the performance of instruments using these materials. Three different memory effects can be distinguished : aging is a decrease in the scintillation yield after an absorption of ionizing radiation, the afterglow is the persistence of light emission after excitation, and finally radio-sensitization which is an increase of scintillation yield depending on the dose absorbed by the scintillator. This work mainly focus on the understanding of radio-sensitization phenomenon and afterglow in the scintillators. A model material, Y PO4 : Ce,Nd, was used to highlight the correlation between charges carrier traps present in the material and memory effects. Once this link is highlighted, a study of a commercial material widely used in many applications, thallium doped cesium iodide, was lead. Based on thermoluminescence measures, a numerical model was developed to simulate the memory effects in these materials and to predict their behavior in case of modification of charge carrier traps. Furthermore, several methods to reduce memory effects were investigated through the introduction of new traps with specific characteristics or through optical stimulation of the material in parallel to its irradiation. Finally, the role of radiosensitization in the scintillation efficiency under gamma excitation was highlighted on BaAl4O7 : Eu2+ ceramics. These results suggest a way to improve performance of some scintillating performance by the exaltation via prior irradiation
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Etude de la dynamique des états excités des nanotubes du carbone mono-paroi / Study of the dynamics of the excited states in single-walled carbon nanotubes

Yuma, Bertrand Kei 22 March 2013 (has links)
Ce travail analyse la formation d'états liés par interaction coulombienne d'excitons dans un ensemble de nanotubes de carbone de chiralité (6,5) en solution. Sous l'action d'une impulsion laser de forte intensité, une grande densité d'excitons est formée dans le nanotube et conduit à la formation d'état de trion et de biexciton. Les mécanismes physiques responsables de la photogénération de ces états ont été analysés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ces travaux sont effectués à l'aide d'une expérience pompe-sonde dans laquelle le faisceau sonde est un continuum de lumière blanche permettant ainsi l'observation simultanée des états d'exciton, de trion et de biexciton. Cela conduit à l'obtention des énergies de liaison des différentes contributions excitoniques. En outre la dynamique de ces états excitoniques a aussi pu être obtenue avec une résolution temporelle de l'ordre de la centaine de femtosecondes. / In this thesis, we have studied the excitonic bound states formation in an ensemble of chirality (6,5) carbon nanotubes in solution. Under intense laser excitation, a large density of excitons is reached in the nanotube. This leads to the formation of bound states such as trion and biexciton. The physical mecanisms responsible for the photogeneration of these states have been analysed in this thesis. We performed a pump-probe experiment using a white light continuum as the probe beam. This allows the simultaneous observation of the excitonic, trion and biexciton states which gives information about the binding energies of the bound states. Finally, we also studied the dynamics of these excitonic bound states that have been obtained with a temporal resolution close to hundred of femtoseconds.
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Diagnosis of acute and chronic enteric fever using metabolomics / Diagnos av akut och kronisk enterisk feber med hjälp av metabolomik

Näsström, Elin January 2017 (has links)
Enteric (or typhoid) fever is a systemic infection mainly caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The disease is common in areas with poor water quality and insufficient sanitation. Humans are the only reservoir for transmission of the disease. The presence of asymptomatic chronic carriers is a complicating factor for the transmission. There are major limitations regarding the current diagnostic methods both for acute infection and chronic carriage. Metabolomics is a methodology studying metabolites in biological systems under influence of environmental or physiological perturbations. It has been applied to study several infectious diseases, with the goal of detecting diagnostic biomarkers. In this thesis, a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, including chemometric bioinformatics techniques for data analysis, has been used to evaluate the potential of metabolite biomarker patterns for diagnosis of enteric fever at different stages of the disease. In Paper I, metabolite patterns related to acute enteric fever were investigated. Human plasma samples from patients in Nepal with culture-confirmed S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A infection were compared to afebrile controls. A metabolite pattern discriminating between acute enteric fever and afebrile controls, as well as between the two causative agents of enteric fever was detected. The strength of using a panel of metabolites instead of single metabolites as biomarkers was also highlighted. In Paper II, metabolite patterns for acute enteric fever, this time focusing only on S. Typhi infections, were investigated. Human plasma from patients in Bangladesh with culture-positive or -negative but clinically suspected S. Typhi infection were compared to febrile controls. Differences were found in metabolite patterns between the culture-positive S. Typhi group and the febrile controls with a heterogeneity among the suspected S. Typhi samples. Consistencies in metabolite patterns were found to the results from Paper I. In addition, a validation cohort with culture-positive S. Typhi samples and a control group including patients with malaria and infections caused by other pathogens was analysed. Differences in metabolite patterns were detected between S. Typhi samples and all controls as well as between S. Typhi and malaria. Consistencies in metabolite patterns were found to the primary Bangladeshi cohort and the Nepali cohort from Paper I. Paper III focused on chronic Salmonella carriers. Human plasma samples from patients in Nepal undergoing cholecystectomy with confirmed S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A gallbladder carriage were compared to non-carriage controls. The Salmonella carriage samples were distinguished from the non-carriage controls and differential signatures were also found between the S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A carriage samples. Comparing metabolites found during chronic carriage and acute enteric fever (in Paper I) resulted in a panel of metabolites significant only during chronic carriage. This work has contributed to highlight the potential of using metabolomics as a tool to find diagnostic biomarker patterns associated with different stages of enteric fever.

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