The aim of this paper is to use isotope analysis of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur from bone and teeth to investigate whether women from the Viking age and early medieval cemetery in Varnhem were local, rather than from a wider area. What is interesting about this area is that it is a Christian cemetery that was taken into use as early as the Viking age (800-1050 AD), a time where the majority of the Swedish population were pagans. It is therefore thought that the majority of the people buried on the cemetery are people from other parts of the landscape, since few other Christian cemeteries are known from his time. I tested my hypothesis with two research questions regarding diet and sulphur isotope ratios. The results from the isotope analysis showed that the women had a rather homogeneous diet and homogeneous sulphur isotope values. These results can strengthen my hypothesis that they were resident in Varnhem.

In contemporary North America, death is contained within a network of cemeteries, crematoria and funeral homes. Death-space and its associative funeral rituals are both sacred and abject resulting in marginalization that adversely affects how the living understand their mortality. Our perception of death influences our place in the world and funeral ritual facilitates our departure from it. In most cities, the funeral home houses this liminal ritual, while also providing the clinical handling and processing of the deceased body. Investigation of the funeral home and its role within the city addresses how architecture can influence cultural views on death. Through the funeral home there is an opportunity to balance the seemingly opposing narratives of the living and the deceased by bringing them together for the funeral. In the City of Toronto, the density of its diverse neighbourhoods is not reflected by a proportionate number of local funeral homes. This thesis proposes a non-denominational space for funeral ritual and cremation within the dense St. Lawrence Neighbourhood. The placement of the Funeral Centre satisfies the practical requirements of this growing community, while the adjacency to the St. Lawrence Market juxtaposes the vibrancy of the ordinary and the solemnity of the sacred. This proposal extends into a network for the scattering of ashes throughout the city aiming to reconnect people to the realities of their existence.

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The purposes of this creative project were (1) to develop a stone conservation plan for some of the markers in the "Old Part" of Beech Grove Cemetery, (2) to bring attention to the plight of a sampling of the cemetery stone markers in the "Old Part," and (3) to provide a written and photographic database for those individuals who are concerned with the preservation/conservation of Beech Grove Cemetery, in the hopes that a conservation plan can be implemented throughout the cemetery.Results revealed that a vast majority of Beech Grove's markers are deteriorating due to several natural factors such as weathering and erosion, as well as to neglect and vandalism. I have included, in this project, 195 stone inventory forms with a correlating map and photograph of those stones surveyed. The results also confirmed my theory that little conservation has taken place in the cemetery. Some conservation efforts that have been applied to the stone markers have further damaged them due to inappropriate methods. / Department of Architecture

The Old Frankfort Cemetery (15Frl54) is located in downtown Frankfort, Kentucky, at the foot of Fort Hill. Records indicate this cemetery may have been the first in use in Frankfort. It was initially used as a general burial ground for the city in the early 1800s; however, it appears that the cemetery quickly became dilapidated and was primarily used for the poor of the city. Subsequent development of the site through out the 19th and 20`" centuries effectively removed the cemetery from the landscape and public memory. This amnesia was compounded by the social status of those interred at the Old Frankfort Cemetery.The specific aim of this study is to better understand children's health in the Antebellum South. Through a case study of Frankfort, Kentucky, political and economic conditions during the 19th century that affected health conditions will be examined. Documentation of immature skeletal remains from this unknown population will provide insight as to delays in both bone and dental growth and maturity, and epiphyseal closure. It will also provide information on the health of the overall population. Results of this study will not only enhance the social, economic and political intra-relationships between the population of the cemetery, but also the surrounding urban area of Frankfort, KY, during the early 19'h century and Antebellum America. / Department of Anthropology

*Graveyards are significant sites that are consciously and deliberately created. As both architecture and landscape architecture, graveyards are an intrinsic part of history that have helped define and establish architectural styles as well as address land use and associated issues.Graveyards provide some of the best and most lasting examples of art and sculpture through the ages. By examining the size, shape, ornamentation/articulation, style of carving and materials from which the stones are constructed, elements of social status and what individuals thought of the themselves are revealed. Valuable historic documentation is gleaned from graveyards in the form of genealogical information, social history, widespread diseases, wars/battles and demographics. The study of epitaphs discloses biographies of individuals and indicates what type of professions were dominant during a certain period. The religious symbolism of individual stones differentiates denominations and may lend evidence of a once-existent church or parish.*This term was traditionally used throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and therefore will be applied in the text where appropriate. The need to preserve graveyards is essential to humankind's understanding of the past,, people and the environment. As outdoor museums that are open to all, regardless of social or economic status, to visit and experience, graveyards are potentially one of the best educational tools for interpreting history, yet are seldom used. Graveyards must begin to be viewed as "interpretive sites" and not just as functional and emotional places for the dead. As a tangible aspect of history that contains sensitive records, the preservation of a graveyard must be carefully and innovatively handled. The stability that a cemetery presents in the ever-changing environment of a disposable society is threatened unless the site and its artifacts are properly maintained.Historic Blandford Cemetery in Petersburg, Virginia, presents itself as a significant eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century graveyard/cemetery. It is the site of the 1781 Battle of Petersburg and the burial grounds for approximately 30,000 Confederate soldiers from the United States Civil War. The Old Blandford Church is the oldest church in the Petersburg area (ca. 1734-1737) and was the last of three brick churches built for Bristol Parish of Bristol, England, in colonial Virginia. The church also contains fifteen Tiffany stained-glass windows designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany.Since the historic fabric at Blandford Cemetery needs to be preserved, restored, maintained and innovatively managed to ensure its future, this study has been undertaken with the sincere hope that others will find the enthusiasm, support and encouragement to seek out, preserve and interpret old graveyards and cemeteries. / Department of Architecture

In contemporary North America, death is contained within a network of cemeteries, crematoria and funeral homes. Death-space and its associative funeral rituals are both sacred and abject resulting in marginalization that adversely affects how the living understand their mortality. Our perception of death influences our place in the world and funeral ritual facilitates our departure from it. In most cities, the funeral home houses this liminal ritual, while also providing the clinical handling and processing of the deceased body. Investigation of the funeral home and its role within the city addresses how architecture can influence cultural views on death. Through the funeral home there is an opportunity to balance the seemingly opposing narratives of the living and the deceased by bringing them together for the funeral. In the City of Toronto, the density of its diverse neighbourhoods is not reflected by a proportionate number of local funeral homes. This thesis proposes a non-denominational space for funeral ritual and cremation within the dense St. Lawrence Neighbourhood. The placement of the Funeral Centre satisfies the practical requirements of this growing community, while the adjacency to the St. Lawrence Market juxtaposes the vibrancy of the ordinary and the solemnity of the sacred. This proposal extends into a network for the scattering of ashes throughout the city aiming to reconnect people to the realities of their existence.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Art and Art History and Dept. of History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005. / "A dissertation in art history and history." Advisors: Donald Matthews and Burton Dunbar. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 26, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-283). Online version of the print edition.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / No âmbito da organização do espaço, os cemitérios efetivam-se como artefatos de grande relevância e suscetíveis a diversas análises e interpretações. Na realidade, os cemitérios presentes nas cidades apresentam vívidas e vibrantes geografias. Marcas impressas pelo homem, refletem a estrutura social, cultural, religiosa, identitária da comunidade que os criaram, sendo impregnados de valores e significados, compondo, desta maneira, um rico e denso quadro cultural e de experiências. Mais do que isso, os campos santos apresentam particularidades e singularidades, uma vez que contemplam morfologias, estilos arquitetônicos e significados diferentes. Em outras palavras, compõem pontos singulares no espaço das cidades e, ao mesmo tempo, seus domínios internos compõem singulares cidades com seus traçados, monumentos e túmulos. Nestes termos, a dissertação tem como objetivo explorar/traduzir o Cemitério São João Batista, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Pretende-se abordar e analisar os usos que ocorrem no espaço interno da necrópole em questão, compreendendo que, através destes, serão revelados os conteúdos das práticas sociais, espaciais e simbólicas. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa torna-se relevante por abarcar os afamados campos dos mortos do Rio de Janeiro, priorizando um tema negligenciado pelas análises geográficas no Brasil. De tal sorte, a dissertação transforma-se em um veio para que outros pesquisadores ousem na mesma linha, isto é, enveredando por um assunto tão rico no qual a geografia, com suas vertentes, permite de forma extraordinária a sua compreensão. / In the scope of spaces organization, the cemeteries are accomplished as devices of great relevance and susceptible of diverse analyses and interpretations. In reality, the cemeteries in the cities present lived and vibrant geographies. Marks printed by the man, reflect the social, cultural, religious and identity structure of the community that had created them, and are impregnated of values and meanings, composing, in this way, a rich and dense cultural picture and experiences. More than that, the graveyards present particularities and singularities, because they contemplate different morphologies, architectural styles and meanings. In other words, they compose singular points in the space of the cities and, at the same time, its internal domains compose singulars cities with its tracings, monuments and tombs. In these terms, the dissertation has as objective to explore/to translate the Cemetery São João Batista, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. It is intended to approach and to analyze the uses that occur in the internal space of the necropolis in question, understanding that, through these, the social, space and symbolic practices contents will be disclosed. In this sense, the research becomes relevant for embrace the famous graveyards of Rio de Janeiro, prioritizing a subject neglected by the geographic analyses in Brazil. Therefore, the dissertation will be one way that other researchers could dare in the same line, that is, engaging into one rich subject in which geography, with its sources, allows extraordinary its understanding.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / No âmbito da organização do espaço, os cemitérios efetivam-se como artefatos de grande relevância e suscetíveis a diversas análises e interpretações. Na realidade, os cemitérios presentes nas cidades apresentam vívidas e vibrantes geografias. Marcas impressas pelo homem, refletem a estrutura social, cultural, religiosa, identitária da comunidade que os criaram, sendo impregnados de valores e significados, compondo, desta maneira, um rico e denso quadro cultural e de experiências. Mais do que isso, os campos santos apresentam particularidades e singularidades, uma vez que contemplam morfologias, estilos arquitetônicos e significados diferentes. Em outras palavras, compõem pontos singulares no espaço das cidades e, ao mesmo tempo, seus domínios internos compõem singulares cidades com seus traçados, monumentos e túmulos. Nestes termos, a dissertação tem como objetivo explorar/traduzir o Cemitério São João Batista, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Pretende-se abordar e analisar os usos que ocorrem no espaço interno da necrópole em questão, compreendendo que, através destes, serão revelados os conteúdos das práticas sociais, espaciais e simbólicas. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa torna-se relevante por abarcar os afamados campos dos mortos do Rio de Janeiro, priorizando um tema negligenciado pelas análises geográficas no Brasil. De tal sorte, a dissertação transforma-se em um veio para que outros pesquisadores ousem na mesma linha, isto é, enveredando por um assunto tão rico no qual a geografia, com suas vertentes, permite de forma extraordinária a sua compreensão. / In the scope of spaces organization, the cemeteries are accomplished as devices of great relevance and susceptible of diverse analyses and interpretations. In reality, the cemeteries in the cities present lived and vibrant geographies. Marks printed by the man, reflect the social, cultural, religious and identity structure of the community that had created them, and are impregnated of values and meanings, composing, in this way, a rich and dense cultural picture and experiences. More than that, the graveyards present particularities and singularities, because they contemplate different morphologies, architectural styles and meanings. In other words, they compose singular points in the space of the cities and, at the same time, its internal domains compose singulars cities with its tracings, monuments and tombs. In these terms, the dissertation has as objective to explore/to translate the Cemetery São João Batista, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. It is intended to approach and to analyze the uses that occur in the internal space of the necropolis in question, understanding that, through these, the social, space and symbolic practices contents will be disclosed. In this sense, the research becomes relevant for embrace the famous graveyards of Rio de Janeiro, prioritizing a subject neglected by the geographic analyses in Brazil. Therefore, the dissertation will be one way that other researchers could dare in the same line, that is, engaging into one rich subject in which geography, with its sources, allows extraordinary its understanding.