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Quelle est la nature des représentations que se font les gens des catégories apprises? Il est généralement accepté que le type de tâche d’apprentissage a une influence sur la réponse à cette question. Ceci étant dit, la majorité des théories portant sur les processus de catégorisation élaborées durant les dernières décennies a porté presqu’exclusivement sur des tâches de classifications d’exemplaires. Le mémoire présenté ici avait quatre objectifs principaux. Le premier était de vérifier si une tâche d’apprentissage de catégories implicites par classifications mène davantage à l’intégration de dimensions diagnostiques qu’un apprentissage par inférences. Le deuxième était de vérifier si une tâche d’apprentissage de catégories implicites par inférences entraine davantage l’intégration de dimensions typiques qu’un apprentissage par classifications. Le troisième était d’évaluer si un effet de rehaussement du prototype (« prototype enhancement effect ») pouvait être observé dans le cadre d’un apprentissage par inférences. Le quatrième était de clarifier quelle est la mesure de tendance centrale qui présente réellement un effet de rehaussement du prototype : le mode, la médiane ou la moyenne. Suite aux résultats obtenus, les implications pour trois théories portant sur les processus de catégorisation sont discutées. Les trois théories sont celles des prototypes, des exemplaires et des frontières décisionnelles. / What is the nature of the representations people form of the categories they learn? It is generally accepted that the type of learning task has an influence on the answer to that question. That being said, most of the categorization theories elaborated during the last decades have focused almost exclusively on classification-learning tasks. The master thesis presented here had four objectives. First, to verify if a classification-learning task leads to the integration of more diagnostic dimensions than an inference-learning task in the context of implicit categories. Second, to verify if an inference-learning task leads to the integration of more typical dimensions than a classification-learning task, once again in the context of implicit categories. Third, to evaluate if a prototype enhancement effect can be observed in an inference-learning task. Fourth, to clarify which central tendency measure really presents a prototype enhancement effect: the mode, the median or the mean. Given the results obtained, implications for three categorization theories are discussed. The three theories are prototype theory, exemplar theory and decision-bound theory.

This study started with my interest in drama pedagogy practices. The aim is to investigate the teacher's conceptions of children's play and learning activities in drama pedagogy practices. Basically drama pedagogy means children and teachers creating play worlds together, usually based on various literary works, where they portray and play. Previous research shows that drama pedagogy as a method can enrich and develop children's play. Also, drama can be important for children's linguistic, social and aesthetic development. In this study, overall three interviews and two observations at different occasions was carried out. By using a phenomenographic approach, similarities and differences in teacher's conceptions were revealed. This resulted in three different categories of description; influence, emotion and togetherness in play and learning. The categories of description show that in preschool teacher's conceptions of play and learning their awareness is directed at how they base their plannning in preschool's curriculm. At the same time they have children's interests as guidelines, and let their questions and plays take a great place in the outcome of the activities. Another assumption is that emotion became prominent in the conceptions, both in the preschool teachers' own relationships to playing and portraying, but also in playing and designing with the children. / Den här studien startade i min förundran över gestaltande lekpedagogiskt arbetssätt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka pedagogers uppfattningar av barns lek och lärande i verksamheter där de arbetar med gestaltande lekpedagogik. Ett gestaltande lekpedagogiskt arbetssätt innebär sammanfattningsvis att barn och pedagoger skapar lekvärldar tillsammans, oftast utifrån litteratur, där de gestaltar och leker. Tidigare forskning visar att arbetssättet kan berika och utveckla barns lek. Dramat visas även ha betydelse för barns språkliga, sociala och estetiska utveckling. I den här studien utfördes totalt tre intervjuer och observationer vid två olika tillfällen. Utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats undersöktes likheter och olikheter i pedagogernas uppfattningar. Detta resulterade i tre olika beskrivningskategorier som var framträdande i producerad data; inflytande-, emotioner- och helhet i lek och lärande. Det beskrivningskategorierna visar är att i pedagogernas uppfattningar om lek och lärande uppmärksammas hur pedagogen tar grund i förskolans läroplan då de planerar. Samtidigt låter de barns intressen, frågor och lek vara med och styra mycket i verksamhetens utformning. En annan utgångspunkt i uppfattningarna är att pedagogernas uppmärksamhet riktas mot emotioner. Både i pedagogens eget förhållande till lek och gestaltning, men också i lek och gestaltning med barnen.

Impulse buying or unplanned purchases by consumers constitute a major proportion of purchases in certain product categories. Studies in the United States widely reported that impulse consumer buying behaviour accounts for up to 80% of all purchases in certain product categories, and it has been suggested that purchases of new products result more from impulse purchasing than from prior planning. South Africa is a nation of shoppers with increasing numbers defined as impulse buyers who respond to glossy adverts such as „never to be beaten bargains‟ and „buy one get one free‟. Culture has a profound effect on why people buy. Culture affects the specific products people buy as well as the structures of consumption, individual decision-making and communication in a society. Since South Africa has quite a diverse group of different cultures, it has been of great importance to determine whether cultural differences had an influence on impulsive buying behaviour. The primary research objective was to assess the influence of different cultures on consumer impulsive buying behaviour of students. The findings of this research study did not clearly indicate if culture had an effect on students‟ impulsive buying behaviour. / Thesis (M.Com. (Business Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Impulse buying or unplanned purchases by consumers constitute a major proportion of purchases in certain product categories. Studies in the United States widely reported that impulse consumer buying behaviour accounts for up to 80% of all purchases in certain product categories, and it has been suggested that purchases of new products result more from impulse purchasing than from prior planning. South Africa is a nation of shoppers with increasing numbers defined as impulse buyers who respond to glossy adverts such as „never to be beaten bargains‟ and „buy one get one free‟. Culture has a profound effect on why people buy. Culture affects the specific products people buy as well as the structures of consumption, individual decision-making and communication in a society. Since South Africa has quite a diverse group of different cultures, it has been of great importance to determine whether cultural differences had an influence on impulsive buying behaviour. The primary research objective was to assess the influence of different cultures on consumer impulsive buying behaviour of students. The findings of this research study did not clearly indicate if culture had an effect on students‟ impulsive buying behaviour. / Thesis (M.Com. (Business Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This dissertation examines the construction and evolution of categories of indigeneity within the context of the Oblate (Roman Catholic) apostolate at Île-à-Crosse in present-day north-western Saskatchewan between 1845 and 1898. While focusing on one central mission station, this study illuminates broad historical processes that informed Oblate perceptions and impelled their evolution over a fifty-three-year period. In particular, this study illuminates processes that shaped Oblate concepts of sauvage and métis. It does this through a qualitative analysis of missionary correspondence, mission records and published reports. In the process, this dissertation challenges the orthodox notion that Oblate commentators simply discovered and described a singular, empirically existing and readily identifiable Métis population. Rather, this dissertation contends that Oblates played an important role in the conceptual production of les métis.

This thesis explores the properties of adjectives and adverbs in Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut), with focus on the Inuktitut dialect group. While the literature on Eskimoan languages has claimed that they lack these categories, I present syntactic evidence for two classes of adjectives, one verb-like and another strictly attributive, as well as a class of adverbs. These categories are then employed to diagnose more general properties of the language including headedness, word-formation, adjunct licensing, and semantic composition. In the first half of Chapter 2 I demonstrate that verb-like adjectives can be differentiated from verbs insofar as only the former are compatible with a particular copular construction involving modals. Similarly, verb-like adjectives can combine with a negative marker that is incompatible with genuine verbs. This contrast is further corroborated by an inflectional distinction between verb-like adjectives and verbs in the Siglitun dialect. A second class of strictly-attributive adjectives is argued for on the basis of stacking, variable order, optionality, and compositionality. The second half of the chapter examines semantic restrictions on membership in the strictly-attributive class whereby only adjectives with subsective and privative denotations are attested. These restrictions are explained by the proposal that Inuit lacks a rule of Predicate Modification, with the result that only adjectives with semantic types capable of composing with nouns via Functional Application can compose directly with nominals. Furthermore, to explain why this restriction does not extend to verb-like adjectives it is proposed that when these modify nominals, they are adjoined DP appositives and compose via Potts’s (2005) rule of Conventional Implicature Application. In Chapter 3 I argue for a class of adverbs, presenting evidence including degree modification, variable ordering, speaker-oriented meanings, and the ability to modify additional categories. Finally, data from adverb ordering is used to compare syntactically oriented and semantically oriented approaches to adjunct licensing and verbal-complex formation. I present arguments in favour of a right-headed analysis of Inuit in which the relative position of adverbs inside polysynthetic verbal-complexes is primarily determined by semantics, supporting Ernst (2002), contra cartographic approaches such as Cinque (1999).

Julia Rolandsdotter, Idéer om samhälle och individ: Abortdebatten under 1960- och 1970-tal med inriktning på realpolitik och ideologi, Uppsala Universitet: Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, C-uppsats, HT 2013. This essay aims to investigate and scrutinize the debate surrounding abortion during the years of 1964 and 1974 respectively. By analyzing elements of different opinions in the debate from daily press, a wide range of aspects concerning the issues of free abortion have been distinguishable. This analysis shows that the abortion debate was, to a high degree, a question of Realpolitik and ideology whereas the differences over time have been visible rather than the differences between parties of varying opinion. By applying the theories of Ian Hacking concerning the effects of categorization, ideas surrounding people and society among others, have been highlighted in the debate. In 1964 we see ideas about the woman as motherly or a victim and the society as defective or exposed among other factors. In 1974 on the other hand discussion about the free woman and the irresponsible society is very common.

Implicit concept mapping (iCmap; Aidman & Egan, 1998), measures: (1) the complexity of conceptual activation, and (2) the degree to which integration is internally consistent. These characteristics describe aspects of both Dual Code theory (DCT; Paivio,1986) and of lexical meaning (Johnson-Laird, 1987). Within the DCT literature, two kinds of representations have been proposed, verbal and nonverbal, and in the case of concrete words both kinds of representations will be activated compared to abstract words, which only have a verbal representation. 40 Participants completed Experiment 1, which aimed to assess degree of conceptual change due to learning. The results revealed no change in performance. 120 Participants completed Experiment 2 with a modified task called, progressive concept mapping (proCmap). The results indicated that concrete nouns had greater consistency between trials relative to abstract nouns, whereas abstract nouns had greater complexity. These results provide confirmatory evidence that proCmap is sensitive to information associated with conceptual structure

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-280). / Microfiche. / xiii, 280 leaves, bound 29 cm