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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Contribution à l'étude biochimique de SHIP2 dans la signalisation intracellulaire: son interaction avec la vinexine et son rôle dans l'adhérence cellulaire

Paternotte, Nathalie 20 December 2005 (has links)
Le métabolisme des phosphoinositides constitue un processus crucial parmi les systèmes permettant la terminaison de la transmission intracellulaire d’un stimulus extracellulaire. En effet, l’une de principales voies de signalisation intracellulaire engendrée en réponse à la liaison d’hormones ou de facteurs de croissance sur leurs récepteurs spécifiques fait intervenir la phosphorylation du PtdIns(4,5)P2 en PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 par une PI 3-kinase. Les enzymes responsables du métabolisme de ce second messager sont donc essentielles à la fonction normale de la cellule. L’ADNc de la 5-phosphatase SHIP2 a été cloné dans notre laboratoire. Cette enzyme présente au sein de sa structure primaire, en plus d’un domaine catalytique 5-phosphatase, un grand nombre de motifs permettant des interactions spécifiques avec d’autres protéines :un domaine SH2 N-terminal, des séquences riches en prolines, un motif NPXY et un domaine SAM. <p>SHIP2 joue un rôle de régulateur négatif dans la voie PKB et MAPK in vitro dans plusieurs modèles cellulaires. De plus, l’affinité de SHIP2 pour le cytosquelette a été mise en évidence notamment dans les plaquettes sanguines.<p> Notre travail de thèse s’intègre dans le cadre de l’étude biochimique de SHIP2 et plus particulièrement dans la recherche de ses partenaires protéiques. La Vinexine, protéine du cytosquelette impliquée dans l’adhérence cellulaire, avait été identifiée comme une protéine interagissant avec SHIP2 par la technique du double hybride. Nous avons confirmé cette association par des expériences d’immunoprécipitation en système transfecté (cellules COS-7) ainsi qu’en système natif (cellules HeLa et MEF). Nous avons montré que cette interaction n’était ni modulée par une stimulation à l’EGF (dans des cellules COS-7) ni par le sérum (dans des cellules MEF). Nous avons démontré une colocalisation de SHIP2 avec la Vinexine &61537; à la périphérie des cellules COS-7 stimulées à l’EGF. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle potentiel de cette interaction dans l’adhérence cellulaire. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de SHIP2 ou de la Vinexine &61537; augmente l’adhérence des cellules COS-7 sur un substrat de collagène I. L’adhérence à ce même substrat est diminuée dans les cellules MEF issues des souris déficientes en SHIP2 comparées à des cellules contrôles SHIP2 +/+. De plus, il apparaît que la partie carboxy-terminale de SHIP2 ainsi que son activité catalytique sont importantes pour l’adhérence des cellules au substrat.<p>Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle important de SHIP2 dans l’adhérence cellulaire et l’organisation du cytosquelette d’actine faisant intervenir un mécanisme probable de déphosphorylation du PtdInsP3.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
132

Analysis of Prototype Foamy Virus particle-host cell interaction with autofluorescent retroviral particles

Lindemann, Dirk, Stirnnagel, Kristin, Lüftenegger, Daniel, Stange, Annett, Swiersy, Anka, Müllers, Erik, Reh, Juliane, Stanke, Nicole, Große, Arend, Chiantia, Salvatore, Keller, Heiko, Schwille, Petra, Hanenberg, Helmut, Zentgraf, Hanswalter 30 September 2015 (has links)
Background The foamy virus (FV) replication cycle displays several unique features, which set them apart from orthoretroviruses. First, like other B/D type orthoretroviruses, FV capsids preassemble at the centrosome, but more similar to hepadnaviruses, FV budding is strictly dependent on cognate viral glycoprotein coexpression. Second, the unusually broad host range of FV is thought to be due to use of a very common entry receptor present on host cell plasma membranes, because all cell lines tested in vitro so far are permissive. Results In order to take advantage of modern fluorescent microscopy techniques to study FV replication, we have created FV Gag proteins bearing a variety of protein tags and evaluated these for their ability to support various steps of FV replication. Addition of even small N-terminal HA-tags to FV Gag severely impaired FV particle release. For example, release was completely abrogated by an N-terminal autofluorescent protein (AFP) fusion, despite apparently normal intracellular capsid assembly. In contrast, C-terminal Gag-tags had only minor effects on particle assembly, egress and particle morphogenesis. The infectivity of C-terminal capsid-tagged FV vector particles was reduced up to 100-fold in comparison to wild type; however, infectivity was rescued by coexpression of wild type Gag and assembly of mixed particles. Specific dose-dependent binding of fluorescent FV particles to target cells was demonstrated in an Env-dependent manner, but not binding to target cell-extracted- or synthetic- lipids. Screening of target cells of various origins resulted in the identification of two cell lines, a human erythroid precursor- and a zebrafish- cell line, resistant to FV Env-mediated FV- and HIV-vector transduction. Conclusions We have established functional, autofluorescent foamy viral particles as a valuable new tool to study FV - host cell interactions using modern fluorescent imaging techniques. Furthermore, we succeeded for the first time in identifying two cell lines resistant to Prototype Foamy Virus Env-mediated gene transfer. Interestingly, both cell lines still displayed FV Env-dependent attachment of fluorescent retroviral particles, implying a post-binding block potentially due to lack of putative FV entry cofactors. These cell lines might ultimately lead to the identification of the currently unknown ubiquitous cellular entry receptor(s) of FVs.
133

Cytokine Modulation of Cardiomyocyte-Macrophage Interaction

Castro, Mike January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
134

Exploration of a mammary epithelial cell model for the study of inflammation and mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity in medicinal plants

Al-Maalouf, Samar Wadih 05 January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
135

Live Single Cell Imaging and Analysis Using Microfluidic Devices

Khorshidi, Mohammad Ali January 2013 (has links)
Today many cell biological techniques study large cell populations where an average estimate of individual cells’ behavior is observed. On the other hand, single cell analysis is required for studying functional heterogeneities between cells within populations. This thesis presents work that combines the use of microfluidic devices, optical microscopy and automated image analysis to design various cell biological assays with single cell resolution including cell proliferation, clonal expansion, cell migration, cell-cell interaction and cell viability tracking. In fact, automated high throughput single cell techniques enable new studies in cell biology which are not possible with conventional techniques. In order to automatically track dynamic behavior of single cells, we developed a microwell based device as well as a droplet microfluidic platform. These high throughput microfluidic assays allow automated time-lapse imaging of encapsulated single cells in micro droplets or confined cells inside microwells. Algorithms for automatic quantification of cells in individual microwells and micro droplets are developed and used for the analysis of cell viability and clonal expansion. The automatic counting protocols include several image analysis steps, e.g. segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The automatic quantification results were evaluated by comparing with manual counting and revealed a high success rate. In combination these automatic cell counting protocols and our microfluidic platforms can provide statistical information to better understand behavior of cells at the individual level under various conditions or treatments in vitro exemplified by the analysis of function and regulation of immune cells. Thus, together these tools can be used for developing new cellular imaging assays with resolution at the single cell level. To automatically characterize transient migration behavior of natural killer (NK) cells compartmentalized in microwells, we developed a method for single cell tracking. Time-lapse imaging showed that the NK cells often exhibited periods of high motility, interrupted with periods of slow migration or complete arrest. These transient migration arrest periods (TMAPs) often overlapped with periods of conjugations between NK cells and target cells. Such conjugation periods sometimes led to cell-mediated killing of target cells. Analysis of cytotoxic response of NK cells revealed that a small sub-class of NK cells called serial killers was able to kill several target cells. In order to determine a starting time point for cell-cell interaction, a novel technique based on ultrasound was developed to aggregate NK and target cells into the center of the microwells. Therefore, these assays can be used to automatically and rapidly assess functional and migration behavior of cells to detect differences between health and disease or the influence of drugs. The work presented in this thesis gives good examples of how microfluidic devices combined with automated imaging and image analysis can be helpful to address cell biological questions where single cell resolution is necessary. / <p>QC 20130927</p>
136

Zelltyp-spezifische Interaktionen von Toxoplasma gondii und murinen Skelettmuskelzellen in vitro / Cell-type specific interactions between Toxoplasma gondii and murine Skeletal Muscle Cells in vitro

Swierzy, Izabela 16 January 2014 (has links)
Toxoplasma gondii ist einer der häufigsten intrazellulären Protozoen weltweit und ein wichtiger Krankheitserreger des Menschen. Er kommt in drei Lebensstadien vor: Sporozoiten, Tachyzoiten und Bradyzoiten. Während Sporozoiten nach sexueller Vermehrung im Endwirt (Katzenartige) und Freisetzung in die Umwelt gebildet werden, entstehen Tachyzoiten und Bradyzoiten asexuell durch Endodyogenie in Zwischenwirten wie Vögeln, Säugetieren und dem Menschen. Tachyzoiten sind schnell replizierende Parasiten, die nahezu jede nukleäre Zelle des Körpers infizieren können. Dagegen bilden die nach Differenzierung von Tachyzoiten entstehenden, weitgehend ruhenden Bradyzoiten Gewebszysten und persistieren bevorzugt in neuronalen oder muskulären Geweben der Zwischenwirte. Der Verzehr von Bradyzoiten-haltigem, rohem oder ungegartem Fleisch von T. gondii-infizierten Nutztieren ist einer der Hauptübertragungswege des Parasiten auf den Menschen und kann zum Ausbruch der Toxoplasmose-Krankheit führen. Die Toxoplasmose ist vor allem bei immunsupprimierten Patienten und erstmalig infizierten Schwangeren nach Übertragung auf den Fötus klinisch gefährlich und kann sogar tödlich enden. Da Fleischverzehr infizierter Nutztiere einen der Hauptinfektionswege darstellt, weisen Skelettmuskelzellen (SkMZ) eine enorme Bedeutung für die Übertragung von Toxoplasma auf den Menschen auf. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, zelltyp-spezifische Faktoren zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren, die die Toxoplasma-Entwicklung und Bradyzoitenbildung in SkMZ regulieren. Die Untersuchungen wurden mithilfe der murinen C2C12-SkMZ-Linie in vitro durchgeführt, die von proliferierenden Myoblasten in Pferdeserum-haltigem Medium oder aufgrund erhöhter Zelldichte effektiv zu polykernigen Myotuben differenzierten. Die Effektivität der terminalen Differenzierung von C2C12-SkMZ wurde durch den Nachweis muskelspezifischer Marker wie MyoD, Myogenin und Myosin Heavy Chain (MyHC) mittels Reverse Transkriptase-qPCR (RT qPCR), Immunfluoreszenz sowie Nachweis des Zellzyklusarrests mittels BrdU-Markierung validiert. Die Infektion von terminal differenzierten C2C12-Myotuben, proliferierenden C2C12-Myoblasten und murinen NIH3T3-Kontrollfibroblasten mit T. gondii zeigte, dass der Parasit in Myotuben deutlich mehr bradyzoitenspezifische ENO1- bzw. BAG1-Transkripte exprimierte als in Myoblasten und Fibroblasten. Außerdem war die Gewebszystenbildung bei gleichzeitig reduzierter Parasitenreplikation in terminal differenzierten C2C12-Myotuben deutlich erhöht. Demgegenüber förderten proliferierende C2C12-Myoblasten und NIH3T3-Fibroblasten die Replikation von Toxoplasma bei gleichzeitig geringer Bradyzoitenbildung. Diese Daten weisen erstmalig auf die Bedeutung des Zelltyps und dessen Differenzierung für die Parasitenentwicklung und die Stadienkonversion in SkMZ hin. Für genauere Untersuchungen von Zelltyp-spezifischen Interaktionen mit T. gondii wurden die Transkriptome von terminal differenzierten C2C12-Myotuben und Neuronen sowie von proliferierenden NIH3T3-Fibroblasten und Astrozyten vor und nach Infektion mit T. gondii für 24 Stunden mittels High-Throughput RNA-Sequenzierung ermittelt. Die Analysen zeigten einen deutlich größeren Einfluss der zelltyp-spezifische Genexpression auf das Gesamttranskiptom der vier Zelltypen als die Expressionsveränderungen aufgrund der Toxoplasma-Infektion. Allerdings wurden auch Gengruppen identifiziert, die in den terminal differenzierten SkMZ und Neuronen im Vergleich zu Fibroblasten und Astrozyten differentiell exprimiert waren. Des Weiteren bewirkte die T. gondii-Infektion eine signifikante Expressionssteigerung u. a. von Zellzyklus-regulierenden Transkripten spezifisch in terminal differenzierten SkMZ und Neuronen, was auf ihre mögliche Beteiligung an der Toxoplasma-Stadienkonversion hindeutete. Daher wurden anschließend die Expressionsprofile ausgesuchter Zellzyklusregulatoren im Laufe der terminalen C2C12-SkMZ-Differenzierung und der Toxoplasma-Infektion mittels RT qPCR- und Western Blot-Analysen untersucht. Während die Transkription der negativen Zellzyklus-Modulatoren Tspyl2 und dem ‚down stream‘-liegenden Targetgen p21 im Laufe der terminalen Differenzierung von C2C12-Myoblasten zunahm, sank begleitend die Transkription der Uhrf1- und Ccnb1- (CyclinB1) Aktivatoren. Nach Infektion wurde spezifisch in Myotuben, nicht aber in Myoblasten oder Fibroblasten, eine weitere Steigerung der Tspyl2-Transkripte durch RT-qPCR-Analysen nachgewiesen. Gleichzeitig reagierten C2C12-Myotuben auch mit Hochregulation der Uhrf1- und Ccnb1-Transkription auf Toxoplasma-Infektion. Allerdings wurde durch BrdU-Markierung nachgewiesen, dass die spezifische Modulation von Zellzyklusregulatoren nach Infektion von Myotuben den Zellzyklusarrest nicht aufhob und C2C12-Myotuben nicht zur Zellteilung anregte. Da Überexpression von CDA-1 (humanes Tspyl2-Ortholog) in humanen Fibroblasten die Stadienkonversion von T. gondii fördert, wurde die Funktion des Tspyl2-Zellzyklusregulators in SkMZ analysiert. ‚Knock-down‘ von Tspyl2 mittels shRNA unterdrückte effektiv die terminale C2C12-Myoblastendifferenzierung. Bemerkenswerterweise führte dies nach T. gondii-Infektion zweier ausgesuchter Tspyl2 shRNA-C2C12-Transfektanten zu einer verstärkten Toxoplasma-Replikation im Vergleich zu Kontrolltransfektanten und WT Myotuben. Gleichzeitig war in Tspyl2-‚Knock-down‘-Mutanten die Parasitendifferenzierung zum Bradyzoitenstadium sowie die Gewebezystenbildung vermindert. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen erstmalig, dass in SkMZ die spontane Differenzierung von T. gondii zum Bradyzoiten wesentlich von dem Zellzyklusregulator Tspyl2 und der terminalen Myotubendifferenzierung abhängt. Differenzierung von SkMZ führte u.a. auch zu veränderten Expressionsprofilen von Zytokinen und Chemokinen in C2C12-Myotuben, -Myoblasten und Kontrollfibroblasten. So wurden mehrere pro-inflammatorischen Zytokine in Myotuben deutlich stärker als in Myoblasten oder Fibroblasten exprimiert. Nach Infektion von C2C12-Myotuben stiegen die Transkriptmengen von IL-23, IL 1α und IL 1β an. Diese Ergebnisse könnten neben Zellzyklusregulatoren auch auf den Einfluss von Immunfaktoren bei der Zelltyp-spezifischen Stadienkonversion in differenzierten SkMZ hindeuten In dieser Arbeit wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass der Differenzierungsstatus der SkMZ die Stadienkonversion und die Gewebszystenbildung eindeutig beeinflusst. Da die terminale SkMZ-Differenzierung von Zellzyklusregulatoren eingeleitet wird und ihre Expressionen offensichtlich unter dem Einfluss der T. gondii-Infektion stehen, könnten sie einen Einflus auf die Induktion der Stadiendifferenzierung von schnell replizierenden Tachyzoiten zu persistierenden Bradyzoiten ausüben, was am Beispiel des negativen Zellzyklusregulators Tspyl2 in dieser Arbeit nachgewiesen wurde. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass Myotuben mit der Produktion von proinflammatorischen Molekülen aktiv auf die Toxoplasma-Infektion reagieren und ihre Expression zur lokalen Immunantwort der SkMZ beitragen dürften.
137

Alteração da expressão gênica das vias de sinalização TGFβ/BMP, matriz extracelular e moléculas de adesão decorrente da passagem celular em cultura primária de hDPSC. / Alteration of gene expression of signaling TGFβ / BMP pathways, extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules due to cell passage in hDPSC primary culture.

Penna, Vanessa [UNIFESP] January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Submitted by Maria Anália Conceição (marianaliaconceicao@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T11:30:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-NOVO-03.pdf: 1761339 bytes, checksum: 1ec50dfc6d5850f1b16cf857655b8101 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Anália Conceição (marianaliaconceicao@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T11:32:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-NOVO-03.pdf: 1761339 bytes, checksum: 1ec50dfc6d5850f1b16cf857655b8101 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T11:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-NOVO-03.pdf: 1761339 bytes, checksum: 1ec50dfc6d5850f1b16cf857655b8101 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: A Engenharia Tecidual (ET) tem como objetivo a fabricação de órgãos e tecidos. Preconiza-se o uso de células autólogas para evitar a incompatibilidade imunológica, porém, pela escassez do número de células obtidas na fonte celular, muitas passagens se tornam necessárias para atingir um número adequado de células. As culturas primárias freqüentemente sofrem diferenciação indesejada, modificando o comportamento e o destino celular. O uso de enzimas proteolíticas durante as passagens celulares é potencialmente lesivo à fisiologia celular, todavia pouca relevância tem sido dada a este aspecto na ET. Essas enzimas, ao digerir a matriz extracelular (MEC), também alteram proteínas de superfície (PS), interferindo na interação célula-célula (ICC). Consequentemente podem alterar a sinalização celular, a expressão gênica, o comportamento e o destino. Objetivo: Avaliar a expressão gênica na via de sinalização TGFβ/BMP, em matriz extracelular e em moléculas de adesão, das células tronco mesenquimais de polpa dental humana (hDPSC) obtidas diretamente do tecido e sob cultura primária até a terceira passagem. Métodos: Foi analisada a expressão gênica por qRT-PCR array da via de sinalização TGFβ/BMP, matriz extracelular e moléculas de adesão após três passagens celulares na cultura primária de hDPSC. Resultados: Os genes COL16A1(p=0,045), TIMP1(p=0,003), THBS1(p=0,027), TGFBI(p=0,001), ITGA8(p=0,002), FN1(p=0,035), CD44(p=0,046),TSC22D1(p=0,026) e RPL13A(p=0,017) tiveram sua expressão aumentada e os genes NCAM1(p=0,047), BGLAP(p=0,037) e ID1(p=0,027) tiveram sua expressão diminuída em relação às células de tecido de origem. Conclusão: Houve alteração da expressão gênica na cultura celular de hDPSC após três passagens. Porém, um gene solitariamente pode não exercer função chave na diferenciação de células, influenciada pela relação com a MEC e com o ambiente extracelular. O controle por modulação da diferenciação celular representa um aspecto importante no desenvolvimento da ET. / Introduction: Tissue Engineering (TE) aims to manufacture organs and tissues and advocates the use of autologous cells to avoid immune incompatibility. However, a longer culture time is necessary to achieve that purpose. Primary cultures often suffer undesirable differentiation, modifying behavior and cell fate. The use of proteolytic enzymes during cell passages is potentially harmful to cell physiology, but little importance has been given to this aspect in ET. These enzymes which digest the extracellular matrix (ECM) also alter surface proteins (SP) and interfere with cell-cell interactions (ICC). Consequently, may alter cell signaling by modifying gene expression, behavior and cell fate. Objective: To assess gene expression in the signaling TGFβ / BMP pathway, in extracellular matrix and in adhesion molecules, of mesenchymal human dental pulp cells from tissue and cultured until third passage. Methods: We had evaluated gene expression by qRT-PCR array of signaling TGFβ / BMP pathway, in extracellular matrix and in adhesion molecules, of mesenchymal cells from primary and third passage cultured human dental pulp Results: COL16A1(p=0,045), TIMP1(p=0,003), THBS1(p=0,027), TGFBI(p=0,001), ITGA8(p=0,002), FN1(p=0,035), CD44(p=0,046),TSC22D1(p=0,026) and RPL13A(p=0,017) genes had their expression increased and NCAM1(p=0,047), BGLAP(p=0,037) and ID1(p=0,027) genes had reduced expression compared to primary cells. Conclusion: There were modifications in gene expression after three passages. However, a single gene could not be enough to exert a key role in cell differentiation that is broadly affected by its relationship with the ECM and extracellular environment. The control by modulation of cellular differentiation, is an important aspect in the development of ET. / FAPESP: 2013/00288-4
138

Modeling and design optimization of a microfluidic chip for isolation of rare cells

Gannavaram, Spandana 12 1900 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cancer is still among those diseases that prominently contribute to the numerous deaths that are caused each year. But as technology and research is reaching new zeniths in the present times, cure or early detection of cancer is possible. The detection of rare cells can help understand the origin of many diseases. The current study deals with one such technology that is used for the capture or effective separation of these rare cells called Lab-on-a-chip microchip technology. The isolation and capture of rare cells is a problem uniquely suited to microfluidic devices, in which geometries on the cellular length scale can be engineered and a wide range of chemical functionalizations can be implemented. The performance of such devices is primarily affected by the chemical interaction between the cell and the capture surface and the mechanics of cell-surface collision and adhesion. This study focuses on the fundamental adhesion and transport mechanisms in rare cell-capture microdevices, and explores modern device design strategies in a transport context. The biorheology and engineering parameters of cell adhesion are defined; chip geometries are reviewed. Transport at the microscale, cell-wall interactions that result in cell motion across streamlines, is discussed. We have concentrated majorly on the fluid dynamics design of the chip. A simplified description of the device would be to say that the chip is at micro scale. There are posts arranged on the chip such that the arrangement will lead to a higher capture of rare cells. Blood consisting of rare cells will be passed through the chip and the posts will pose as an obstruction so that the interception and capture efficiency of the rare cells increases. The captured cells can be observed by fluorescence microscopy. As compared to previous studies of using solid microposts, we will be incorporating a new concept of cylindrical shell micropost. This type of micropost consists of a solid inner core and the annulus area is covered with a forest of silicon nanopillars. Utilization of such a design helps in increasing the interception and capture efficiency and reducing the hydrodynamic resistance between the cells and the posts. Computational analysis is done for different designs of the posts. Drag on the microposts due to fluid flow has a great significance on the capture efficiency of the chip. Also, the arrangement of the posts is important to contributing to the increase in the interception efficiency. The effects of these parameters on the efficiency in junction with other factors have been studied and quantified. The study is concluded by discussing design strategies with a focus on leveraging the underlying transport phenomena to maximize device performance.
139

Tight Junctions - The Link Between HIV-Associated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Loss of Immune Homeostasis

Chung, Charlotte Yuk-Yan 09 February 2015 (has links)
No description available.
140

Apport de la microscopie electronique dans la compréhension des mécanismes d’interactions entre nanoparticules et cellules biologiques / Electron microscopy contribution in the comprehension of interaction mechanisms between nanoparticles and biological cells

Rima, Wael 04 December 2012 (has links)
Parmi les nanoparticules aptes à accompagner la radiothérapie en clinique, les nanoparticules à base d’oxyde de gadolinium paraissent pertinentes, de part leur multimodalité en imagerie et leur effet radiosensibilisant prouvé in vitro et in vivo. Cet effet de radiosensibilisation est exceptionnel notamment sur des cellules cancéreuses radiorésistantes de la lignée SQ20B (carcinome squameux tête et cou) et uniquement pour des doses modérées de nanoparticules (aux alentours de 0.6 mM en Gd). Les clichés de microscopie électronique ont montré que ce maximum de radiosensibilisation est dû à une internalisation maximale des particules dans le cytoplasme, notamment par macropinocytose. Ce mécanisme d’internalisation est caractérisé par la formation de vésicules de grandes tailles, ou macropinosomes. Il se produit suivant deux étapes : la formation d’agglomérats de nanoparticules à proximité de la membrane cellulaire puis la récupération de ceux-ci par les lamellipodes de la cellule. La première étape est fortement dépendante des caractéristiques physicochimiques des particules, plus particulièrement leur potentiel zêta qui détermine la taille de l’agglomérat, et de la distance les séparant de la cellule. Dans des gammes de taille et de distance à la membrane optimales aux concentrations modérées, l’agglomérat peut être récupéré par les lamellipodes de la cellule. Il s’en suit une protubérance sur la membrane plasmique formant un macropinosome contenant les agglomérats de nanoparticules. Cet endosome précoce suivra ensuite le schéma d’endocytose classique dans le cytoplasme en fusionnant avec des corps multivésiculaires, uniquement visible en microscopie électronique à transmission, pouvant contenir des enzymes de dégradation détruisant leur contenu. Ces enzymes rendent le pH acide à l’intérieur de la vésicule. Plus les nanoparticules sont proches du noyau cellulaire plus leur effet radiosensibilisant sera efficace. Les espèces oxygénées réactives (ROS) et les électrons Auger et secondaires peuvent atteindre l’ADN du noyau plus facilement. A faibles doses (<0.4 mM) très peu de nanoparticules sont internalisées et un effet linéaire de la radiosensibilisation est observé jusqu'à 0.6 mM. A fortes doses (> 0.7 mM) les nanoparticules forment une couronne autour de la membrane cellulaire agissant comme écran, empêchant ainsi les ROS et les électrons générés de pouvoir atteindre l’ADN et induire des cassures, le noyau étant situé à quelques micromètres de la membrane cellulaire. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent la voie sur la nécessité de contrôler l'internalisation cellulaire des nanoparticules en contrôlant leur chimie, laissant envisager ainsi des opportunités prometteuses dans le domaine de la radiothérapie assistée par nanoparticules délivrant de faibles doses de radiation aux patients. / Over the last few decades, nanoparticles have been studied in theranostic field with the objective of exhibiting a long circulation time through the body coupled to major accumulation in tumor tissues, rapid elimination, therapeutic potential and contrast properties. In this context, we developed sub-5 nm gadolinium-based nanoparticles that possess in vitro efficient radiosensitizing effects at moderate concentration when incubated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (SQ20B). Two main cellular internalization mechanisms were evidenced and quantified: passive diffusion and macro- pinocytosis. Whereas the amount of particles internalized by passive diffusion is not sufficient to induce in vitro a significant radiosensitizing effect, the cellular uptake by macropinocytosis leads to a successful radiotherapy in a limited range of particles incubation concentration. Macropinocytosis processes in two steps: formation of agglomerates at vicinity of the cell followed by their collect via the lamellipodia (i.e. the “arms”) of the cell. The first step is strongly dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the particles, especially their zeta potential that determines the size of the agglomerates and their distance from the cell. These results should permit to control the quantity of particles internalized in the cell cytoplasm, promising ambitious opportunities towards a particle-assisted radiotherapy using lower radiation doses.

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