Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to relate the differences observed between the process of urban growth and the disproportionate development of demographic graveyard construction to meet the large demands obituaries recorded in Aracaju. Therefore, talks over the expansion of the city of Aracaju decades concerning the time frame established in disproportion to the survey of cemeteries in the capital of Sergipe. As theoretical frameworks, we have: an overview about the historiographical writings about the cemetery, the celebrated works, |The Man on Death| by PhillipeAriès, |Death is a party| by João José Reis, |House big & Slaves|, by Gilberto Freyre, and| Neighbors yes, burials part, |dissertation written by Fernando Lins de Carvalho (Masters in Geography/UFS). Sum up the literature review an analysis of CONAMA Resolutions 335/2003, 368/2006 and 402/2008. The research methodology has qualitative and quantitative character and is based on official documents about cemiteries. The town is located in Aracaju - SE, with a representation based on three cemeteries, two of which particular cemeteries St. Isabel and St. Benedito - who already have a number of graves than expected, being overcrowded and no possibility of expansion territorial - and St. João Batista cemetery - from municipal public sphere. With the description of the forms of burial, aims to consider the study in question as a source for research that take your theme burial habits and dissemination of regulatory graveyard. Thus, the goal is an extension of the sum of studies related to the cemetery as the source of inquiry. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relacionar as divergências evidenciadas entre o processo de crescimento urbano e demográfico ao desproporcional desenvolvimento de construção cemiterial para atender as grandes demandas obituárias registradas em Aracaju. Para tanto, discorre-se sobre a expansão da cidade de Aracaju nas décadas concernentes ao recorte temporal estabelecido em desproporção ao levantamento de necrópoles na capital sergipana. Como arcabouços teóricos, tem-se: um apanhado geral acerca dos escritos historiográficos sobre o cemitério, nas célebres obras, ―O homem diante da Morte‖, de PhillipeAriès; ―A morte é uma festa‖, de João José Reis; ―Casa Grande & Senzala‖, de Gilberto Freyre; e ―Vizinhos sim, enterros a parte‖, dissertação escrita por Fernando Lins de Carvalho (Mestrado em Geografia/UFS). Soma-se a revisão de literatura uma análise das Resoluções CONAMA 335/2003, 368/2006 e 402/2008. A metodologia da pesquisa tem caráter qualiquantitativo e se baseia em documentos oficiais sobre as necrópoles. A localidade está situada em Aracaju SE, com uma representação apoiada em três cemitérios, sendo dois de caráter particular, os cemitérios Santa Isabel e São Benedito que já estão com um número acima do esperado de sepulturas, estando superlotados e sem possibilidade de ampliação territorial e o cemitério São João Batista de esfera pública municipal. Com a descrição das formas de enterramento, visa-se considerar o estudo em questão como uma fonte para pesquisas que tenham em seu tema hábitos de inumação e difusão da regulamentação cemiterial. Assim, almeja-se uma ampliação da soma de estudos relacionados ao cemitério como manancial de indagação.

A constatação de que muitos cemitérios, a maioria públicos, apresentam problemas e impactam o meio ambiente, poluindo o solo e as águas subterrâneas com contaminantes diversos, tem levado ao aumento dos estudos sobre essas potenciais fontes de poluição. No entanto, apesar de existirem metodologias para a constatação de contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas, não existem metodologias específicas, ou mesmo consagradas, para os processos de investigação e estabelecimento da área efetivamente contaminada, fazendo com que muitos sejam os critérios adotados para a investigação e diversificadas sejam as conclusões obtidas. Ainda, em relação à espacialização das plumas de contaminantes, raros são os resultados conclusivos, levando inclusive à preocupação sobre o comportamento dos vários contaminantes já conhecidos no solo, seu caminho até as águas subterrâneas e a real extensão dos impactos, em área e em efeitos deletérios à saúde pública. Este estudo visa demonstrar que a expansão da pluma de contaminantes, e sua área de abrangência, é agravada pela influência de fatores ambientais, físico-geográficos, a partir das características pedológicas, geomorfológicas e climáticas, associadas, dos locais onde estão (ou serão) implantados os cemitérios. Através de levantamento bibliográfico e de pesquisas empíricas foram correlacionadas determinadas características de relevo, clima e solo, presentes nos locais dos cemitérios, elaborando-se cenários de espacialização das plumas de contaminantes e sua possível escala de contaminação e de riscos socioambientais. Três áreas modelo foram selecionadas pelas suas características físico-geográficas diferenciadas e por trabalhos anteriores que definiram seus potencias de contaminação e algumas características físicas (geologia, hidrogeologia e outras): O cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha (PACHECO, 1991 e MATOS, 2001) e o cemitério de Vila Formosa (PACHECO, 1991), no município de São Paulo, e o cemitério de Areia Branca (PACHECO, 1991), no município de Santos. Concluímos que há influência dos fatores ambientais, físico-geográficos, principalmente do solo e da pluviosidade, na espacialização das plumas de contaminação oriundas dos cemitérios. / The finding that many cemeteries, mostly public, present problems and impact the environment, polluting the soil and groundwater with various contaminants, has led to an increase in studies on these potential sources of pollution. However, although there are methods for the realization of soil and groundwater contamination, there are no specific methodologies, or even dedicated to the research process and establishment of effectively contaminated area, causing many criterias to be the adopted for the research and diversifieds reached conclusions. Still, in relation to the spatial distribution of the plumes of contaminants, there are very few conclusive results, leading even to the concern about the behavior of various contaminants known on the ground, their way to the groundwater and the actual extent of impacts in the area and harmful effects to public health. This study aims to demonstrate that the expansion of the contaminant plume, and its coverage area is exacerbated by the influence of environmental, physical and geographical factors, from soil, geomorphological and climatic characteristics associated, on the places where cemeteries are (or will be) deployed. Through literature and empirical research were correlated certain prominent land relief, climate and soil characteristics, present in local cemeteries, creating spatial scenarios of contaminants plumes and their possible contamination scale and environmental risks. Three model areas were selected for their different physical-geographical characteristics and previous works that defined their potential contamination and some physical characteristics (geology, hydrogeology and others): The Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery (PACHECO, 1991 and MATOS, 2001) and Vila Formosa cemetery (PACHECO, 1991), in São Paulo, and the cemetery of Areia Branca (PACHECO, 1991), in the city of Santos. We conclude that there is influence of environmental factors, physical geography, especially soil and rainfall, in the spatial distribution of contamination plumes coming from the cemeteries.

Le département des Landes correspondant actuellement au diocèse d'Aire et de Dax, est constitué par le regroupement des anciens diocèses d'Aire et de Dax augmentés de portions de ceux d'Auch, Bazas et Bordeaux. Les édifices religieux de ce département sont fortifiés au cours de la période s'échelonnant du début du conflit franco-anglais, à la fin du XIIIe siècle, puis pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, et, pour certains, jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle. La grande majorité d'entre-eux sont de modestes églises destinées à la défense des populations des villages dans une région marquée par la relative rareté des châteaux. Elles sont fortifiées de façon quelquefois très élaborée et souvent très sommaire. Elles sont particulièrement éprouvées lors des guerres de Religion, période pendant laquelle elles sont presque toutes pillées, souvent incendiées et détruites au niveau de leur voûtement. Leur inventaire dans ce département est constitué de plus de soixante-quinze églises. Soixante-huit d'entre-elles font l'objet d'une notice détaillée, avec plan, historique, description architecturale, photos, relevés, description et analyse des fortifications. D'autres édifices religieux des Landes, et certains appartenant à des départements différents, ayant un rapport direct avec ce sujet, sont également mentionnés. Cette recherche a permis de révéler la grande quantité et la diversité des églises fortifiées de cette région et leurs différents modes de mise en défense. Elle a également mis en évidence un type particulier et rare de fortification constitué par des façades ou des porches semi-circulaires édifiés dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle ou au début du XVIe siècle. L'étude comparative de ces constructions semi-circulaires de façade, à usage militaire, avec les églises à contre-abside, à usage liturgique, existant encore dans les Landes et en Aquitaine, a été faite afin de bien distinguer les deux types d'édifices. / The Landes currently corresponding to the diocese of Aire and Dax, is formed by the combination of the former dioceses of Aire and Dax plus those portions of Auch, Bazas and Bordeaux. Religious buildings of this department are strengthened during the period from the beginning of the Anglo-French conflict in the late thirteenth century, and during the Hundred Years War, and for some, until the mid-sixteenth century. The vast majority of them are small churches for the defense of the village population in a region marked by the relative scarcity of castles. They are fortified so sometimes very elaborate and often very brief. They are particularly affected during the Wars of Religion, during which they are almost all looted, burned and destroyed often in their vault. Their inventory in this department consists of more than seventy-five churches. Sixty-eight of them are subject to detailed instructions, with plan, historical, architectural description, photos, statements, description and analysis of fortifications. Other religious buildings in the Landes, and some belonging to different departments, having a direct bearing on this subject are also mentioned. This research revealed the large amount and variety of fortified churches in this region and their different modes of defense. She also highlighted a particular and rare fortification consists of facades or semicircular porches built in the second half of the fifteenth century or early sixteenth century. The comparative study of these constructions semicircular facade for military use, with the churches against the apse, in liturgical use, still existing in the Landes and Aquitaine, was made to distinguish between the two types of buildings.

L'intérêt d'une étude sur la mort découle des contradictions qui l'affectent car seuls les vivants pouvant être créateurs de normes et titulaires de droit, la mort en droit public est par définition un droit des vivants. La mort, prise en considération par le droit public, est un prisme sous lequel se dévoile la construction de l'Etat tout en révélant les lacunes et les fragilités du droit face au mystère de la condition humaine. Oscillant entre une conception de la mort perçue comme un néant et des projections individuelles et collectives conférant, malgré tout, une valeur à la personne et à la vie humaine avant et par-delà le décès, le droit tout en s'émancipant de la religion ne s'est pas déparé complètement de toute dimension "sacrée" et l'Etat doit se confronter à ces projections individuelles et collectives face à la mort. Si l'on a assisté en l'espace de moins d'un siècle à un basculement d'un devoir de ne pas tuer à une obligation de protéger la vie à laquelle la norme juridique fait très largement écho, la nouvelle maîtrise de la vie humaine permise par les avancées scientifiques et médicales transforme également l'expression souveraine de l'Etat. Se voyant reconnaître un pouvoir de protection de la vie, c'est désormais sur la condition biologique des individus elle-même que le droit public étend ses ramifications. / The interest of a study about death comes from the contradictions that affect it. Only the living can create laws and regulations: by definition, death in public law is the law of the living. Death, as managed by public law, is a prism which reveals the construction of the State but also uncovers gaps and weaknesses in the law to deal with the mystery of human condition. The law swings back and forth between a conception of death seen as nothingness and individual and collective beliefs giving nevertheless value to the person and human life before and beyond death. While freeing itself from religion, the law has not completely lost any"sacred" dimension and the State must face these individual and collective beliefs about death. In less than a century, there has been a shift from “do not kill” to an obligation to “protect life”; this shift is now widely integrated in modern law. Scientific and medical advances allow a new control of human life and also change the sovereign expression of the state. Public law is now in charge of a life protection duty and starts to integrate rules about the biological condition of human people itself.

The objective of this diploma thesis is creating digital 3D model of Dolní morový hřbitov in Žďár nad Sázavou. The building is measured primarily by classical geodetic methods. The final appearance of the model is created in AutoCAD 2015. Complementary are presented additional possibilities for creating digital models of building objects and their associated advantages and disadvantages. Much attention is paid to the photogrammetric method based on correlation of images, and work with the program 123D Catch and Cinema 4D.

De traditionella begravningsplatserna kräver stora ytor. Urbanisering och befolkningsökning gör att detta utrymme inte längre finns att tillgå i tätbebyggda områden. Detta projekt tar sin utgångspunkt i denna problematik och de konsekvenser den fått för de begravningspraktiker som är etablerade i vårat samhälle. Projektets avsikt är att pröva en långsiktig lösning i form av en alternativ begravningspraktik med stadens förutsättningar som utgångspunkt. Detta innebär att jag föreslår ett nytt gravskick, en ny ritual samt visar hur dessa kan gestaltas.  Projektarbetet inleddes med skrivandet av en uppsats där jag undersökte begravningsritualen och den plats där den utövas. Jag utvecklade en modell för att beskriva kopplingen mellan ritualens handlingar och platsens betingelser. Modellen tog sin utgångspunkt i antropologen Arnold van Genneps teorier om begravningsritualer. Modellen användes för att analysera Sigurd Lewerentz förslag till ett kombinerat krematorium och begravningsplats i Helsingborg. Därefter tog en designprocess vid som innebar att jag formgav ett arkitektoniskt lösningsförslag. Under denna process använde jag den modell som utvecklades i uppsatsen som ett redskap för att pröva och motivera mina val.  Resultatet av projektet kan beskrivas som ett förslag på en modifierad minneslund placerad i centrala Stockholm. Av intresse för fortsatt undersökning är dels de problemområden jag identifierat i mötet mellan begravningsplatsen och den urbana kontexten, dels den metod jag använt för att omsätta den teoretiska modellen till fysisk gestaltning. / Traditional cemeteries requires large areas. Urbanization and increased population means that this space is no longer available in urban contexts. This project has its starting point in the aforementioned problem and the consequences it has had for existing burial customs.  The purpose of the project is to examine a long-term solution in the form of an alternative burial practice based on the conditions of the contemporary city. This means that I propose a new burial custom, a new ritual and show how these might staged architectonically.  The project began with the writing of an essay in which I examined the relationship between the burial ritual and its associated space. In order to do this, I developed a model which describes the connection between the ritual act and spatial circumstances. This model is based on the anthropologist Arnold van Genneps theories concerning rituals of passage. It was used to analyze Sigurd Lewerentz proposal for a combined crematorium and cemetery in Helsingborg. I then used the conclusions drawn from the analysis as the basis for a design process which resulted in the architectonic solution proposal. The model was a central tool for verifying and motivating my choices during the design processes.  The result can be described as a modified memorial park placed in central Stockholm. Of interest for further investigation is the problem areas which I have identified in the meeting between the cemetery and the urban context as well as the method I used to translate the theoretical model to physical form.

Vyšehrad cemetery: Place of National Cemetery Abstrakt - English Lucie Babíčková In the beginning of the thesis I am interesting about the history of Vyšehrad cemetery and about some social live happening at this cemetery. For example I am interested in several additional funerals to this cemetery (for example Vlasta Burian), with several ceremonies around some people buried on Vyšehrad (Karel Čapek or Bedřich Smetana). I am also interested in the Svatobor society - society which founded this cemetery. In the fourth chapter I am writing about visitors of Vyšehrad and about their perception of Vyšehrad areal - especially what differences they can see between the park and the cemetery. I am working on this part mainly with theory of Pierre Nora about national monuments (or so-called places of memory). According his opinion nations can worship itself thanks these monuments and I think that Vyšehrad is one of these monuments in the Czech environment. I am also interested in some important events connected to the cemetery or about reasons for visiting this place. For this I am using typology of John Urry mostly.

This thesis explores the use of language, myth creation, and the development of American civil religion to construct a national identity. It analyzes the role of religious language in imagining an identity for the American people, with Protestant Christianity being a driving force for this rhetoric. Throughout this thesis, I argue that specific historical figures have become symbols of American identity, creating an American cult that venerates these figures as sacred icons. This thesis traces the historical development of thought as it relates to American political figures taking on mythical and legendary status in the minds of the citizens. The role of monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C., as capsules into the past and symbolic representations of what is essential to the American people, is also explored. I argue that monuments and memorials have artistic perspectives and use specific imagery that shows how the designers want their audience to view and interpret the events and people who are the subject of the piece and how notions of national identity are projected onto monuments, memorials, and symbols. The thesis also examines the growing phenomenon of far-right nationalism in the United States and how President Trump used populism and rhetoric of American civil religion to strengthen his support. I also explore the variations of patriotic participation through protests by Colin Kaepernick and the Black Lives Matter Movement showing the diverse nature of national identity and civic contribution. The thesis also delves into the importance of the military in the United States and how soldiers have become a symbol of American patriotism and identity. By highlighting the role of religion, language, and mythology in shaping national identity, this thesis sheds light on the complex interplay between culture, history, and identity in the United States.

På Båtgravfältet i Vendel har det hittats fjorton gravar och den första hittas i samband med byggandet av ett dike till kyrkans nya mur. Gravplatsen undersöktes första gången 1882 och det visade sig att många av gravarna hade blivit störda och utsatts sedan tidigare. Gravarna är daterade mellan 575–1050 e.Kr.  Uppsatsen beskriver hur båtgravarna i Vendel har könsbestämts som manliga krigargravar utifrån stereotypiskt manliga vapen/krigargravar. Däremot står två av gravarna ut då det fanns kvinnlig attribut som könade artefakter (pärlor). Krigargravar har traditionellt blivit tolkade som manliga gravar utifrån de begränsade binära genusrollerna. Det kommer också diskuteras om det kan ha varit någon individ som har definierat sig som icke-normativ. / In the boat-gravefield in Vendel, fourteen graves have been found and the first one was found in connection with the construction of a trench for the new wall of the church. The burial site was first investigated in 1882 and it has been shown that many of the graves have been disturbed and exposed since before. The graves are dated between 575–1050 AD. The essay describes how the boat-graves in Vendel have been gendered as male warrior graves based on stereotypically male weapons/warrior graves. However, two of the graves stand out as there were female attributes, gendered artifacts (pearls). Warrior graves have traditionally been interpreted as male graves based on the limited binary gender roles. It will also be discussed whether it may have been that some individual has defined themself as non-normative.

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht gewaltsam verschwundene Welten der deutschen (donauschwäbischen) und jüdischen Minderheiten im serbischen Südostbanat, einst Teil der Militärgrenze der Habsburgermonarchie, heute als geographisches Dreieck zwischen Ungarn, Rumänien und Serbien aufgeteilt. Denkmäler und Grabsteine mit deutschen Inschriften im Südostbanat zeugen von Verflechtungen innerhalb der Geschichte von donauschwäbischen und jüdischen Minderheiten. Sie sind heute in der Region nicht fast mehr anzutreffen und sind wie abwesende Nachbar:innen. Vor diesem Hintergrund folgt die Arbeit den damaligen und gegenwärtigen Konvivenzräumen. Damit einhergehend nimmt die vorliegende Analyse eine erzähltheoretische Perspektive ein, indem sie Friedhöfe/ Denkmäler/ Gedenkstätten und Archivquellen als “narrative Artefakte” versteht, die “Weltlichkeit” (worldness) enthalten. Es wird danach gefragt, wie Menschen in den heutigen Banater Nachbarschaften unterschiedliche und doch nah beieinander liegende Erzählwelten (storyworlds) hinsichtlich der abwesenden Minderheiten schaffen. Auf wessen Vergangenheit gehen die Erinnerungen zurück? Wer bewohnt diese Gedächtnisräume? Die Forschung widmet sich den wandelnden Ausgrenzungen und Eingrenzungen entlang den konstruierten vielstimmigen, ineinander verschränkten Erzählwelten. Abwesenheit dient als poetisch-analytisches Konzept, wodurch die theoretischen Felder der Narratologie und Anthropology des Todes und der Gewalt – durch Friedhofsforschung – zusammentreffen. / This thesis follows “German cemeteries” that still exist in Southeast Banat in Serbia, once part of the Habsburg Military Frontier, today a borderland between Serbia, Romania and Hungary. I am interested in how abandoned, demolished, forgotten, and reconstructed cemeteries with German-inscribed gravestones mirror rhythms of the past and present. These very inscriptions convey entangled stories about Germans and Jews. Nowadays, they are primarily absent neighbors. For this reason, I adopt a narratological perspective in which cemeteries, monuments and memorials, archives and oral interviews act as narrative instances bearing worldness. In attempting to reconstruct the worlds behind, the study asks how remaining people narratively create distinct, often conflictual and yet close storyworlds about absent Jews and Germans and their past in the region, the Holocaust and forced displacement after the Second World War (Vertreibung). With whose memories are the new realities filled? Who inhabits these? Whose history counts? Combining empirical work with concepts bridging history/ memory, the anthropology of death and violence, narratology, and literary fictional texts and images, the thesis explores stories retold and memories silenced, repressed, and haunting.