Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-14T19:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariano Gomes.pdf: 1567671 bytes, checksum: afce58d63dd5811f4cc58b360d326898 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T19:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariano Gomes.pdf: 1567671 bytes, checksum: afce58d63dd5811f4cc58b360d326898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-11 / CNPq / The regulation of organic production in Brazil was built in a participatory manner, and is updated periodically by members of organized civil society and public agencies. Brazil recognizes three mechanisms for assessing organic compliance: certifier-operated certification, participatory compliance systems operated by participatory conformity assessment organizations (OPACs) and social control organizations operated by organized family farmers who are exempted from certification to sell directly to consumers. The objective of this legal framework was to represent the various realities of agroecology and organic production in the country. This study aims to investigate the case of public certification in organic agriculture in Brazil, focusing on the State of Minas Gerias, more specifically on Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu?ria (IMA), a Conformity Assessment Agency. As of 2011, producers and conformity assessment agencies must be registered with the Ministry of Agriculture. The analysis of the National Record of Organic Producers (CNPO) in the last four years showed a marked increase in the number of organic producers registered (96%). The distribution of the organic producers in the CNPO according to the three mechanisms proposed in the regulation points to different forms of ensuring organic quality in the country, which follow the regulation despite applying different tools and using different trade spaces. The growth in the number of OPACs operating Participatory Assurance Systems in this period (2012-2016) was over 200%. Certification, albeit not regulated, is the mechanism chosen worldwide to provide organic quality assurance, as implemented primarily by private companies. Public certification takes place only in Denmark, although in some European countries it is subsidized for small producers for a certain period of time. In Brazil, federal resources offered by the Brazilian Support Service for Micro and Small Business (SEBRAE), in partnership with the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), supported the implementation of public and private certification (SCOFANO, 2014) after publication of the legal framework for organic agriculture (2003-2009). At the federal states level, public certification exists in the states of Paran? through Instituto de Tecnologia do Paran? (TECPAR) and of Minas Gerais through IMA. At the national level, the service is provided by Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, located in Rio de Janeiro. Producers linked to public certification represent 2.22% of the registrations in the CNPO. Because they are public bodies, they can effectively comply with the principle of independence established by the ISO certification standard. The partnership with the public ATER Organizations is strategic, and should be pursued by public certifiers for the development of the sector. For the analysis of the organization, we rely on the four-fold view of organizations according to the anthroposophy and teachings of Rudolf Steiner. In the resource dimension, IMA needs to improve its fleet and electronic equipment, continue to support the professional qualification of its staff, and also broaden its staff. In the process dimension, it is efficient. However, it should invest in the relationship dimension, integrating its employees and partner organizations. In the identity dimension, actions that favor valuation and reaffirm the mission and values of both employees and the company should be sought, evaluated and renewed periodically. / A regulamenta??o da produ??o org?nica no Brasil foi constru?da de forma participativa, e ? atualizada periodicamente por membros da sociedade civil organizada e ?rg?os p?blicos. O Brasil reconhece tr?s mecanismos de avalia??o da conformidade org?nica: certifica??o operada pelas certificadoras, sistemas participativos de garantia - SPG operados pelas organiza??es participativas de avalia??o da conformidade (OPAC) e as organiza??es de controle social (OCS), operacionalizadas pelos agricultores familiares organizados que realizam a venda direta aos consumidores, sendo isentos de certifica??o. O objetivo deste arcabou?o legal era representar as diversas realidades envolvidas com a agroecologia e a produ??o org?nica no pa?s. O trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de caso da certifica??o publica na agricultura org?nica no Brasil, com foco no Estado de Minas Gerias, mais especificamente no Organismo de Avalia??o da Conformidade (OAC), Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu?ria (IMA). A partir de 2011 os produtores e organismos de avalia??o da conformidade tinham que estar registrados no Minist?rio da Agricultura, Pecu?ria e do Abastecimento (MAPA). A an?lise do Cadastro Nacional de Produtores Org?nicos (CNPO), nos ?ltimos quatros anos evidenciou um crescimento acentuado no n?mero de produtores org?nicos cadastrados (96 %). A distribui??o dos produtores org?nicos no CNPO pelos tr?s mecanismos propostos na regulamenta??o mostra a realidade de diferentes situa??es existentes no pa?s para garantir as qualidades org?nicas, que embora usem diferentes ferramentas e espa?os de comercializa??o, seguem a regulamenta??o. O crescimento no n?mero de OPACs que operam SPG, nesse per?odo (2012-2016) foi superior a 200%. A certifica??o ? o mecanismo escolhido, mas n?o ? regulamentado, no mundo para dar garantia da qualidade org?nica, executada prioritariamente por empresas privadas. A certifica??o p?blica acontece somente na Dinamarca, embora em alguns pa?ses da Europa seja subsidiada para pequenos produtores, por determinado espa?o de tempo. No Brasil, recursos federais ofertados pelo Servi?o Brasileiro de Apoio as Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE) em parceria com o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), ap?s publica??o do marco legal da agricultura org?nica (2003- 2009), apoiaram a implanta??o da certifica??o p?blica e privada (SCOFANO, 2014). A certifica??o p?blica estadual existe nos estados do Paran? atrav?s do Instituto de Tecnologia do Paran? (TECPAR) e Minas Gerais atrav?s do IMA, e no ?mbito federal ? ofertada pelo Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia (INT), localizado no Rio de Janeiro. Os produtores vinculados ? certifica??o p?blica, representam 2,22% dos registros no CNPO, e pelo fato de serem ?rg?os p?blicos, podem efetivamente cumprir com o princ?pio da independ?ncia estabelecido pela norma ISO para a certifica??o. A parceria com as organiza??es de ATER p?blica ? estrat?gica, e, deve ser perseguida pelas certificadoras p?blicas para desenvolvimento do setor. Para an?lise da organiza??o, nos baseamos na vis?o quadrimembrada das organiza??es de acordo com a antroposofia e ensinamentos de Rudolf Steiner. O IMA como organiza??o no n?vel dos recursos precisa melhorar a frota e equipamentos eletr?nicos, continuar com o apoio a qualifica??o profissional do seu quadro, mas tamb?m realizar concursos para ampliar sua capacidade de atua??o. No n?vel dos processos, ? eficiente. Deve investir mais no n?vel das rela??es de seus funcion?rios e com as organiza??es parceiras, na busca de maior integra??o. No n?vel da identidade, a??es que favore?am a valora??o e reafirmem a miss?o e os valores dos funcion?rios e da empresa devem ser buscados, avaliados e renovados periodicamente.

É um dever dos profissionais que trabalham na área de mensuração discutir os temas que envolvem a manutenção/calibração de instrumentos geodésicos em ambiente laboratorial e o uso de padrões específicos voltados para as áreas de instrumentação e de Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade. Para isso, é importante mencionar as normas ISO 17123:2001, NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ABNT NBR ISO 9001:2000 e os métodos compactos para laboratório voltados para testar estações totais e instrumentos EDM. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir os temas relacionados à manutenção/calibração de instrumentos geodésicos em laboratório, mostrando a importância da implantação do Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade (SGQ). Também são discutidas as vantagens decorrentes desta implantação, bem como a organização estrutural e de pessoal para tal sistema, apresentando as normas específicas usadas para a realização de trabalhos em agrimensura. Para compreender melhor a temática da dissertação foram pesquisados alguns laboratórios internacionais que trabalham com a manutenção/calibração de instrumentos geodésicos, que são acreditados pela norma ISO 17025:2005, são certificados pelas normas ISO 9001:2000 e realizam os seus procedimentos de acordo com os requisitos da norma ISO 17123:2001. Dessa forma, as avaliações sobre a estrutura organizacional do laboratório, a estrutura de pessoal e o SGQ implantado, foram realizadas de forma mais segura. Os laboratórios pesquisados realizam suas atividades de acordo com os requisitos das normas ISO 9001:2000, ISO 17025:2005 e ISO 17123, garantindo qualidade aos trabalhos nos laboratórios. A calibração realizada de forma correta e regular contribui para a promoção da qualidade das atividades nos laboratórios. / It is the duty of professionals working in the area of measurement discuss issues involving the maintenance/calibration of geodesic instruments in the laboratory and the use of specific standards directed to the areas of instrumentation and Quality Management System. Therefore, it is important to dimensional standards ISO 17123:2001, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 9001:2000 and compact laboratory methods aimed at testing EDM instruments and total stations. In this context, the main objective of this research is to discuss issues related to maintenance/calibration of geodetic instruments in the laboratory, showing the importance of implementing the Quality Management System (QMS). Also discussed are advantages of this deployment, as well as the structural organization and personnel for such a system, with specific standards used to perform work in surveying. To better understand the theme of the thesis were searched some international laboratories that work with the maintenance/calibration of geodetic instruments, which are accredited to ISO 17025:2005 are certified by ISO 9001:2000 and realize their procedures in accordance with the requirements of ISO 17123:2001. Thus, the ratings on the organizational structure of the laboratory, the personnel structure and quality management system in place, were held more securely. The laboratories surveyed perform their activities in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 17025:2005 and ISO 17123, ensuring quality to work in laboratories. The calibration performed correctly and regularly contributes to the promotion of quality activities in the laboratories.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discutir as características das avaliações de conhecimentos em língua francesa presentes nos processos seletivos para a mobilidade de estudantes de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Com base nas pesquisas e estudos na área de avaliação (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) e certificação em língua francesa (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), realizamos uma pesquisa documental referente à identificação dos requisitos exigidos em língua francesa quando da publicação dos editais que definem os critérios das seleções para a candidatura a mobilidade internacional para a França. Além disso, investigamos do ponto de vista dos responsáveis diretos e indiretos pelos processos seletivos, qual o lugar da certificação em francês língua estrangeira na política de internacionalização da USP. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste em editais publicados pela USP no período de 2008 a 2012, nos editais do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras entre 2011 e 2014 e, por último, em entrevistas com representantes institucionais implicados na seleção direta de candidatos e também nas políticas oficiais do governo francês no que se refere à certificação na língua. Para as análises, além do referencial teórico mencionado sobre avaliação, consideramos os trabalhos na área do francês para objetivos universitários (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises indicam que há uma diversidade de entendimentos sobre o nível exigido em relação à língua francesa para a seleção do estudante que integrará o sistema universitário francês, assim como o valor social atribuído ao documento que atesta os conhecimentos na língua, com o objetivo de validar a candidatura. Além disso, constatamos a ausência de uma política linguística adequada ao contexto de internacionalização da USP, que se expressa na falta de clareza de dispositivos de formação e de avaliação para a preparação dos estudantes que vão realizar estudos em meio universitário na França. Esta pesquisa nos ajudou a compreender a complexidade das relações entre formação, avaliação e certificação em contexto específico de mobilidade internacional. Nosso trabalho contribui com uma visão crítica que pode vir a colaborar no desenvolvimento de ações concretas para a reformulação de critérios de avaliação de competências linguísticas em francês língua estrangeira que sejam mais condizentes com as necessidades especificas às quais um estudante de graduação da USP será confrontado. / This dissertation aims to discuss the characteristics of knowledge evaluation in the French language that is current on selective processes for the mobility of undergraduate students in the University of São Paulo (USP). Based on the researches and studies in the area of evaluation (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) and French language certification (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), weve performed a documentary research for the identification of the requirements of the French language when the publication of the notices the define the criteria of selection for applying for international mobility to France. Furthermore weve delved the point of view of those directly and indirectly responsible for selective processes which is the place of French certification, an international language, on the internationalization policy of USP. The corpus of this research consists on notices published by USP between 2008 and 2012, in the notices of the Science Without Frontiers between 2011 and 2014 and, at last, on interviews with institutional representatives involved on the direct selection of the candidates and also on the official policy of the French government with regard in certification in language. For the analysis, beyond the theoretical framework mentioned about evaluation, weve regarded the work in the area of French for college goals (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Our analysis results indicate that there is diversity of understanding about the level required in relation to French language for the selection of the students that will integrate the French college system, as well as the social value assigned to the document attesting knowledge in the language, in order to validate the candidacy. Moreover, weve noticed the lack of a linguistic policy that adequate to the context of internationalization of USP, which is expressed in the lack of clarity of training and evaluation devices for the preparation of students who will conduct studies in the French Academy. This research helped us to understand the complexity of the relations between training, assessment and certification in the specific context of international mobility. Our work contributes with a more critical vision that might cooperate with the development of concrete actions to reformulate the evaluation criteria of linguistic proficiency in French, foreign language, that are more consistent with the specific needs to which an USP undergraduate shall be confronted.

No Brasil, a cafeicultura é uma cadeia produtiva de grande importância econômica, cultural, histórica e social do País. Dentro dessa cadeia, o produtor rural de café está mudando seu comportamento devido às preocupações com inovação, qualidade do produto, tecnologia e fatores financeiros, buscando um negócio sustentável no longo prazo. Esse produtor vem procurando alternativas na produção de café, sendo que uma opção encontrada é a certificação da produção, já que essa pode trazer uma diferenciação ao produto e, consequentemente, vantagens competitivas ao negócio. Essa certificação possui exigências, e muitas delas estão relacionadas às características dos produtos utilizados, portanto, o produtor rural como grande comprador de diversos produtos da indústria agropecuária, precisa estar atento a essas especificações no momento de compra desses insumos. Estudos como de Lagerkvist et al. (2012) e Okello et. al (2014) mostram que a decisão de compra dos agricultores é um processo de resolução de problemas em que os critérios emocionais, sociais e funcionais são influenciadores. Dentre esse fatores se destacam os valores pessoais que estão associados às escolhas e podem explicar determinadas ações, auxiliando na compreensão da escolha dos produtores na compra de defensivos agrícolas para sua produção. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e analisar os valores pessoais que motivam a tomada de decisão dos produtores rurais de café na compra de insumos, da categoria de defensivos agrícolas. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi utilizada a técnica laddering, baseada nos conceitos do Modelo de Cadeia Meios-Fim, que permite a identificação e quantificação da relação atributo, consequência (beneficio) e valor. Foram realizadas 40 entrevistas em profundidade por meio da técnica laddering, sendo 20 com produtores de café com certificação e 20 sem certificação da produção, na região Nordeste de São Paulo e Sul de Minas Gerais, regiões grandes produtoras de café. Algumas etapas das análises propostas pela técnica foram desenvolvidas por meio do software LadderUX. Os valores pessoais identificado nos dois grupos foram, i) vida confortável: prosperidade do negócio, obter recursos financeiros para si e para a família; ii) senso de realização: continuidade do negócio, contribuição duradoura, satisfação no que faz; e iii) harmonia interna: liberdade de conflitos internos, fazer o que é certo. Esses valores mostram a satisfação dos produtores ruais de café com a atividade, e preocupação com a continuidade e sustentabilidade do negócio. O atributo do produto destacado pelos produtores com certificação da produção foi a toxicidade e pelos produtores sem certificação o preço. Os produtores com certificação da produção mostraram-se racionais e emocionais nas suas escolhas e os produtores sem certificação da produção mais racionais. A análise dos valores pessoais dos produtores rurais de café ajudou a compreender os motivadores na tomada de decisão de compra, para melhor compreensão e promoção de ações específicas para esse público. / In Brazil, coffee production is an important chain at economics, cultural, historical and social aspects. Coffee farmers is changing their behavior because of concerns with innovation, product quality, technology and financial factors, seeking a sustainable business in a long term. Besides that, they have been searching for alternatives to survive in the market, thus a relevant option is the production certification, which brings: product differentiation and competitive advantages. This certificate has obligations, many of them are related of characteristics of the products are used, and the farmer as big consumer of products of agricultural industry, must be aware of these specifications at the time of purchase these inputs. Researches as Lagerkvist et al. (2012) e Okello et. al (2014) show that the purchasing farmers decisions is a problem-solving process that suffer influence of emotional, social and functional factors. An important factor is the personal value, which can be associated with choices and can explain actions, assisting in understanding the choice of farmers to purchase agricultural inputs for their production. The aim of this study was to understanding the personal values that motivate the decision-making of coffee farmers to purchase inputs. In order to achieve this goal, it was used laddering technique based on the concepts of Means-end Chain Model, which identifies and quantifies the relations of attribute, consequence (benefit) and value. Moreover, 40 in-depth interviews were conducted using laddering technique, 20 certified and 20 non-certified farms, in the northeast region of São Paulo and southern Minas Gerais, large coffee producing regions. Some steps of the analysis were developed through LadderUX software. The personal values identified were, i) comfortable life: prosperity of the business, obtain financial resources for themselves and family; ii) sense of accomplishment: business continuity, lasting contribution, satisfaction; and iii) internal harmony: freedom of internal conflicts, do what is right. These values show satisfaction with the activity and the concern for the continuity and sustainability of the business in both groups analyzed. The attribute highlighted by certified farmers was the toxicity and non-certified farmers the price. Certified farmers proved rational and emotional in their choices and non-certified farmers more rational. Analysis of coffee farmers\" personal values helped to understand purchasing motivators and promote specific issues to this public.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_junior_moises_da_silva.pdf: 508378 bytes, checksum: b82f3cd750adb4381bcf6f506c9a8e41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-28 / This study aimed to identify the structure surrounding the certification of seeds in the State of Goiás, tacking into account the approved area, production and commerce of seeds of the most important species for the State during the agricultural years of 2008/09 and 2009/10. For both data collections were made at the Ministry of Agriculture and Supplying as the certification, the credential and particular certifiers laboratories and official laboratories, certifiers own production, traders, repackaged and samplers. On the other hand certifiers were also questioned about quality of its certifications, with questions about staff, its own laboratories, certify the cost to the different species/category, activity in Goiás and other states and pertinent subjects as impediments and perspectives to the certification in Goiás and expectations to the trade of seeds. With the gotten information it was concluded that the production chain is adequately equipped, structurally as technical, needing however of one better organization between its some links. It was also verified in Goiás toward all the categories the biggest production of seeds is come back toward maize and soy, therefore in such a way the register of areas and the commercialization of these seeds also follows the same trend. / O presente trabalho teve o de objetivo identificar a estrutura que envolve a certificação de sementes no Estado de Goiás, levando em conta a área aprovada, a produção e a comercialização de sementes das espécies mais importantes para o Estado durante os anos agrícolas de 2008/09 e 2009/10. Para tanto, foram feitos levantamentos de dados no Ministério de Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, quanto as certificadoras, laboratórios credenciados e particulares e laboratórios oficiais, certificadores de produção própria, comerciantes, reembaladores e amostradores. Por outro lado, as certificadoras também foram questionadas a respeito da qualidade de suas certificações, com indagações sobre corpo técnico, laboratórios próprios, custo para certificar as diferentes espécies/categoria, atuação em Goiás e outros estados; e demais assuntos pertinentes, tais como entraves e perspectivas da certificação em Goiás e expectativas quanto ao mercado de sementes. Com as informações obtidas concluiu-se que a cadeia de produção está adequadamente aparelhada, tanto estrutural como tecnicamente, necessitando, porém de uma melhor organização entre seus vários elos. Verificou-se também em Goiás que dentre as categorias, a maior produção de sementes está voltada para milho e soja, por isso tanto o registro de áreas como a comercialização destas sementes também seguem a mesma tendência.

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Due to the competitive nature of airline industry and the desire to minimise aircraft weight, there is a continual drive to develop lightweight, reliable and more comfortable seating solutions, in particular, a new generation slim economy seat. The key design challenge is to maximise the “living space” for the passenger, with strict adherence to the ‘Crash Safety Regulations’. Cranfield University is addressing the needs of airliners, seat manufactures and safety regulating bodies by designing a completely novel seat structure coined as “Sleep Seat”. A generous angle of recline (40 degree), movement of “Seat Pan” along the gradient, fixed outer shell of the backrest, and a unique single “Forward Beam” design distinguishes “Sleep Seat” form current generation seats. It is an ultra-lightweight design weighing 8kg (typical seat weight is 11kg). It has to sustain the static (CS 25.561) and dynamic (CS25.562) “Emergency landing” loads as specified by “Certification Specifications (CS). Apart from maintaining structural integrity; a seat-structure must not deform, which would impede evacuation, should absorb energy so that the loads transferred to Occupants are within human tolerance limits and should always maintain survivable space around the Occupant. All these parameters, which increase a life-expectancy in a ‘survivable’ crash, can be estimated using either experimental testing or virtual simulation tools such as “Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Design of the “Sleep Seat” is still in its conceptual phase and therefore experimental testing for all the design iterations involved is unrealistic, given a measure of the costs and timescales involved. Therefore focus of research is to develop practical and robust FE methodologies to assess static and dynamic performances of a seat-structure so as to compare different design concepts based on their strength, seat interface loads (a limit defined by strength of aircraft-floor), maximum deformations and cross-sectional forces ... [cont.].

Magister Public Health - MPH / Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of doctors in relation to death certification and also assess whether an educational intervention can improve the accuracy of death certificate completion and thereby improve mortality information. / South Africa

La certification volontaire offre aux consommateurs des informations détaillées sur le processus de production et/ou de fabrication des produits. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations de producteurs du Costa Rica ont historiquement joué un rôle important dans la participation des petits producteurs aux filières certifiées et leur motivation à accéder aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Pour ces raisons, le Costa Rica offre un environnement intéressant pour étudier la façon dont les organisations de producteurs de café arrivent à gérer la certification de leurs membres.Cette recherche se concentre uniquement sur les coopératives et les consortiums de coopératives puisqu’elles sont importantes dans le processus de certification. Considérant le manque de connaissances sur le rôle des coopératives et de la certification volontaire du café, cette thèse traite les questions suivantes: Quel est le rôle des coopératives dans la gestion des certifications volontaires ? Quels sont les changements induits par la certification, au niveau des coopératives et des exploitations ?, Quels aspects sociaux uniques propres au Costa Rica influencent la gestion et l'efficacité de la certification?Les administrateurs de vingt des vingt-deux coopératives de café au Costa Rica ont été enquêtés. Quatre coopératives ont ensuite été sélectionnées pour les études de cas approfondies.Bien que les certifications soient souvent critiqués de ne pas provoquer d‘amélioration au niveau de l'exploitation en raison de la sélection des exploitations conformées uniquement, le facteur qui encourage les coopératives à choisir la certification individuelle est la structure des certifications, y compris la faible demande de café certifié, les incitations faible et variables des prix, les coûts élevés de l'audit et des exigences élevées en gestion et en formation. Au Costa Rica, la certification de café volontaire fournissent des avantages réels, bien que minimes aux coopératives ainsi qu’à leurs membres. Les coopératives prennent des décisions sur la gestion des certifications en fonction de leurs stratégies commerciales, du type de café qu'elles produisent et de leur dotation en capital social, cette qui se manifeste comme une solidarité de groupe ou une approche commerciale. La certification incite à une approche plus holistique de la production de café en nécessitant plus de formations et de services liés à la production durable. Elle encourage les coopératives à collaborer avec d'autres parties prenantes, en augmentant leur connectivité et leur capital social. Cela donne aux membres un accès à de nouvelles connaissances et services, ce qui peut potentiellement créer un cercle vertueux de production de capital social.La certification peut cependant encourager les coopératives à offrir des services supplémentaires ou des incitations financières à une partie de leurs membres seulement. Un niveau élevé de capital social est nécessaire au niveau administratif pour assurer une répartition équitable des avantages de la certification tout en offrant des incitations aux membres à poursuivre la certification. / Voluntary certifications offer consumers information on the process in which products are produced. Farmers’ organizations play an important role in the management of certifications and in small-farmer access to certified markets. Costa Rican farmers’ organizations have a long history of participation in the certified value chain and in fomenting small farmers’ access to certified markets. Farmers’ organizations also make strategic decisions related to the organization’s participation in the certified value chain and how farmers are supported and incentivized to join.For these reasons Costa Rica provides an interesting milieu to study how farmers’ organizations manage certifications. Because of their importance in the certification process in Costa Rica, this research focuses on cooperatives and consortia of cooperatives. Considering the gap in knowledge regarding the role of cooperatives and voluntary coffee certifications, this thesis presents the following questions: What is the role of cooperatives in the management of voluntary coffee certifications?, What are the advantages and disadvantages of participation in voluntary certifications for cooperatives?, What changes do certifications induce at the cooperative and farm levels?, What social aspects in Costa Rica influence the management and effectiveness of certifications? Administrators from twenty of the twenty-two coffee cooperatives in Costa Rica were interviewed to obtain basic data on harvest size, membership and management and participation in certifications. Four cooperatives were selected for in-depth case studies.Certifications are often criticized for not eliciting widespread change at the farm level due to the selection of compliant farms, but it is the structure of the certifications, including low demand, weak and variable price incentives, high costs of auditing and high requirements for management and training, which incentivize cooperatives to choose individual certifications.In Costa Rica, voluntary coffee certifications promote small but real benefits to cooperatives and their members. Cooperatives make decisions about the management of certifications based on their business strategies, the type of coffee they produce and the social capital inherent in the cooperative, which is manifested as a group solidarity approach or a commercial approach.Certifications incite a more holistic approach to coffee production by requiring training and services related to sustainable production. Certifications encourage cooperatives to collaborate with other stakeholders, increasing their connectedness and organizational social capital. This gives members access to new knowledge and services and has the potential to create a virtuous cycle of the production of social capital.Certifications, however, may induce cooperatives to offer additional services or financial incentives to some members and not to others. A high level of social capital is needed at the administrative level to ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits of certifications while still offering members incentives to pursue certifications.

Décrire un système hospitalier, c’est évoquer les acteurs de ce système et les relations qui existent entre eux. Le système hospitalier algérien se compose principalement des éléments suivants : la collectivité publique (l’Etat, les organismes de Sécurité Sociale) ; les malades ainsi que les établissements de santé publics et privés.Les relations existant entre les différents acteurs hospitaliers s’expriment entre l’Etat et les établissements publics de santé et les relations entre ces derniers et le malade.L’institution hospitalière rencontre une multitude de difficultés pour répondre à la demande des usagers en matière des prestations de soins. La relation rigide qui existe entre l’Etat et les établissements de santé publics, a engendré des contraintes dans différents domaines (organisation, financement et gestion) ce qui a généré à un disfonctionnement de l’établissement de santé publique. Devant ces contraintes, il est urgent d’engager des réformes nécessaires.La contractualisation se concrétise par une démarche efficace d’accompagnement des changements : elle fait partie des moyens de réalisation d’objectifs de la réforme hospitalière. En outre, les démarches d’amélioration de la qualité sont fortement valorisées par la perspective de l’accréditation. Par ailleurs, lorsque l’on souhaite réaliser des évaluations d’actions pour procéder à des réformes, l’on est confronté à la question de l’information sanitaire. / To describe a hospital system, it is to evoke the actors of this system and the relationships that exist between them. The Algerian hospital system consists mainly of the following elements; the public authorities (the state and the social security organizations), the establishments of health and population (the diseased).The existing relationships between the different hospital actors are the relationships between the state and public establishments of health and the relationships between the latter and the diseased.The hospital institution encounters a multitude of difficulty to meet the request of users regarding the health care delivery. The rigid relation, which exists between the state and the establishment of public health, has engendered constraints in different domains (organization, financing and management) which led to a dysfunction of the public health establishment. Before these constraints, it is urgent to undertake the necessary reforms.The contractualization is an effective procedure of changes support; it is a part of means to achieve the objectives of the hospital reform. Moreover, the improvement procedures of quality are strongly incited by the accreditation perspective. Furthermore, when we hope to realize the evaluation of actions in order to carry out the reforms, we are confronted by the information issue.