The transplantation of hematopoietic peripheral blood stem cells is one of the therapeutic choices for the treatment of various hematological and oncological diseases, extending disease-free survival and, in some cases, providing the cure of the patient. This is a retrospective study in which the medical records of patients who underwent mobilization, collection and infusion of peripheral hematopoietic stem cells for autologous transplantation were analyzed with the objective of evaluating these procedures, identifying the characteristics of the population assisted and verifying the transplant-related mortality and overall survival of transplanted patients. The study analyzes 176 patients (78F/98M) of the Hematology-Oncology Service of the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) in the period between December 1996 and December 2011. The diagnoses included: Multiple Myeloma (54), Hodgkin Lymphoma (47), Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (35), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (16) and other neoplasias (24) such as Breast Cancer, Wilms Tumor, Ewing s Sarcoma, Neuroblastoma, Amyloidosis, Testicular Tumor, Medulloblastoma, Macroglobulinemia, CNS Tumor. The median age of the patients was 42 years (1 to 69 years). Before the stem cells mobilization, all the patients had already been submitted to some kind of treatment related to the disease and 31% had received previous radiotherapy. The mobilization schema included hematopoietic growth factor (G-CSF) associated our not whit different chemotherapies. The number of mobilization and leukapheresis carried out were 203 and 474 respectively. The desired number of CD34+ cells in the collection was 2,0x106/kg, considering that the majority of patients achieved the quantity expected. The median of total nucleated cells collected was 7,01x108/kg and of CD34+ cells it was of 2,63x106/kg, with a median of two leukapheresis per patient (1 to 6). Of the 176 patients in this study 120 patients were submitted to autologous transplantation, three received two infusions each. The median of total nucleated cells infused was 6,46x108/kg and of CD34+ cells was 3,17x106/kg. After the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells, the recovery of neutrophils occurred between 7 and 28 days (median 10 days), while the platelets between 8 and 79 (median 12 days), considering that three patients did not have platelet recovery. The correlation between the quantity of CD34+ cells infused and the recovery of neutrophils and platelets was verified. Transplantrelated mortality was 5%. The probability of overall survival of the group in a year was of 79,8% and 55,1% in five years. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the majority of the patients achieved the desired number of CD34+ cells through mobilization and collection and the results obtained with autologous transplantation were similar to those described in the literature. / O transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas periféricas constitui-se uma das opções terapêuticas para o tratamento de várias doenças hematológicas-oncológicas, podendo prolongar a sobrevida livre da doença e, às vezes, pode representar a cura para o paciente. Este é um estudo retrospectivo através da revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à mobilização, coleta e infusão de células-tronco hematopoiéticas periféricas para transplante autogênico, com o objetivo de avaliar estes procedimentos, identificar as características da população atendida e verificar a mortalidade relacionada ao transplante e sobrevida global dos pacientes transplantados. Foram incluídos 176 pacientes (78F/98M) do Serviço de Hematologia-Oncologia do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, no período de dezembro de 1996 a dezembro de 2011. Os diagnósticos incluíram: Mieloma Múltiplo (54), Linfoma de Hodgkin (47), Linfoma não Hodgkin (35), Leucemia Mielóide Aguda (16) e outras neoplasias (24), como Câncer de Mama, Tumor de Wilms, Sarcoma de Ewing, Neuroblastoma, Amiloidose, Tumor de Testículo, Meduloblastoma, Macroglobulinemia, Tumor de SNC. A mediana de idade dos pacientes foi de 42 anos (1 a 69 anos). Antes da mobilização de célulastronco, todos os pacientes já haviam sido submetidos a algum tratamento relacionado a doença de base e 31% haviam recebido radioterapia prévia. Os esquemas de mobilização incluíram fator de crescimento hematopoiético (G-CSF) associado ou não a diferentes quimioterapias. Foram realizadas 203 mobilizações e 474 leucoaféreses. O número desejado de células CD34+ na coleta foi de 2,0x106/kg, sendo que a maioria dos pacientes (89,8%) alcançou a quantidade esperada. A mediana de células nucleadas totais coletadas foi de 7,01x108/kg e de células CD34+ foi de 2,63x106/kg, com mediana de duas leucoaféreses por paciente (1 a 6). Dos 176 pacientes do estudo, 120 foram submetidos a transplante autogênico de células-tronco hematopoiéticas do sangue periférico, sendo que três pacientes receberam duas infusões cada. A mediana de células nucleadas totais infundidas foi de 6,46x108/kg e de células CD34+ foi de 3,17x106/kg. Após a infusão das células-tronco hematopoiéticas, a recuperação dos neutrófilos ocorreu entre 7 e 28 dias (mediana 10 dias), enquanto as plaquetas entre os dias 8 e 79 (mediana 12 dias), sendo que em três pacientes não houve recuperação plaquetária. Foi encontrada correlação entre a quantidade de células CD34+ infundidas e recuperação de neutrófilos e plaquetas. A taxa de mortalidade relacionada ao transplante foi de 5%. A probabilidade de sobrevida global do grupo em um ano foi de 79,8% e em cinco anos de 55,1%. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que a maioria dos pacientes atingiu a quantidade desejada de células CD34+ através das mobilizações e coletas e os resultados obtidos com os transplantes autogênicos foram semelhantes aos descritos na literatura.

Orientador: André Almeida Schenka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvesJunior_MarcosJose_M.pdf: 2901424 bytes, checksum: 6694f752f4f5762fee8876846cf1f26c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais frequente e a primeira causa de óbito por neoplasia em mulheres. A despeito de toda a pesquisa e todos os progressos realizados até o momento, a morbimortalidade ainda é alta em pacientes em estádio avançado. Recentemente, foi descrito um novo modelo de carcinogênese no qual as células-tronco (CT) seriam responsáveis pela origem, heterogeneidade morfológica e autorrenovação das neoplasias malignas. Apoiando essa teoria, observam-se, na maioria das neoplasias sólidas, células com características biológicas e fenotípicas de CT, as quais são designadas células-tronco neoplásicas (CTN). Estando associadas à resistência terapêutica e recidivas tumorais a longo prazo, as CTNs constituem um importante alvo de estudos fisiopatológicos e farmacológicos. Além das CTNs, outro importante alvo terapêutico em câncer de mama é representado pela angiogênese tumoral. Contudo, raros são os estudos focados nas interrelações dessas duas estratégias. As estatinas constituem um grupo de fármacos utilizados no tratamento de primeira linha das dislipidemias e na prevenção de suas consequências cardiovasculares. Além dos efeitos antidislipidêmicos, são descritas propriedades antineoplásicas, cujas bases parecem estar associadas a ações antiapoptóticas e antiangiogênicas, ainda não totalmente esclarecidas. Resultados preliminares in vitro de Gauthaman et al. e in vivo do grupo de pesquisa em que o presente trabalho se insere apontam um efeito inibitório de estatinas (principalmente as lipofílicas) sobre CTN mamárias humanas e murinas. Assim sendo, buscou-se neste trabalho elucidar o efeito da sinvastatina sobre angiogênese tumoral, CTNs CD34+, além de investigar possíveis interrelações fisiopatológicas desses importantes elementos tumorais. Para tanto, utilizou-se um modelo consagrado de carcinogênese mamária (baseado na indução com 7,12-dimetilbenz(a)antraceno [DMBA]) em ratas Sprague-Dawley, sendo a primeira vez em que o fenômeno de angiogênese é descrito neste modelo. Após a aplicação do protocolo experimental e a eutanásia dos animais controles e experimentais, suas linhas mamárias (contendo ou não tumores) foram avaliadas morfologicamente e do ponto de vista de imunoexpressão de CD34. Nos animais tratados com sinvastatina (na dose de 40mg/kg), houve uma maior representação tecidual relativa do subtipo histológico "carcinoma ductal" quando comparado ao tecido tumoral virgem de tratamento, fato que sugere um efeito da sinvastatina sobre a plasticidade morfológica das neoplasias induzidas pelo DMBA. Também se observou redução significativa da densidade microvascular do tecido tumoral tratado em relação ao não tratado. Contudo, não foi observado efeito significante da sinvastatina sobre as CTNs CD34+, neste modelo, o que contraria resultados in vitro relatados na literatura, bem como resultados in vivo deste grupo de pesquisa. Em conclusão, neste modelo, o tratamento crônico (14 dias) com sinvastatina (na dose de 40mg/kg, ao dia - dose comparada à utilizada na terapêutica antidislipidêmica em seres humanos), apresenta efeito antiangiogênico e modulador da heterogeneidade morfológica em tumores mamários induzidos pelo DMBA / Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of death from cancer among females worldwide. Despite all the research and all the progress achieved so far, the morbidity and mortality due to this cancer remains high in patients at advanced stages. Recently, it was described a new model of carcinogenesis in which stem cells (SC) could be responsible for the origin, morphological heterogeneity and self-renewal of cancer. In support of this theory, it has been observed, in most solid tumors, the presence of cells showing phenotypic and biological characteristics of stem cells, which have thus been designated cancer stem cells (CSC). Being associated with therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence in the long run, CSCs constitute an important target in pharmacological and pathophysiological studies. In addition to CSCs, promising therapeutical targets also include tumor angiogenesis. Nevertheless, very few studies have focused on the interrelations of these two strategies. Statins are first-line anti-dyslipidemic drugs which have been shown to possess anti-neoplastic properties - possibly related to anti-apoptotic and/or anti-angiogenic effects (although these putative mechanisms have not yet been entirely investigated). Based on preliminary results of Gauthaman et al. (in vitro data) and of our group (in vivo data), indicating that statins (specially the lipophilic ones) may have a specific inhibitory effect over mammary CSCs, we sought to elucidate the in vivo effect of simvastatin on tumor angiogenesis and CD34+ CSC, simultaneously; this was achieved using a well-recognized carcinogenesis model, where a single dose of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is used to induce of mammary tumors in Sprage-Dawley female rats. Of notice, this is the first time angiogenesis is quantitatively and morphologically assessed in this model. Our results show that simvastatin significantly increases the relative participation of invasive ductal carcinoma as a subcomponent of the induced mixed tumors, suggesting that this drug may modulate the morphologic plasticity of DMBA-induced mammary neoplasms. It was also observed a significant reduction in the microvessel density (MVD) of treated tumor tissue, when compared to that of untreated specimens. No significant difference was seen in terms of CD34+CSC number, when comparing treated and untreated tissues, which is in clear contrast to in vitro results reported in the literature and to our own in vivo results (using other CSC markers). In conclusion, in the present protocol, simvastatin, at the dose of 40mg/kg daily for 14 days (which is comparable to the anti-dyslipidemic doses used in humans), has anti-angiogenic and morphologic effects on DMBA-induced mammary tumors, but no significant action on CD34+ CSCs / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires situés aux jonctions bronchioloalvéolaires peuvent être impliquésdans l'embryogenèse ou la régénération. Ces cellules non décrites chez les gros animaux peuventparticiper au développement de nouvelles thérapies contre les maladies pulmonaires aiguës ouchroniques. Dans cette étude, nous avons établi la présence de progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires dansles poumons des ovins nouveaux nés. Ces cellules ont été identifiées par leur co-expression desprotéines CCSP, SP-C et CD34. Une population mineure de cellules CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos (0,33% ±0,31) était présente ex vivo. Le tri magnétique des cellules CD34pos a permis l’isolement des progéniteursSP-Cpos/CCSPpos (> 80%). Ces cellules étaient maintenues et amplifiées in vitro en interfaceliquide/liquide. De même, ces progéniteurs étaient capables de se différencier soit en cellules de Clarasoit en AEC II dans différents milieux de cultures synthétiques et diverses matrices extracellulaires. Enoutre, les progéniteurs bronchioloalvéolaires obtenus ex vivo et in vitro exprimaient les gènes NANOG,Oct4 et BMI1 spécifiques aux cellules souches. Nous rapportons ainsi, pour la première fois dans ungrand animal, l’existence de cellules progénitrices bronchioloalvéolaires à fort potentiel de doubledifférenciation et d’expression de certains gènes de cellules souches. / Bronchioloalveolar stem cells located at the bronchiolar/alveolar junction may be involved inembryogenesis or regeneration. These cells have not yet been described in large animals, and they mayenable the development of new therapeutics to treat acute or chronic lung disease. In this study, weaimed to establish the presence of bronchioloalveolar stem cells in ovine lungs and to characterize theirstemness properties. Lung cells were studied using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of the lung,and immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were conducted on derived cells. The stem cells wereidentified by co-expression of CCSP, SP-C and the CD34 hematopoietic stem-cell marker. A minorpopulation of CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells (0.33% ± 0.31) was present ex vivo in cell suspensions fromdissociated lungs. Using CD34 magnetic positive cell sorting, undifferentiated SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cellswere purified (>80%) and maintained in culture. Using synthetic media and various extracellular matrixes,SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells differentiated into either Clara cells or alveolar epithelial type-II cells. Furthermore,bronchioloalveolar stem cells obtained ex vivo and in vitro expressed the stem cell-specific genesNANOG, OCT4 and BMI1. We report for the first time in a large animal the existence ofbronchioloalveolar stem cells with dual differentiation potential and the expression of stem cell-specificgenes.

Les cellules progénitrices endothéliales formant des colonies (EFCFs) sont issues decellules CD34+ de la moelle osseuse humaine. Peu de données concernent l’expression dufacteur tissulaire (FT) lors de cette différenciation endothéliale. Outre son rôle dansl’initiation de la génération de thrombine, le FT est impliqué dans l’angiogenèse.Nous montrons que les cellules CD34+ expriment le FT mais non ses isoformes. LesECFCs expriment peu de FT à l’état basal. En revanche, leur stimulation par le TNF-α induitune augmentation de l’expression de FT, et la génération de microparticules pro-coagulantes.Nous avons analysé les modifications fonctionnelles induites par cette stimulation. Nosrésultats montrent que l’expression de FT par les ECFCs est responsable d’une activité procoagulante majeure, alors que les propriétés angiogéniques ne semblent pas affectées.L’expression du tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) a été évaluée, ainsi que la capacité desmicroparticules issues de ECFCs à générer des métalloprotéinases (MMP2-, MMP-9).Une évaluation de la stabilité chromosomique des cb-ECFCs durant leur expansion aété réalisée, mettant en évidence des anomalies de nombre, mais pas d’anomalies destructures. Les conséquences de ces résultats en termes de thérapie cellulaire appliquées auxpathologies cardio-vasculaires sont discutées. Enfin, nous évoquons la possibilité deconsidérer l’expression de FT comme un marqueur de différenciation cellulaire. / Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) can be obtained from human bone marrowCD34+ cells. In spite of the essential role of the tissue factor (TF) in coagulation triggeringand angiogenesis, its expression during endothelial differentiation is not established. We showthat CD34+ cells express TF, but not TF splicing forms. ECFCs express a small amount of TFat baseline level. In contrast, ECFCs express TF high levels of TF on response to TNF-α andcan generated highly pro-coagulant microparticles. We have examined the functionalproperties induced by TNF-α stimulation. TF expression confers to ECFCs a strong thrombingeneration capacity without influencing their non-coagulant properties. We have examinedthe co-expression of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and the ability of ECFCs togenerate microparticles producing metalloproteins (MMP-2, MMP-9).We have performed an evaluation of cb-ECFCs chromosomal stability during theirexpansion. We found quantitative but no structural chromosomal abnormalities. Theconsequences of our observations in the use of cell therapy in cardiovascular diseases arediscussed. We conclude that TF expression may be considered as cell differentiation marker

A malária é uma infecção causada por plasmódios, cujo controle depende do baço, o responsável pelo clareamento dos eritrócitos parasitos. O aumento da parasitemia induz uma ampliação do baço para resolver a infecção, onde participam células precursoras que apresentam CCD34+ na sua superfície. Estudamos a distribuição e a quantidade de células CD34+ em baços de roedores durante malárias de roedores, para compreender sua participação na ampliação do baço e no controle da infecção. Camundongos C57Bl/6j infectados com as cepas AJ e CR de Plasmodium chabaudi, e com a cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei, tiveram seus baços removidos e encaminhados para histologia e citometria de fluxo. A distribuição das células CD34+ mostrou-se mais intensa no 4º dia p.i. e menos intensa no 8º dia p.i.. As células CD34+ livres, por citometria de fluxo, surgem com uma onda no 4º dia p.i.. Sua quantidade é similar entre os modelos de P. chabaudi, mas diferente no P. berghei. Neste trabalho, o influxo de células CD34+ no baço não se relaciona com o controle da infecção. / Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp., which control depends on the spleen, responsible for parasite clearing. The increase of parasitemia implies in spleen amplification to control the infection, with participation of CD34+ cells. We studied the distribution and amount of CD34+ cells in spleen during rodent malaria, to define the role of those cells in spleen amplification and infection control. C57Bl/6j mice were infected with strains CR and AJ of Plasmodium chabaudi, and ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. The spleen was removed and processed for histology and flow cytometry. Spleen CD34+ cells was increased in 4th day, p.i., and decreases in 8th day p.i. in all models. By flow cytometry, free CD34+ cells appears as a wave in the 4th day p.i.. P. chabaudi models presented the same level of those cells, which was larger in the P. berghei mice. In this work, increase of spleen CD34+ cells do not correlate with infection control.

A utilização das células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPH) obtidas do sangue de cordão umbilical e placentário (SCUP) apresenta vários benefícios para o transplante de CPH em comparação às células provenientes de outras fontes. Dentre eles, a maior disponibilidade e a maior imaturidade imunológica das CPH, o que permite certa flexibilidade nos critérios de compatibilidade entre doador e receptor e uma menor taxa de reação do enxerto-versus-hospedeiro. A legislação brasileira e órgãos internacionais exigem a realização de vários testes para garantir a qualidade do produto hemoterápico contendo CPH a ser transplantado. O objetivo deste estudo foi confirmar que o teste para quantificação de CPH com elevada atividade da enzima ALDH1(ALDHbr) pode ser considerado um teste de adequado ou seja, é capaz de predizer quais produtos tem melhor capacidade de repopular a medula óssea do recipiente após o transplante. Para isso, foram utilizadas 40 unidades de SCUP coletadas e processadas pelo Banco de Sangue de Cordão Umbilical e Placentário do Cetebio / Fundação Hemominas. As unidades foram processadas por método automatizado e amostras do creme leucocitário (buffy coat) foram coletadas para a realização da quantificação de células ALDHbr, quantificação de células CD34+, ensaio clonogênico (CFU), hemograma e cálculo do total de células nucleadas (TCN). A citometria de fluxo foi utilizada para a quantificação das CPH ALDHbr e CD34+ e das subpopulações CD45dim e CD38+. Outras informações como idade materna, idade gestacional e sexo do recém-nascido também foram coletadas para descrição das unidades. Para verificar a viabilidade da utilização do teste de ALDH pelos BSCUP foi realizado o levantamento do seu custo. A capacidade funcional das CPH em proliferar e se diferenciar em tecido hematopoético foi avaliada por meio do ensaio clonogênico. Detectou-se correlação entre a quantidade de células ALDHbr e o número de colônias no ensaio clonogênico (p<0,001), entre o número de células ALDHbr e de células CD34+ (p=0,001) e entre o número de colônias no ensaio clonogênico e o número de células CD34+ (p<0,001). A imunofenotipagem mostrou que 46,25% das células ALDHbr eram CD45dimCD38+CD34+. Os dados sugerem que a quantificação de células ALDHbr em unidades de SCUP pode ser considerada teste adequado, de baixo custo, de execução simples, rápida e menos dependente do operador em relação ao ensaio clonogênico. / The use of the umbilical cord blood cells presents numberless benefits when compared to the cells from different sources. Among them, the ease of availability, the bigger immunological immaturity, which allows some flexibility in the compatibility between donor and receptor and less induction of reaction of graft-versus-host. The Brazilian legislation and international organizations demand the practice of various tests to guarantee the quality of the product to be transplanted. The aim of this research was to confirm that the test used to quantify ALDHbr cells can be considered a power test, meaning that it tests the ability to repopulate the bone marrow after transplant. For this study, it has been used 40 units of SCUP collected and processed by the Cetebio Umbilical Cord Blood Bank - Fundação Hemominas. The units were processed by the automatized method and the samples of the final product (buffy coat) were collected for the quantification of ALDHbr cells, quantification of CD34+ cells, clonogenic essay (CFU), hemogram and the total number of nucleated cells (TNC). It was used the flow cytometry to perform ALDH and CD34+ tests. Besides that, it was also performed the association of antibodies anti-CD34, anti-CD45 and anti-CD38 for the immunophenotyping of the units. Other information such as maternal age, fertilization age and the newborn gender were also collected for description of the units. In order to verify the viability of the use of the ALDH test by BSCUP its costs were calculated, as well as of the clonogenic essay. The results showed a significant correlation between ALDHbr cells and the clonogenic essay (p<0.001), between ALDHbr and CD34+ cells (p=0,001) and between the clonogenic essay and the quantification of CD34+ cells (p<0,001). The immunophenotyping revealed that 46,25% of ALDHbr cells were CD45dimCD38+CD34+. The data indicated that the quantification of ALDHbr cells in the SCUP units can be considered a powerful and low cost procedure, of easier and quicker execution and less operator dependent.

Les traitements actuels de la leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) ne permettent pas d’éliminer la totalité des cellules leucémiques. Dans le but de développer un traitement curatif, il est donc nécessaire de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents des réponses partielles aux traitements, Dans ce travail, nous avons postulé qu’il existe des mécanismes de contrôle extrinsèques de la LMC pouvant influencer l’efficacité des différents traitements. Nous avons choisi d’étudier le rôle potentiel dans la LMC des lymphocytes iNKT, cellules T de type « inné » auxquelles la littérature attribue de nombreuses fonctions antitumorales et des facteurs moléculaires, la cytokine/alarmine IL-33, produite dans la niche hématopoïétique, et son récepteur ST2 à la surface des cellules hématopoïétiques comme cibles de l’IL-33.La première partie de notre travail a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence de profondes altérations fonctionnelles des lymphocytes iNKT chez les patients atteints de LMC ainsi qu’une correction partielle de ces défauts après traitement par l’Imatinib (IM) ou l’IFN-. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de proposer que l’altération des fonctions des cellules iNKT au cours du développement de la LMC pourrait participer aux mécanismes d’échappement de la tumeur au contrôle par le système immunitaire. La deuxième partie de notre travail a permis de mettre en évidence une expression de la molécule ST2, chaîne spécifique du récepteur à l’IL-33, à la surface des cellules CD34+ de patients atteints de LMC, expression non décelée chez les sujets sains et les patients en rémission après traitement par l’IM. De plus, contrairement aux cellules CD34+ de sujets sains, les cellules progénititrices de patients en phase chronique prolifèrent en réponse à l’IL-33. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’IL-33 est capable de contrecarrer in vitro les effets antiprolifératifs de l’IM. Ainsi nous pouvons émettre l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’IL-33, une cytokine/alarmine, puisse participer aux phénomènes conduisant à la persistance de progéniteurs hématopoïétiques leucémiques chez les patients sous traitement par IM. / To date, treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is not sufficient to completely eradicate leukaemia cells. Hence, in order to develop a curative treatment, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms explaining why response to treatment is only partial..We therefore addressed the question whether the extrinsic mechanisms of CML control can affect the effectiveness of different treatments. We first provided evidence of profound functional impairments of iNKT cells in patients with CML. Interestingly these impairments were partially corrected after treatment with Imatinib (IM) or IFN-. Consequently our results suggest that altered functions of iNKT cells during the development of CML could facilitate tumour escape from immune destruction. . The second part of our work revealed that CD34+ progenitors from CML patients upregulate their cell surface expression of the IL-33-specific receptor chain ST2, proliferate and produce cytokines in response to IL-33, conversely to CD34+ cells from healthy individuals. Moreover, ST2 overexpression is normalized following IM therapy, while IL-33 counteracts in vitro IM-induced growth arrest in CML CD34+ progenitors. From these findings, it can be surmised that IL-33, a cytokine/alarmin likely expressed in the hematopoietic niche, facilitates the development of CML and IM resistance.

Το Μυελοδυσπλαστικό Σύνδρομο (ΜΔΣ) αποτελεί μια ετερογενή ομάδα κλωνικών αιματολογικών διαταραχών με κοινό χαρακτηριστικό τη μη αποδοτική αιμοποίηση που οδηγεί σε ανθεκτικές κυτταροπενίες και συχνή εκτροπή προς Οξεία Λευχαιμία (ΟΛ). Η παράδοξη συνύπαρξη ενός πληθωρικού ή νορμοκυτταρικού μυελού των οστών και κυτταροπενιών στην περιφέρεια έχει αποδοθεί στην αυξημένη απόπτωση προγονικών και ώριμων αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων του μυελού των ασθενών αυτών. Παρ'όλ'αυτά, αιτιοπαθογενετική σχέση της υπέρμετρης απόπτωσης με την ανεπαρκή κλωνογόνο ικανότητα των προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων του μυελοδυσπλαστικού μυελού δεν τεκμηριώνεται επαρκώς από τα υπάρχοντα ερευνητικά δεδομένα. Αντίθετα, αδιαμφισβήτητη είναι η συσχέτιση της κατάργησης των μηχανισμών του προγραμματισμένου κυτταρικού θανάτου στο προχωρημένο ΜΔΣ με την εκτροπή της νόσου προς ΟΛ. Η αυξημένη έκφραση αντιαποπτωτικών πρωτεϊνών όπως οι Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, IAPs, survivin έχει προταθεί ότι υποστηρίζει την πρόοδο της νόσου και την επακόλουθη λευχαιμική εξέλιξη. Οι Heat Shock Proteins αποτελούν θεμελιώδεις πρωτεΐνες, ως προς τις αποφάσεις των κυττάρων σχετικά με την επιβίωση ή το θάνατό τους. Η Hsp73, ένα σταθερά εκφραζόμενο μέλος, και οι Hsps 72 και 27, δύο ισχυρά επαγόμενες από ποικίλα στρεσσογόνα ερεθίσματα πρωτεΐνες, είναι τρεις από τις πιο σημαντικές Hsps εκδηλώνοντας πολυδιάστατη αντι-αποπτωτική δράση και παρέχοντας ισχυρή κυτταροπροστασία. Σε αρκετά είδη συμπαγών όγκων αλλά και αιματολογικών κακοηθειών έχει δειχθεί υπερέκφραση των Hsps, ενώ έχει προταθεί ακόμη και αιτιοπαθογενετική σχέση της διαταραχής της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών αυτών με την ογκογένεση. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η εκτίμηση του βαθμού της απόπτωσης στα προγονικά και ώριμα κύτταρα μυελού ασθενών με ΜΔΣ και η περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της ουσιαστικής συνεισφοράς του φαινομένου στην ανεπαρκή κλωνογόνο ικανότητα των προγονικών κυττάρων και, κατ' επέκταση, στη μη αποδοτική αιμοποίηση που χαρακτηρίζει το σύνδρομο. Εν συνεχεία, διερευνήθηκαν οι αποπτωτικές μεταβολές κατά την πρόοδο της νόσου οι οποίες συσχετίσθηκαν με την έκφραση των αντι-αποπτωτικών Heat Shock Proteins. Η έκφραση των Hsps 72, 27 & 73 μελετήθηκε υπό συνθήκες ηρεμίας (βασική έκφραση, ΒΕ), ενώ ελέγχθηκε η επαγωγιμότητα των Hsps 72 και 27 κατόπιν εφαρμογής θερμικού shock ή ο-αποπτωτικής διέγερσης με συνδυασμό κυτταροκινών (TNFα+IFNγ). Η προσδιοριζόμενη έκφραση των Hsps συσχετίσθηκε, κατόπιν, με την απόπτωση και το στάδιο της νόσου. Η παρούσα μελέτη επιβεβαιώνει την παρουσία αυξημένης απόπτωσης τόσο στα ώριμα CD34- όσο και στα προγονικά CD34+ κύτταρα του μυελού ασθενών με ΜΔΣ με αξιοσημείωτη ετερογένεια να διέπει τα αποτελέσματα ακόμη και μεταξύ ασθενών της ίδιας κατά FAB κατηγορίας νόσου. Τα επίπεδα ανιχνευόμενης απόπτωσης υπερείχαν σημαντικά στο μυελό των ασθενών με "πρώιμη" (RA και RARS) έναντι εκείνων με "προχωρημένη" (RAEB και RAEB-t) νόσο, ενισχύοντας τη θεωρία της κατάργησης των αποπτωτικών μηχανισμών κατά την πρόοδο της νόσου. Μετά από 24 ώρες υγρής καλλιέργειας, το ποσοστό των ανιχνευόμενων πρώιμων αποπτωτικών CD34+ κυττάρων μυελού ασθενών με ΜΔΣ μειώθηκε σημαντικά. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η πραγματική συμβολή της απόπτωσης στη μη αποδοτική αιμοποίηση του ΜΔΣ in vitro, αποπτωτικά και μη αποπτωτικά προγονικά CD34+ φρέσκα κύτταρα μυελού διαχωρίστηκαν με τη μέθοδο του Κυτταροδιαχωρισμού ενεργοποιούμενου από φθορισμό και τοποθετήθηκαν σε βραχείας διάρκειας ημιστερεές καλλιέργειες, όπου ελέγχθηκε η σχετική κλωνογόνος ικανότητά τους. Τόσο τα αποπτωτικά όσο και τα μη αποπτωτικά CD34+ κύτταρα των ασθενών με ΜΔΣ επέδειξαν εξίσου ανεπαρκή ανάπτυξη in vitro, υποδεικνύοντας ότι η παρουσία απόπτωσης δεν επηρεάζει σημαντικά τη συμπεριφορά των κυττάρων στην καλλιέργεια. Η βασική ενδοκυττάρια έκφραση των αντιαποπτωτικών Hsps 27, 72 και 73 βρέθηκε σημαντικά αυξημένη στο μυελό ασθενών με ΜΔΣ. Η υπερέκφραση των Hsps αφορούσε κυρίως τα ολικά μονοπύρηνα κύτταρα του μυελού των ασθενών, ενώ τα προγονικά CD34+ κύτταρα δεν επέδειξαν σημαντικά υψηλότερα επίπεδα των υπό μελέτη πρωτεϊνών. Επιπλέον, η εφαρμογή θερμικού shock οδήγησε επιτυχώς στην επαγωγή των Hsps 27 και 72 στο μυελό ασθενών και μαρτύρων, προσεγγίζοντας όμως υψηλότερα τελικά επίπεδα έκφρασης στο μυελό των ασθενών. Tόσο η βασική όσο και η εκ θερμικού stress επαγόμενη έκφραση της Hsp72 βρέθηκε σημαντικά ενισχυμένη στα μονοπύρηνα κύτταρα του μυελού ασθενών με "προχωρημένου τύπου" ΜΔΣ, ενώ σημαντικά θετική συσχέτιση τεκμηριώθηκε μεταξύ της έκφρασης ηρεμίας των τριών Hsps και του ποσοστού των βλαστών του μυελού των ασθενών. Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδηλώνουν ενδεχόμενο ρόλο της υπερέκφρασης των Hsps στην ευνοϊκή επιλογή και εξάπλωση των κλωνικών κυττάρων και, συνεπακόλουθα, στην πρόοδο της νόσου. Η συνδυασμένη επίδραση κυτταροκινών σε κύτταρα φυσιολογικών μυελών οδήγησε σε σημαντική μείωση της έκφρασης της Hsp72, ενώ στο 36% των ασθενών παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση της έκφρασης της Hsp72. Τέλος, αρνητική ήταν η συσχέτιση της βασικής ή επαγόμενης έκφρασης των Hsps με την αυτόματη ή προκλητή απόπτωση σε ολικά ή προγονικά κύτταρα μυελού ασθενών με ΜΔΣ, επιβεβαιώνοντας τον κυτταροπροστατευτικό τους ρόλο. Συνοψίζοντας, τα ευρήματα της παρούσας μελέτης επιβεβαιώνουν την παρουσία αυξημένης απόπτωσης στο μυελό των ασθενών με ΜΔΣ, ιδιαίτερα πρώιμου τύπου. Τα πρώιμα αποπτωτικά προγονικά κύτταρα επιδεικνύουν δυνατότητα διαφυγής από τον κυτταρικό θάνατο και σχετική λειτουργική ανάνηψη κατά την απομάκρυνσή τους από το προαποπτωτικό μικροπεριβάλλον του μυελού. Εναλλακτικά, πρόκειται για κύτταρα που, εξ'αιτίας αποτυχίας του αποπτωτικού μηχανισμού να περατωθεί, υφίστανται "ατελή απόπτωση" και διασώζονται, φέροντα όμως δυνητικά ογκογόνες μεταλλάξεις. Η γενική αντίληψη, πάντως, που καθιστά την απόπτωση ως την αιτία της μη αποδοτικής αιμοποίησης του συνδρόμου κλονίζεται, καθώς αποπτωτικά και μη αποπτωτικά προγονικά κύτταρα διαθέτουν παρόμοια κλωνογόνο ικανότητα, in vitro; φαίνεται ότι επιπρόσθετες ενδογενείς ανωμαλίες περιορίζουν το κλωνογόνο δυναμικό αποπτωτικών και μη προγονικών κυττάρων. Η υπερέκφραση Hsps που τεκμηριώθηκε στο μυελό ασθενών με ΜΔΣ ενδεχομένως υποστηρίζει την διαδικασία κακοήθους εξαλλαγής μέσω της σιωπηρής συσσώρευσης μεταλλάξεων στα κύτταρα του κλώνου. Επιπλέον, τα αυξημένα επίπεδα των αντι-αποπτωτικών αυτών πρωτεϊνών θα μπορούσε να ευθύνεται για την προτεινόμενη ατελή απόπτωση των κυττάρων του μυελοδυσπλαστικού μυελού. Όπως προκύπτει από τη σημαντική συσχέτιση της έκφρασης των Hsps τόσο με το ποσοστό βλαστών όσο και με το στάδιο της νόσου, τα υπερεκφράζοντα ώριμα με τα αντίστοιχα προγονικά τους παθολογικά κύτταρα, ενέχοντας πλεονέκτημα επιβίωσης έναντι των φυσιολογικών στο προ-αποπτωτικό μικροπεριβάλλον του δυσπλαστικού μυελού, φαίνεται ότι επιλέγονται και επικρατούν κατά την πρόοδο της νόσου. Σε ένα τέτοιο υπόστρωμα αντίστασης στην απόπτωση ένα επιγενετικό συμβάν που αναστέλλει τη διαφοροποίηση ενδέχεται να πυροδοτήσει τη λευχαιμική εκτροπή. / Myelodysplastic syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to refractory cytopenias and frequent evolution to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The existing inconsistency between normal or hypercellular bone marrow and peripheral blood cytopenias remains a paradox that has been attributed to excessive intramedullary apoptosis. However, a causative relationship of apoptosis to the progenitor’s defective clonogenic growth has not been sufficiently demonstrated. On the other hand, it is widely accepted that abrogation of apoptotic control in advanced MDS favours the expansion of the malignant clone and contributes to the frequently observed evolution to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Enhanced expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, IAPs, survivin has been proposed to contribute to elimination of apoptosis, disease progression and subsequent leukemic evolution. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) are fundamental for cell life and death decisions and essential for the coordination between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Hsp73, one of the constitutively expressed Hsps, and Hsps 72 and 27, two strongly inducible by several stress stimuli proteins, are three of the most important Hsps. These three Hsps regulate programmed cell death by interfering with multiple key-regulatory points of the apoptotic cascade, acting as apoptosis inhibitors and conferring strong cytoprotection. Hsps 72 and 27 are overexpressed in a number of human cancers and haematological malignancies, while a causative relationship of these proteins to oncogenesis has even been proposed. The aim of our study was to determine the degree of programmed cell death in progenitor and mature bone marrow cells of MDS patients. Moreover, apoptosis' actual contribution to defective clonogenic capacity of MDS progenitors and, subsequently, to ineffective hematopoiesis in MDS was assessed. Furthermore, apoptosis modifications during disease progression were detected and correlated to the expression of antiapoptotic Hsps. Hsps 72, 27 and 73 intracellular expression was studied under conditions of tranquillity in bone marrow and progenitor cells of MDS patients, while the inducibility of Hsps 27 and 72 was further tested after application of an environmental type of stress (heat shock) and pro-apoptotic stimulation under combined cytokine treatment (TNFα+IFNγ). Finally, we determined an existing link between Hsps' levels, apoptosis and disease progression. Apoptosis was significantly augmented in both progenitor and mature bone marrow cell fractions from MDS patients. Apoptosis determined in the bone marrow of patients with "early" MDS (RA and RARS) significantly exceeded cell death levels detected in those with "advanced" (RAEB and RAEB-t) disease, supporting the theory of apoptosis' abrogation as the disease evolves. We should remark, however, that even inside the same FAB-category, a great heterogeneity existed in results. After 24 hours of liquid culture the percentage of early apoptotic progenitors in MDS BM significantly decreased. In order to determine apoptosis' actual contribution to defective clonogenic capacity of MDS progenitors, “apoptotic” and “non-apoptotic” bone marrow CD34+ cells were sorted by FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) and their differential clonogenic capacity was assessed in a short-term semisolid culture system. There was no correlation between apoptosis’ existence and culture performance, since non-apoptotic as well as apoptotic CD34+ bone marrow cells both exhibited similar defective growth. Basal intracellular expression of antiapoptotic Hsps 27, 72 and 73 was found significantly elevated in bone marrow cells of MDS patients. Hsps overexpression mainly involved total BMMC, while higher protein levels were also detected within patients’ progenitor bone marrow cells, but the differences noted did not attain statistical significance. Moreover, HS treatment provoked the effective induction of Hsps 27 and 72 in both MDS and normal subjects leading to the achievement of even higher final protein levels in the patients’ marrow, despite the already enhanced basal expression. Both basal and HS-induced Hsp72 expression were significantly enhanced in BMMC of MDS patients with advanced disease, while a positive correlation between all three Hsps basal expression and blast percentage was established in the patients' marrow. These findings suggest a probable role of Hsps overexpression in the favored selection and expansion of clonal cells, further hematopoiesis depression and disease progression. Combined pro-apoptotic treatment of normal BM cells caused a significant downregulation of Hsp72. On the contrary, BM cells from MDS patients responded by elevating the expression of cytoprotective Hsp72 in about 36% of cases. Finally, in accordance to the well-demonstrated cytoprotective role of Hsps, an inverse correlation was noted between spontaneous or induced apoptosis and Hsps basal or induced expression. In conclusion, our findings support the previous observations of increased apoptosis in MDS marrow, especially in "early" disease. Interestingly, early apoptotic MDS progenitors exhibit the potential to escape from apoptosis and even recover functionally, as shown in CFU-assays, when separated from the bone marrow microenvironment, the main source of pro-apoptotic signalling. Alternatively, these cells, due to intrinsic defects in cell death activated pathways, may undergo incomplete apoptosis and get rescued possibly carrying, though, potentially transforming mutations. However, apoptosis does not seem to be the only cause of impaired clonogenic growth in MDS, as apoptotic and non-apoptotic progenitors exhibit similar patterns of growth, both defective compared to normal. Apparently, additional intrinsic abnormalities limit the clonogenic potential of apoptotic and non-apoptotic progenitors. Augmented Hsps expression established in MDS marrow may support the underlying transformation process through the suppression and silent gathering of mutations, probably promoting viability and growth of otherwise mutant cells. Moreover, increased levels of anti-apoptotic Hsps may account for the proposed incomplete apoptosis of MDS marrow cells. Hsps appear to provide resistance against spontaneous or induced apoptosis to the overexpressing cell population. Hsps' positive correlation to blast count and disease stage implies that the overexpressing mature cells along with their abnormal progenitors, encompassing a survival advantage over normal cells in the pro-apoptotic MDS marrow, get selected and expanded during disease progression. On such a background of non-susceptibility to apoptosis a secondary event blocking differentiation could lead to leukaemic transformation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloGV.pdf: 2007167 bytes, checksum: 5ee7e9c9bd56fd72fecb1874fb64a80e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Angiogenesis, a fundamental mechanism in tumor development, is used for differential diagnosis and prognosis purposes in various neoplasias of the head and neck. This study proposes to assess angiogenic activity using immunohistochemical expression by anti-CD105 and anti-CD34 antibodies in 20 cases of hemangiomas and 20 cases of oral pyogenic granulomas, in addition to determining the usefulness of these markers as one of the differential diagnosis resources for these two oral lesions. The results showed no statistically significant difference between microvascular count (MVC) means determined by anti-CD105 (p = 0.803) and anti-CD34 (p = 0.279) antibodies. The mean number of vessels obtained by MVC in the oral hemangiomas immunostained by anti-CD105 and anti-CD34 was 18.75 and 59.72, respectively, whereas in the oral pyogenic granulomas, the mean number was 20.22 and 48.09 respectively. It was also shown that CD34 was more effective than CD105 in identifying blood vessels. However, it must be pointed out that the anti-CD105 antibody seems to be more related to vascular neoformation. Overall, this assay reinforces the role of angiogenic factors in the etiopathogenesis of hemangiomas and oral pyogenic granulomas, but the results showed that angiogenesis quantification cannot be used as a differential diagnosis parameter between the two lesions analyzed / A angiog?nese ? um mecanismo fundamental para o desenvolvimento tumoral, sendo utilizada para fins de diagn?stico diferencial e determina??o de progn?stico em v?rias neoplasias de cabe?a e pesco?o. Este trabalho se prop?s avaliar a atividade angiog?nica atrav?s da express?o imuno-histoqu?mica dos anticorpos anti-CD105 e anti-CD34 em 20 casos de hemangiomas e 20 casos de granulomas piog?nicos orais, al?m de averiguar a utilidade destes marcadores como um dos recursos de diagn?stico diferencial para estas duas les?es orais. Os resultados deste experimento demonstraram que n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa entre as m?dias de contagem microvascular (MVC) determinadas pelos os anticorpos anti-CD105 (p=0,803) e anti-CD34 (p=0,279). O n?mero m?dio dos vasos obtidos pela MVC nos esp?cimes de hemangiomas orais imunomarcados pelo anti-CD105 e anti-CD34 foram respectivamente 18,75 e 59,72, enquanto nos granulomas piog?nicos orais, o n?mero m?dio dos vasos obtidos pela MVC pelo anti-CD105 e anti-CD34 foram respectivamente 20,22 e 48,09. Foi verificado, tamb?m, que o CD34 foi mais efetivo na identifica??o de vasos sang??neos quando comparado com o CD105. Entretanto, faz-se necess?rio destacar, que o anticorpo anti-CD105 parece estar mais relacionado com a neoforma??o vascular. Em linhas gerais, este ensaio refor?a a participa??o dos fatores angiog?nicos na etiopatog?nese dos hemangiomas e granulomas piog?nicos orais, por?m os resultados mostraram que a quantifica??o da angiog?nese n?o pode ser utilizada como par?metro de diagn?stico diferencial entre as duas les?es analisadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaESCN_DISSERT.pdf: 3458864 bytes, checksum: 6b06fb94520d3a026b77d84075a303b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris are chronic diseases mucous membrane immune of unknown aetiology that can be observed affecting to the oral mucous. A relevant as regards neoplasies the role angiogenesis in the inflammatory chronic disease pathogenesis as it provides a substancial interest can be considered as being an activity diseases marker; besides being through specialised research of this angiogenic process to improve of understanding pathogenic mechanism. This research proposes to assess angiogenic active through of antibody immunohistochemistry expression antiCD34 antibody in 26 OLP of reticular cases, 14 OLP erosives cases, 18 of PV cases and 15 specimens of normal oral mucosa. The result was submitted non-parametric tests of 5% significance level. It is not statistically significant correlacion was seen regarding between average vessels. However, only be effectively observed the median of OLP cases was larger than pemphigus vulgaris in fact proved average larger than oral normal mucosa (p=0,280). Regarding the microvascular count of CD34 concerning clinic form oral lichen planus (reticular and erosion) increased emphasis is more cross-border average for the form erosion clinic. Despite of the statistic tests could not be more effective (p=0,720). Even though, the results of the research is not sufficient to enable to consider of angiogenic process in the pathogenesis and lesions progression of oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris, we suggest this process is present in both forms lesion, however, more studies must be made in the near future in order to prepare a well-founded proposal / O L?quen Plano Oral e o P?nfigo Vulgar s?o doen?as imunol?gicas cr?nicas mucocut?neas de etiologias desconhecidas que podem acometer a mucosa oral. T?o importante quanto em neoplasias o papel da angiog?nese na patogenia das doen?as inflamat?rias cr?nicas ? de apreci?vel interesse, podendo ser considerado um marcador da atividade da doen?a; al?m de atrav?s da investiga??o desse processo angiog?nico aprimorar o entendimento do mecanismo patog?nico das mesmas. Este trabalho se prop?s a avaliar a atividade angiog?nica atrav?s da express?o imunoistoqu?mica do anticorpo anti-CD34 em 26 casos de LPO reticulares, 14 casos de LPO erosivos e em 18 casos de PV. Os resultados deste experimento foram submetidos a testes estat?stico n?o-param?tricos com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. N?o foram observadas diferen?as estatisticamente significativas entre o n?mero m?dio de vasos obtidos pela MVC nas les?es. Todavia, foi observado que a mediana dos casos de l?quen plano oral foi maior que no grupo de p?nfigo vulgar, que por sua vez revelou mediana maior que nos casos de mucosa oral normal (p=0,280). No tocante a contagem microvascular de CD34 em rela??o ? forma cl?nica dos l?quens planos orais (reticular e erosivo), verificou-se uma mediana ligeiramente maior para a forma cl?nica erosiva. Apesar de os testes estat?sticos utilizados n?o demonstrarem diferen?a significativa (p=0,720). Ainda que os resultados do presente estudo n?o permitam a afirma??o contundente da participa??o do processo angiog?nico na patog?nese e progress?o das les?es de l?quen plano oral e p?nfigo vulgar, sugerimos que este processo est? presente em ambas as les?es, por?m outros estudos devem ser realizados a fim de que essa hip?tese seja fundamentada