The thesis deals with problems regarding management of risks during the development of a project. First, methodological basis and procedures for evaluating the development of the project are introduced. In the practical part of the thesis, company is presented and development of specific bridge construction with all the risks involved is analyzed. The aim of the thesis is execution of risk analysis on specific project and suggestion for precautions eliminating its risks.

The purpose of my diploma thesis is to define risk management in manufacturing process of particular company. The thesis is composed of two main parts. First theoretical part defines basic terminology such as risk, examples of risk breakdown and procedures for evaluation of manufacturing process. Second practical part defines particular company, provides detail description of the manufacturing process together with risk analysis. The aim of the diploma thesis is to designate the most risky factors based on performed analysis and propose actions to their elimination.

Background: The company has had a low outgoing delivery precision for a prolonged period. This creates problems as orders must be prioritized in order to be produced on time and partial deliveries are used to satisfy customers. The origin of the problem is unknown to the company, but there are suspicions that the problems arise in production. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to an improved outgoing delivery precision for Företag X. A current state analysis from the inbound to the outbound flow is conducted to find causes of delays. The study creates a prioritization basis for the company to identify the most critical article groups. This creates a tool for decision support, linked to delivery precision, for manufacturing companies. Methods: This study is a case study at Företag X. The study uses secondary data in the form of quantitative data from the company's business system, but primary data in the form of interviews and the author’s own observations. The data is used to create a cause and effect diagram and to perform an ABC/XYZ-analysis on the company's inventory that forms the basis for segmentation of the articles. Conclusions: The study's conclusion is that Företag X's low outbound delivery precision is due to several reasons such as communication gaps, insufficient production planning and measurement & variation in load. The most important cause is production planning. In order to improve this, other causes must also be solved first and Företag X must follow the priority order that the study has developed. Through this, Företag X can get a better outbound delivery precision and a more efficient flow. Keywords: Delivery precision, production planning, ABC/XYZ-analysis, classification, cause and effect diagram

Bakgrund:  Balanserat styrkort är en ledningsmetod och en styrfilosofi för att styra organisationer. Det fungerar som ett ramverk och verktyg för att mäta, följa upp och hantera prestationer. Enligt Kaplan och Norton innefattar balanserat styrkort fyra perspektiv, det finansiella perspektivet, kundperspektivet, processperspektivet samt utvecklingsperspektivet. Perspektiven utgör en hierarkisk ordning med ett kausalt samband mellan respektive perspektiv. Få studier har fastställt kausalitet i samband med användning av balanserat styrkort som Kaplan och Norton (1992) tidigare beskrivit vara en stor del av ett väl balanserat styrkort. Genom att undersöka en förvaltning i offentlig sektor erhålls därför en uppfattning kring hur det balanserade styrkortet är uppbyggt i dess verksamhet och om kausalitet råder mellan de fyra perspektiven. Studien fokuserar på en förvaltnings introduktion av det balanserade styrkortet och hur detta används och dess effekter, samt om offentliga sektorn innehar kausalitet mellan de fyra perspektiven.  Syfte:  Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur det uppställda balanserade styrkortet används inom omsorgsförvaltningens aktiviteter och utreda om det råder kausalitet mellan perspektiven.  Metodval:  Forskningsstudiens tillvägagångssätt utgår från en kvalitativ metod, där en fallstudie har genomförts i Kristianstad kommuns omsorgsförvaltning. Insamlingen av det empiriska materialet har erhållits genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer, med fyra verksamhetsutvecklare, tre medarbetare samt en planeringschef för förvaltningen. Empirin har kompletterats med sex dokument från kommunen. Den teoretiska referensramen syftar till att skapa en förståelse för ämnet balanserat styrkort. Slutligen kopplas empirin till teorin i ett analysavsnitt.  Slutsats:  Det balanserade styrkortet tillämpas i omsorgsförvaltningens genom att i första hand fastställa kvalitetsmålen attraktivitet, trygghet, hållbarhet och ekonomi. Sedan tillämpas balanserat styrkort för att styra och följa upp verksamheternas aktiviteter genom att etablera nyckeltal med avseende på de fyra kvalitetsmålen. Styrkortet fungerar som en strategisk ram för hela förvaltningen som hjälper till att specificera och kommunicera målen samt koppla dem till konkreta indikatorer, det vill säga nyckeltal. Aktiviteterna i respektive perspektiv ger upphov till effekter i de andra dimensionerna i den hierarkiska ordningen, ett samband som tyder på kausalitet, en kedja aktiviteter som kan kopplas till en orsak-verkan-effekt. Genom att beakta kausaliteten mellan de fyra perspektiven som förekommer till följd av tillämpningen av balanserat styrkort kan förvaltningen uppnå sina mål på ett mer effektivt och strategiskt sätt. Det främjar en helhetssyn på verksamheten och hjälper till att skapa en balans mellan de olika dimensionerna. / Background: Balanced scorecard is a management method and a management philosophy for managing organizations. It serves as a framework and tool for measuring, tracking and managing performance. According to Kaplan and Norton, the balanced scorecard includes four perspectives, the financial perspective, the customer perspective, the internal business process perspective and the learning and growth perspective. The perspectives constitute a hierarchical order with a causality between them. Few studies have established causality associated with the use of the balanced scorecard that Kaplan and Norton (1992) previously described as a major component of a well-balanced scorecard. By examining an administration in the public sector, an idea is therefore obtained about how the balanced scorecard is structured in its operations and whether causality prevails between the four perspectives. The study will focus on an administration's introduction of the balanced scorecard and how this is used and its effects, as well as whether the public sector holds causality between the four perspectives.  Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how a balanced scorecard is used within the activities of the care administration and to investigate whether there is causality between the perspectives.  Method:  The study's approach is based on a qualitative method, where a case study has been carried out in Kristianstad municipality's care administration. The collection of the empirical material has been obtained through eight semi-structured interviews, with four business developers, three employees and a planning manager for the administration. The empiricism has been supplemented with six documents from the municipality. The theoretical frame of reference aims to create an understanding of the subject of the balanced scorecard. Finally, the empirical evidence is linked to the theory in an analysis section.  Conclusion:  The balanced scorecard is applied in care management by primarily determining the quality goals of attractiveness, safety, sustainability and economy. A balanced scorecard is then applied to manage and follow up the operations' activities by establishing key performance indicators with regard to the four quality objectives. The scorecard functions as a strategic framework for the entire administration that helps specify and communicate the goals and link them to concrete indicators, i.e key performance indicators. The activities in each perspective give rise to effects in the other dimensions of the hierarchical order, a connection that indicates causality and a chain of activities that can be linked to a cause-effect-effect. By considering the causality between the four perspectives that occur as a result of the application of the balanced scorecard, management can achieve its goals in a more efficient and strategic way. It promotes a holistic view of the business and helps to create a balance between the different dimensions, such as the financial perspective, the citizen perspective, the employee perspective and the development perspective.

Bakgrund: På grund utav den ökade globala konkurrensen, den snabba teknologiska utveckligen och skiftet till ett kundorienterat synsätt, ställs högre krav på ständiga förbättringar inom verksamheter. Detta ställer i sin tur högre krav på effektiva processer och flöden. Genom att tillämpa Lean och verktyget Value Stream Mapping kan icke- värdeadderande aktiviteter, relaterade till slöserier, identifieras och minimeras för att maximera både material- och informationsflödet inom processer. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera slöserier inom Företagets inleverans- respektive utleveransprocess genom tillämpning av verktyget Value Stream Mapping. Vidare syftar studien till att urskilja rotorsakerna för respektive identifierat slöseri. Därefter avser studien att föreslå åtgärder som slutligen bidrar till att de identifierade slöserierna kan minimeras, alternativt elimineras. Metod: Studien baseras på en kvalitativ fallstudie av Företagets inleverans- respektive utleveransprocess, utifrån ett deduktivt angreppsätt. Den teoretiska referensramen utgår främst ifrån litterära källor från Linnéuniversitetets bibliotek samt vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade ifrån databaser. Empirisk data har samlats in under observationer samt semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet av respondenterna utgår ifrån ett bekvämlighersurval som bottnar i ett snöbollsurval. Slutsatser: Utifrån de CSM som har illustrerats för inleverans- respektive utleveransprocessen kunde slöserierna väntetid, rörelse och överarbete identifieras, relaterat till icke-värdeadderande aktiviteter. Genom att undersöka dessa närmare identifierades rotorsaker layout, begränsade resurser och bristande rutiner. För att nå det tillstånd som beskrivs i FSM och minimera, alternativt eliminera, slöserierna har studien resulterat i följande förbättringsförslag; nedmontering av kontor och stängsel vid inleveransytan samt implementering av FIFU-system, implementering av 5S rapportering av felaktiga pallar och implementering av ett elektroniskt orderplockningsystem. / Background: As a consequence of the increased global competition, the rapid technological changes and the shift to a customer-oriented approach, it becomes more important with continuous improvements to achive efficient processes and flows. By applying Lean and Value Stream Mapping wastes can be identified, minimized in order to maximize both the material- and the information flow within a business process. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify wastes in a company’s inbound- and outbound process by applying the tool Value Stream Mapping. Furthermore, the study aims to identify the root causes and propose actions that contribute to minimize or eliminate the identified wastes. Method: The study is based on a qualitative case study of a company’s inbound- and outbound process. Empirical data has been collected during observations and semi- structured interviews. The theoretical framework is primarily based on literary sources that are retrieved from the Linnaeus University’s library and also scientific articles retrieved from databases. The selection is based on a convenience sample, a snowball sample. Conclusions: Based on the two CSMs that has been illustrated for the inbound- and outbound process, wastes were identified as waiting, motion and over processing, related to non-value added activities. By examining these wastes the root causes were identified as layout, limited resources and inadequate procedures. To reach the state described in the two FSMs by minimizing, or eliminating, the identified wastes, the study results in following proposals; dismantling of office and fence at the inbound area together with the implementation of a FIFU-system, implementation of 5S to report incorrect pallets and implementation of an electronic orderpicking system.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-04T18:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertacaoFinalDominiqueDigital.pdf: 1809626 bytes, checksum: 0394869923ec4dde774f79a5ec5290de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T18:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertacaoFinalDominiqueDigital.pdf: 1809626 bytes, checksum: 0394869923ec4dde774f79a5ec5290de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Facepe / A presente pesquisa se desenvolveu no âmbito do Observatório Temático e Laboratório – Ensino, Tecnologia, Ciência e Informação (OtletCI) com a intensão de avançar na questão de como extrair informação relevante e de como representá-la para fins de recuperação semântica da informação, em particular no caso de textos de publicações científicas em português. Para tanto, como metodologia, investigou-se a tecnologia da busca semântica quanto aos fundamentos teóricos, sua utilidade no contexto do OtletCI e requisitos para aplicação em textos científicos em português. Como experimento, buscou-se explicitar os requisitos da busca semântica para a aplicação em textos científicos, através da análise da extração de relacionamentos semânticos do tipo “causa e efeito” em 60 resumos, em português, de artigos científicos da área de Ciências Agrárias. O estudo apresentou, por meio de considerações de ordem qualitativa e quantitativa, uma comparação entre o processo manual e automático de extração de sentenças de causa e efeito. Esses documentos foram previamente analisados de forma manual, e as sentenças de causa e efeito foram extraídas através da leitura dos resumos. Para o processo automático, com os dados transferidos do software PALAVRAS para a planilha do Excel, foi possível realizar uma programação para localizar sentenças de causa e efeito automaticamente. O objetivo foi comparar as sentenças identificadas diretamente pelo pesquisador e as sentenças reconstruídas automaticamente a partir do conjunto de células programadas. Conclui-se enfatizando que a possibilidade de usar técnicas automáticas acelera o processo de criação e extração de relações de causa e efeito e pode ser usada como alternativa ao processo custoso de identificação manual de informações semânticas. Porém, mais importante que propor uma estrutura de relações de causa e efeito para a construção de sistemas de busca, o que pode-se apontar como o resultado mais expressivo da presente pesquisa é o estabelecimento preliminar de rotinas para a versão automatizada. / This research is developed within the Thematic Observatory and Laboratory - Education, Technology, Science and Information (OtletCI) with the intention to move forward on the question of how to extract relevant information and how to represent it for purposes of semantic retrieval of information, particularly in the case of texts of scientific publications in Portuguese. Therefore, as a methodology, we investigated the semantic search technology based on the theoretical foundations, its usefulness in the context of OtletCI and requirements for application in scientific texts in Portuguese. As an experiment, we tried to clarify the semantic search requirements for the application of scientific texts by analyzing the extraction of semantic relationships such as "cause and effect" in 60 abstracts, in Portuguese, of scientific articles in the area of Agricultural Sciences. The study shows, through qualitative and quantitative considerations, a comparison between manual and automatic extraction process of cause and effect sentences. These documents were previously analyzed manually, and the sentences of cause and effect were extracted by reading the summaries. For automatic process, with data transferred from PALAVRAS software to the Excel spreadsheet, it was possible to carry out a program to find cause and effect sentences automatically. The goal was to buy the sentences identified directly by the researcher and sentences automatically reconstructed from the set of programmed cells. The research concludes emphasizing that the possibility of using automatic techniques accelerates the process of creating and extracting of cause and effect relationship and may be used as an alternative to costly manual process of identifying semantic information. However, more important than to propose a structure of cause and effect relationships for building search engines, we can point out as the most significant result of this research the preliminary establishment of routines for automated version.

The aim of this master´s thesis is to design an action to improve of selected process Design and development through DMAIC application. The thesis is focused on identifying the problem, finding the cause and following design of improves leading to eliminate problems. This improves will enable the company to achieve time savings during the process and reduce a risk of orders. Result of this is effective operation in the process.

På grund av en ständigt föränderlig miljö där kundernas behov, krav och förväntningar varierar allt mer kan företag påfrestas gällande att bemöta dessa. Ett resultat av denna trend kan återspeglas i nya tekniska lösningar samt effektiviseringar i både produkter och tjänster. Detta medför en ökad konkurrens och därför blir kvalitetsutveckling en viktig del av effektiviseringsarbetet. Det finns ett stort fokus på kvalitetssäkring i syfte att öka konkurrensfördelar och stärka företags varumärke. Det finns dock ett stort utrymme för effektiviseringar av kvalitetsarbetet i tillverkande företag. Företag kan exempelvis utnyttja olika förbättringsverktyg och hjälpmedel i förbättringsarbetet exempelvis Sex Sigma, Lean, Orsaks-verkan-diagram samt feleffektsanalys.     Syftet med studien är att undersöka och kartlägga kvalitetssäkringsarbetet gällande utgående gods i ett tillverkande företag för att sedan presentera förbättringsförslag.     Det har genomförts en fallstudie på hissföretaget Cibes Lift Group AB. Den valda forskningsmetoden för studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie grundad på primär- och sekundärdata. Jag valde detta främst på grund av att det fanns ett behov av att samla så mycket information som möjligt för att öka min förståelse samt studiens trovärdighet.    Studiens resultat visualiserar att Cibes Lift Group AB arbetar förebyggande med kvalitetssäkring då checklistor används vilka innehåller ett antal krav som bör vara uppfyllda innan godset skickas ut till kunderna. Däremot finns det flertalet förbättringsverktyg och hjälpmedel som företaget inte tillämpar, exempelvis Sex Sigma, Orsaks-verkan-diagram, feleffektsanalys och så vidare. Således finns det mycket förbättringspotential i företagets kvalitetssäkringsarbete men även i det övriga kvalitetsarbetet. / Due to an ever-changing environment where customers' needs, requirements and expectations vary more and more, companies can be pressured to meet these. A result of this trend can be reflected in new technical solutions as well as efficiencies in both products and services. This entails increased competition and therefore quality development becomes an important part of the efficiency work. There is a strong focus on quality assurance in order to increase competitive advantages and strengthen companies' brands. However, there is a great deal of room for streamlining the quality work in manufacturing companies. Companies can use various improvement tools in the improvement work, for example Six Sigma, Lean, Cause-and-effect-diagrams and Failure mode and effect analysis. The purpose of the study is to investigate and map the quality assurance work regarding outgoing goods in a manufacturing company and then present improvement proposals. A case study has been carried out at the elevator company Cibes Lift Group AB. The chosen research method for the study is a qualitative case study based on primary and secondary data.  The results of the study visualize that Cibes Lift Group AB works preventively with quality assurance when checklists are used which contain a number of requirements that should be met before the goods are sent out to the customers. However, there are many improvement tools that the company does not apply, such as Six Sigma, Cause-and-effect-diagrams, Failure mode and effect analysis and so on. Thus, there is a lot of potential for improvement in the company's quality assurance work but also in the other quality work.

This paper will use the natural laws of the universe and amassed evidence to support a dynamic systems theory approach to explain the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience taking place inside a causally determined universe without the possibility of free will. By reductionary methods, the universe and all its’ contents, including human agents, will be exemplified as complex dynamic systems. In so doing, the human experience is reduced to being comprised of information acting and reacting with other information existing in the universe, specifically ideas. Allowing ideas to take on a physical manifestation shows how the feedback of information directly results in the rise of human consciousness and the sensation of control and volition over actions. Thus, the methods and philosophies used in this paper will set out to rebut metaphysical libertarian views asserting alternative possibilities by way of Rollback Arguments and two other libertarian arguments raised by Alfred R. Mele. This paper aims to provide a description and deeper appreciation for the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience in a universe where free will is nonexistent.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera hur Sveriges landsting och regioner formulerar och visualiserar orsak-verkan-samband mellan perspektiven vid tillämpning av balanserat styrkort. Metod: Uppsatsen använder sig av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys med en dokumentstudie av Sveriges landsting och regioners årsredovisningar och budgetdokument för år 2015. Slutsatser: Av Sveriges landsting och regioner tillämpar 11 av 21 balanserat styrkort som styrmodell. Landstingen och regionernas balanserade styrkort uppnår i relativt hög grad orsak-verkan-samband, dock presenteras orsak-verkan-samband i mycket låg utsträckning för verksamhetens intressenter. Sveriges Landsting och regioner presenterar ingen form av strategikarta som uppfyller rekvisiten som ställs på en strategikarta. Vidare visar författarna att tidsperspektivet mellan perspektiven påverkas av förhållandet mellan utfallsmått och drivande mått i varje perspektiv. En hög andel utfallsmått placerar perspektivet högt upp i det balanserade styrkortet och en hög andel drivande mått placerar perspektivet långt ner i det balanserade styrkortet. / Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyse how Sweden's county councils and regions phrases and visualizes the cause and effect relationship between the perspectives in the implementation of the balanced scorecard. Method: This thesis uses a quantitative content analysis with a document study of Sweden's county councils and regions financial statement and budget documents for the year 2015. Conclusions: 11 of 21 of Sweden's county councils and regions are using balanced scorecard as governance model. The county councils and regions’ balanced scorecards are demonstrating a relatively high degree of cause and effect relationship. However, this is not presented to the organization's stakeholders. Sweden's county councils and regions does not present any form of strategy map that fulfills the demands that is required of a strategy map. The authors also finds that the time dimension between the perspectives is affected by the mixture of outcome measures and performance drivers in each of the perspectives. A high proportion of outcome measures will place the perspective high up in the balances scorecard. A high proportion performance drivers will place the perspective lower in the balanced scorecard.