Landscape is dynamic. All the elements in the landscape are in a continual process of change. There is growth, expansion, weathering, disintegration, decay and renewal. Change is the very substance of things and it is through these changes that we register the passage of time. This thesis explores the concept of material duration and its application to landscape design. Duration is a complex measure of time. This thesis adapts a definition of duration developed in the field of finance to explore time in the design of an urban cemetery. The design embodies the concept of a cemetery with a "constant duration". This lasting quality of constant duration is a persistence that retains at its core the essence of the landscape while embracing the unavoidable and indispensable material changes. To design with constant duration is to analyze and chart a design as a journey through time. / Master of Landscape Architecture

No / Recent advances in the methods of skeletal age estimation have rekindled interest in their applicability to paleodemography. The current study contributes to the discussion by applying several long established as well as recently developed or refined aging methods to a subsample of 121 adult skeletons from the early medieval cemetery of Lauchheim. The skeletal remains were analyzed by 13 independent observers using a variety of aging techniques (complex method and other multimethod approaches, Transition Analysis, cranial suture closure, auricular surface method, osteon density method, tooth root translucency measurement, and tooth cementum annulation counting). The age ranges and mean age estimations were compared and results indicate that all methods showed smaller age ranges for the younger individuals, but broader age ranges for the older age groups. / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research

No

Yes / Recent radiocarbon dating of a skeleton from Balevullin, Tiree, excavated in the early twentieth century, demonstrates that it dates to the Neolithic period, rather than the Iron Age as originally expected. Osteological examination suggests that the individual was a young adult woman, exhibiting osteological deformities consistent with vitamin D deficiency, most likely deriving from childhood rickets; an exceptionally early identification of the disease in the UK with potentially significant social implications. Isotopic analysis supports the osteological evidence for physiological stress in childhood and further suggests that the woman was most probably local to the islands. Analysis of the surviving written archive reveals that the surviving skeleton was one of several originally recovered from the site, making Balevullin an exceptionally rare example of a British Neolithic inhumation cemetery.

Rekonstruktioner inom arkeologi är en effektiv metod för att visuellt återskapa forntida föremål och miljöer. De har potentialen att skapa och förmedla trovärdig kunskap, samt engagera allmänheten om vår gemensamma forntid. En väl utförd rekonstruktion bör vara grundad i arkeologisk dokumentation, välgrundade tidigare tolkningar och analogier. Dock har rekonstruktioners kvalité och trovärdighet varit varierande, vilket även påverkar hur tillförlitlig informationen som förmedlas till en betraktare är. I studien utförs en kritisk granskning av två rekonstruerade betsel från båtgravfältet i Vendel, benämnda som praktbetsel XII och betsel XIV. Dessa är för närvarande del av Statens historiska museums utställning ”Forntider”. Rekonstruktionernas utförande undersöks samt utvärderas utifrån parametrarna trovärdighet och funktionalitet. / Archaeological reconstructions are an effective way to visually re-create ancient objects and landscapes. They hold the power to create and convey credible knowledge and engage a broader audience about our common past. A well-made reconstruction should be based on archaeological documentations, legitimate previous interpretations, and analogies. However, the quality and reliability of archaeological reconstructions showcase a wide variety which also effect the conveyed information’s credibility. This study aims to critically examine two reconstructed bridles from the boat-grave cemetery in Vendel, referred as “praktbetsel XII” and “betsel XIV”. These are currently part of the exhibition “Forntider” at Statens historiska museum. The execution of the reconstructions is examined and evaluated based on the parameters of credibility and functionality.

Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Situation der Großstadtfriedhöfe in den fünf Neuen Bundesländern und gibt Anregungen zum weiteren Umgang mit ihnen. Verdeutlicht wird anhand von Umfrageergebnissen, daß zur Zeit zu viele Bestattungsflächen vorgehalten werden. Weiterhin lassen sich mit der Umfrage Aussagen zu Zuschußverfahren und zum Umgang mit den Denkmalen auf den Friedhöfen machen. Durch die Beschreibung der wirtschaftlichen, politischen, gesellschaftlichen und verwaltungstechnischen Hintergründe in der Entwicklung der Friedhöfe von 1945 bis zum Beginn der 90er Jahre wird die heute vorgefundene Ausgangsbasis geklärt. Um dafür Lösungen anbieten zu können, wird die Grundlage der Handlungsmöglichkeiten (das jeweils zuständige Rechtssystem) auf in der derzeitigen Situation anwendbare Bestandteile untersucht. Ausgehend von der sehr problematischen wirtschaftlichen Situation der Friedhofshaushalte werden Lösungswege entwickelt, die auf eine Vernetzung sämtlicher verfügbarer Fördermittel zielen. Auf dieser Grundlage werden 4 verschiedene Szenarien entwickelt. Alle beschriebenen Szenarien sind derzeit anwendbar, bzw. wurden in ähnlicher Form bereits umgesetzt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Situation der Großstadtfriedhöfe in den fünf Neuen Bundesländern und gibt Anregungen zum weiteren Umgang mit ihnen. Verdeutlicht wird anhand von Umfrageergebnissen, daß zur Zeit zu viele Bestattungsflächen vorgehalten werden. Weiterhin lassen sich mit der Umfrage Aussagen zu Zuschußverfahren und zum Umgang mit den Denkmalen auf den Friedhöfen machen. Durch die Beschreibung der wirtschaftlichen, politischen, gesellschaftlichen und verwaltungstechnischen Hintergründe in der Entwicklung der Friedhöfe von 1945 bis zum Beginn der 90er Jahre wird die heute vorgefundene Ausgangsbasis geklärt. Um dafür Lösungen anbieten zu können, wird die Grundlage der Handlungsmöglichkeiten (das jeweils zuständige Rechtssystem) auf in der derzeitigen Situation anwendbare Bestandteile untersucht. Ausgehend von der sehr problematischen wirtschaftlichen Situation der Friedhofshaushalte werden Lösungswege entwickelt, die auf eine Vernetzung sämtlicher verfügbarer Fördermittel zielen. Auf dieser Grundlage werden 4 verschiedene Szenarien entwickelt. Alle beschriebenen Szenarien sind derzeit anwendbar, bzw. wurden in ähnlicher Form bereits umgesetzt.

This paper deals with isotope analyses of bones and teeth of two individuals from a medieval cemetery in Västerhus, Jämtland with the purpose to ascertain the diet and how much fish the people ate. The stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen have been analysed with isotope-ratio mass sepectrometry and the diet of the people in Västerhus has been studied. The results show that most of the people had a terrestrial diet and by comparing with Sigtuna, Uppland and Varnhem, Västergötland it was possible to conclude that they ate meat and vegetable feed.

Em boa parte da sociedade ocidental a morte é vista como um evento perturbador e marcante, apesar disto o tema tem inspirado uma série de publicações. Por outro lado, a atividade cemiterial, tópico também marcante e perturbador, e que pode vir a causar possíveis danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, tem muito pouco material publicado. No que concerne ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, os cemitérios podem apresentar a potencialidade de comprometer a qualidade do solo e das águas subterrâneas, face ao processo de decomposição dos corpos dispostos no subsolo. Os cemitérios implantados podem vir a constituir-se numa fonte com risco de contaminação, e causar alterações físicas, químicas e biológicas nos locais que não estiverem protegidos ou em condições geológicas vulneráveis. Para minimizar o risco de infiltrações e a contaminação das águas subterrâneas é recomendável manter estanque a base das sepulturas e a utilização de locais com aqüíferos a grandes profundidades. Em condições favoráveis, a carga patogênica associada poderá ser eliminada pelo processo de autodepuração biológica e físico-química do solo. É importante a conscientização da população, com vistas à proteção, limpeza e desinfecção da água de poços, além de cuidados por parte dos cemitérios, no sentido de conhecer a qualidade do lençol freático e sua potabilidade, que devem conduzir monitoramento hidrogeológico periódico. Deve-se manter licenciamento, fiscalização, monitoramento e acompanhamento rigorosos. A implantação e a operação de cemitérios devem ser conduzidas com as melhores técnicas de proteção e preservação do meio ambiente, com amplos estudos ambientais prévios e um alto padrão de operação, respeitando as condições sanitárias estabelecidas e fixando faixas de proteção como forma de garantir a qualidade das águas e seu uso para abastecimento público. O risco potencial de poluição pelos cemitérios pode existir, porém se a implantação e o gerenciamento forem adequados, este poderá ser mínimo, se comparado ao potencial poluidor de outras atividades antrópicas. / In the western society death is seen as a disturbing and marked event, even so this issue has inspired several papers about. In the other hand, cemetery activity that are also a marked and disturbing issue and beside that can cause possible damages to the environment and public health, have inspired few papers about. Concerning the environment and public health, the cemeteries present a potential on damaging soil and groundwater quality due to the decomposition process of the bodies buried in the subsoil. The existing cemeteries can be a high risk source of contamination, and can cause also physical, chemical and biological alterations in the soil and groundwater without protection or with vulnerable conditions. In order to minimize the infiltration risk and the groundwater contamination it is recommendable to keep sealed the bottom of the grave and make use of site with a very deep of water table level. In favorable conditions, the pathogenic associated load can be eliminated by the biological and physical-chemical self-purification process of the soil. It is important the population conscientiousness, viewing water wells cleanness, protection and the prevention of any infection, and beside that, the cemeteries owners in order to know the groundwater quality, they must perform periodical hydrogeological monitoring. It must be kept rigorous processes of permitting, inspection, compliance and monitoring. The construction and operation of cemeteries must be conducted using the best techniques for the environmental protection and conservation, and after an extensive previous environmental studies and an high standard operation, in compliance with all sanitary requirements and setting protection zones as one of the way to protect the water quality and its use as a public water supply. The potential risk of pollution from the cemeteries exists, but if the implementation and the management are adequate, the risk could be minimized, even comparing to the polluter potential of other anthropic activities.

Em boa parte da sociedade ocidental a morte é vista como um evento perturbador e marcante, apesar disto o tema tem inspirado uma série de publicações. Por outro lado, a atividade cemiterial, tópico também marcante e perturbador, e que pode vir a causar possíveis danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, tem muito pouco material publicado. No que concerne ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, os cemitérios podem apresentar a potencialidade de comprometer a qualidade do solo e das águas subterrâneas, face ao processo de decomposição dos corpos dispostos no subsolo. Os cemitérios implantados podem vir a constituir-se numa fonte com risco de contaminação, e causar alterações físicas, químicas e biológicas nos locais que não estiverem protegidos ou em condições geológicas vulneráveis. Para minimizar o risco de infiltrações e a contaminação das águas subterrâneas é recomendável manter estanque a base das sepulturas e a utilização de locais com aqüíferos a grandes profundidades. Em condições favoráveis, a carga patogênica associada poderá ser eliminada pelo processo de autodepuração biológica e físico-química do solo. É importante a conscientização da população, com vistas à proteção, limpeza e desinfecção da água de poços, além de cuidados por parte dos cemitérios, no sentido de conhecer a qualidade do lençol freático e sua potabilidade, que devem conduzir monitoramento hidrogeológico periódico. Deve-se manter licenciamento, fiscalização, monitoramento e acompanhamento rigorosos. A implantação e a operação de cemitérios devem ser conduzidas com as melhores técnicas de proteção e preservação do meio ambiente, com amplos estudos ambientais prévios e um alto padrão de operação, respeitando as condições sanitárias estabelecidas e fixando faixas de proteção como forma de garantir a qualidade das águas e seu uso para abastecimento público. O risco potencial de poluição pelos cemitérios pode existir, porém se a implantação e o gerenciamento forem adequados, este poderá ser mínimo, se comparado ao potencial poluidor de outras atividades antrópicas. / In the western society death is seen as a disturbing and marked event, even so this issue has inspired several papers about. In the other hand, cemetery activity that are also a marked and disturbing issue and beside that can cause possible damages to the environment and public health, have inspired few papers about. Concerning the environment and public health, the cemeteries present a potential on damaging soil and groundwater quality due to the decomposition process of the bodies buried in the subsoil. The existing cemeteries can be a high risk source of contamination, and can cause also physical, chemical and biological alterations in the soil and groundwater without protection or with vulnerable conditions. In order to minimize the infiltration risk and the groundwater contamination it is recommendable to keep sealed the bottom of the grave and make use of site with a very deep of water table level. In favorable conditions, the pathogenic associated load can be eliminated by the biological and physical-chemical self-purification process of the soil. It is important the population conscientiousness, viewing water wells cleanness, protection and the prevention of any infection, and beside that, the cemeteries owners in order to know the groundwater quality, they must perform periodical hydrogeological monitoring. It must be kept rigorous processes of permitting, inspection, compliance and monitoring. The construction and operation of cemeteries must be conducted using the best techniques for the environmental protection and conservation, and after an extensive previous environmental studies and an high standard operation, in compliance with all sanitary requirements and setting protection zones as one of the way to protect the water quality and its use as a public water supply. The potential risk of pollution from the cemeteries exists, but if the implementation and the management are adequate, the risk could be minimized, even comparing to the polluter potential of other anthropic activities.