I takt med att sjöfartsindustrin söker hållbara alternativ till traditionella bränslen har LNG och metanol framstått som lovande alternativ till diesel. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera arbetsmiljörisker vid hantering av LNG, metanol och diesel som fartygsbränsle. Genom en dokumentär forskningsmetodik har säkerhetsdatablad, lagtexter och tidigare studier analyserats. Resultaten visar att LNG, metanol och diesel har unika riskprofiler: LNG medför kvävningsrisk och köldskador, metanol är mycket giftigt och kan orsaka allvarliga hälsoproblem, inklusive blindhet och dödsfall, medan diesel är cancerframkallande och kan leda till organskador. Utbildning för hantering av LNG och metanol inkluderar specifika IGF-kurser, medan diesel kräver grundläggande säkerhetsutbildning. Studien understryker vikten av strikta säkerhetsprotokoll och omfattande utbildning för att effektivt hantera dessa risker. / As the maritime industry seeks sustainable alternatives to traditional fuels, LNG and methanol have emerged as promising options compared to diesel. This study aims to identify occupational safety risks associated with handling LNG, methanol, and diesel as ship fuels. Using a documentary research methodology, safety data sheets, regulations, and previous studies were analyzed. The findings reveal distinct risk profiles: LNG poses asphyxiation and frostbite hazards, methanol is highly toxic and can cause severe health issues, including blindness and death, while diesel is carcinogenic and can lead to organ damage. Training for LNG and methanol includes specific IGF code courses, while diesel requires basic safety training. The study highlights the importance of stringent safety protocols and comprehensive training to mitigate these risks effectively.

Abstract Title: Organic Coffee for a sustainable development in Peru -­‐ A qualitative study on how Peruvian coffee farmers’ development is affected by choosing organic cultivation and certification Seminar date: 2013-­‐05-­‐31 University: Mälardalen University Västerås Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Course name: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Author: Marcus Brink 1987-­‐05-­‐10 Tutors: Birgitta Schwartz Examiner: Peter Dobers Pages: 145 Attachments: List of interviews, Interview questions to coffee farmers Key words: Sustainable development, organic, coffee, certifications, coffee farmers, small scale farmers, Peru, bachelor, conventional coffee, organic certification, profitability, environment, social entrepreneurship, context, coffee producers Research question: In what way are small-­‐scale coffee farmers in the region of Junín, Peru, able to benefit from “Organic” certifications or conventional coffee cultivation to develop sustainable? Purpose: The purpose of this field study was to get an understanding of how and if organic farming is an adequate solution for sustainable development of small-­‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries or not. Method: This bachelor thesis was done as a field study financed by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) under the program of Minor Field Studies provided by the International Programme Office for Education and Training. For the field study a qualitative method has been used to better submit how the people involved understand and interpret their surrounding reality and to get a deep insight in their lives. The nature of the research question and the test subjects provided for a qualitative method rather than a quantitative. Qualitative measuring methods used for primary data gathering were, in-­‐depth interviews, observations, participations, spontaneous conversations, videos and photographs. Secondary sources used include literature, news magazines, public documents, and statistical data provided by organizations, institutions, webpages, and libraries through both Internet and physical form. The theoretical framework that lays a ground for the study has been based upon scholarly journals, scientific studies, scientific articles and other relevant existing research. The data that was gathered were later analyzed by qualitative methods. Conclusion: Small-­‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries are able to benefit from organic certification but it cannot be considered a sustainable development. There’s too little emphasis on the social and economical aspects and too much focus on the environmental factors by the organic certification to make it interesting to many farmers. For a small-­‐scale coffee farmer to benefit from the organic certifications he need to have a very low intense cultivation from the beginning, before becoming certified. The organic certification incurs increased costs for the farmer and is more labor intense while it at the same time provides limited productivity ability and only gives a slightly better price to the farmer for his product. Farmers that grows conventional coffee and have a somewhat managed plantation will not benefit from certifying organic as it would give them the same income or less. The organic growing procedure also prohibits the use of important pesticides as insecticides and herbicides that makes organic farmers further susceptible and sensible for diseases and plagues on their crop. The numerous facts that make organic growing low productive labor intense makes it more motivating for many farmers to chose conventional coffee cultivation instead of organic and working with certification. / Resumen  Titulo: Café Orgánico para un desarrollo sostenible en el Perú – Un estudio cualitativo sobre como el desarrollo de los agricultores peruanos de café es afectado por elegir trabajar con café orgánico y certificaciones Fecha de examen: 2013-05-31 Universidad: Universidad de Mälardalen Facultad: Facultad de Negocios, Sociedad e Ingeniería Nivel: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas Nombre de curso: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Autor: Marcus Brink 1987-05-10 Tutor: Birgitta Schwartz Examinador: Peter Dobers Paginas: 145 Adjuntos: Lista de las entrevistas, Preguntas de entrevista para agricultores de café Palabras clave: Desarrollo sostenible, orgánico, café, certificaciones, agricultores de café, agricultores de pequeña escala, Perú, bachiller, café convencional, certificación orgánica, rentabilidad, medio ambiente, empresariado social, contexto, productores de café. Pregunta de investigación: ¿De que manera se pueden beneficiar los productores de café en la región Junín, Perú, con las certificaciones orgánicos o con los cultivo de café convencional para desarrollarse de una manera sostenible? Propósito: El propósito de este estudio fue obtener conocimientos sobre si es y como la agricultura orgánica es una solución adecuada para desarrollo sostenible de pequeños agricultores de café en países de desarrollo o no. Método: Esta tesis de licenciatura se realizó como un estudio de campo financiado por la Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional (ASDI) bajo el programa de “estudio de campo de menor envergadura” proveído por la Oficina del Programa Internacional de Educación y Formación. Para el estudio de campo un método cualitativo ha sido usado para de una mejor manera presentar como la gente involucrada entiende y interpreta su realidad circundante y para obtener una visión profunda de sus vidas. La naturaleza de la pregunta de investigación y los sujetos dio razones e hizo relevante usar un método cualitativo en vez que un cuantitativo. Métodos cualitativos usados para coleccionar datos primarios eran entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones, participaciones, conversaciones espontáneas, vídeos y fotografías. Las fuentes secundarias utilizadas incluyen literatura, revistas de actualidad, documentos públicos y datos estadísticos de empresas, instituciones, paginas web y bibliotecas a través de internet y de la forma física. El marco teórico que establece una base para el estudio se ha basado en revistas especializadas, estudios científicos, artículos científicos y otras investigaciones de interés al respecto. Después los datos coleccionados han ido analizados con métodos cualitativos. Conclusión: Los agricultores pequeños de café en países en desarrollo pueden beneficiar de la certificación orgánica, pero no se le puede considerar un desarrollo sostenible. Hay poco énfasis en los aspectos sociales y económicos en comparación con los factores ambientales en la certificación orgánica que desmotiva a los agricultores a adaptarlo. Para que un pequeño agricultor se beneficie de la certificación tiene que ser un agricultor con muy baja productividad y falta de manejo adecuado antes de volverse certificado. La certificación orgánica aumenta los gastos o costos para el agricultor, parte de esto por el incrementado de la mano de obra y la capacidad de productividad limitada mientras el café orgánico solo recibe un precio que es un poco mejor que la del café convencional. Agricultores convencionales que tienen una chacra un poco o bien manejado no van a beneficiarse al volverse certificados orgánicos porque les daría el mismo ingreso o menos. El manejo orgánico de café también prohíbe diferentes pesticidas como herbicidas y insecticidas que hacen a los agricultores orgánicos mas susceptibles y vulnerables de enfermedades y plagas en sus cultivos. Los numerosos hechos que hacen que el cultivo orgánico tenga baja productividad y necesita mano de obra intensa y pesada motiva a muchos agricultores a escoger cultivar café convencional en lugar de trabajar con la certificación orgánica.

<p>The awareness regarding environmental issues is increasing and as a result a large number of products are eco-labeled. This enables the consumers to make enlightened environmental decisions when purchasing products. Eco-labeling is no longer for products only, but also for services like hotels. It’s difficult to determine what it actually means to eco-label a hotel and what kind of benefits it includes. Our goal for this essay regarding eco-labeling of hotels is to consider the question –why eco-label?</p><p>The essay also considers benefits or disadvantages connected to eco-labeling and also aim to collect theories and thoughts about the meaning of this in the future. In order to reach this goal the essay involves a case study with hotels who are eco-labeled and those who are not. It also contains information from interviews with representatives from four different eco-labeling organizations and one government environmental scientist. This combined with collected theories aim to give a clear picture about the main focus point –why eco-label? The results show that the hotels whom were studied consider environmental work as very important. It also shows that they notice an increasing demand among customers. The demand also seems to be higher among corporate customers. Eco-labeling can be used as a tool to show the customers that the hotel is working according to special criteria which aims to a more sustainable environment. Care about the environment and increasing customer demand are two main important reasons for the hotels to get an eco-label. It has also shown that there can be more reasons behind the decision to eco-label like; the assistance regarding environmental issues from the eco-labeling organization, competitive advantages, brand related and corporate values. There are also challenges associated with eco-labeling; the ones we have seen are that the environmental work can stop evolving after the label has been accepted. Sometimes the eco-label might not even be the most environmental friendly solution. We have also seen that the eco-labels are combined with different compromises and that they often cost money and take time to implement.</p><p>We have reached the conclusion that in the future eco-labeling of hotels is likely to be significantly important and collaboration between eco-labeling organizations will probably grow and be more international. The results do not generally apply for all hotels but it gives an important insight on eco-labels for hotels, and can give arguments about the subject.</p> / <p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen bygger på frågan – varför miljöcertifiera? Uppsatsen ger således en bild av miljöcertifieringars roll och betydelse för hotellverksamheter, där för- och nackdelar ställs mot varandra. Även resonemang kring miljöcertifiering av hotellverksamheters sannolika roll och betydelse i framtiden behandlas.</p><p>Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en hermeneutisk tolkningsstrategi. Informationsinsamlandet består av fallstudier, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och informationsinhämtning på internet. Tio intervjuer genomfördes med fyra personer från fyra olika hotell, både miljöcertifierade och inte, fem personer som på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med de olika miljöcertifieringarna samt med en forskare i miljöpolitik.</p><p>Slutsats: Studien visar att många vill engagera sig i miljöarbete, både hotellverksamheterna och deras kunder. Miljöcertifieringar kan även vara ett verktyg för att förmedla och strukturera miljöarbetet. Dessutom har det genom denna studie visat sig att miljöcertifieringen kan bidra med andra positiva aspekter som exempelvis en förbättrad image och identitet samt en tydligare struktur på miljöarbetet. Det finns dock problem och nackdelar även med miljöcertifieringar och med att miljöcertifiera sig, exempelvis att de kräver mycket resurser och att själva miljöcertifieringen inte behöver vara det miljövänligaste.</p>

The awareness regarding environmental issues is increasing and as a result a large number of products are eco-labeled. This enables the consumers to make enlightened environmental decisions when purchasing products. Eco-labeling is no longer for products only, but also for services like hotels. It’s difficult to determine what it actually means to eco-label a hotel and what kind of benefits it includes. Our goal for this essay regarding eco-labeling of hotels is to consider the question –why eco-label? The essay also considers benefits or disadvantages connected to eco-labeling and also aim to collect theories and thoughts about the meaning of this in the future. In order to reach this goal the essay involves a case study with hotels who are eco-labeled and those who are not. It also contains information from interviews with representatives from four different eco-labeling organizations and one government environmental scientist. This combined with collected theories aim to give a clear picture about the main focus point –why eco-label? The results show that the hotels whom were studied consider environmental work as very important. It also shows that they notice an increasing demand among customers. The demand also seems to be higher among corporate customers. Eco-labeling can be used as a tool to show the customers that the hotel is working according to special criteria which aims to a more sustainable environment. Care about the environment and increasing customer demand are two main important reasons for the hotels to get an eco-label. It has also shown that there can be more reasons behind the decision to eco-label like; the assistance regarding environmental issues from the eco-labeling organization, competitive advantages, brand related and corporate values. There are also challenges associated with eco-labeling; the ones we have seen are that the environmental work can stop evolving after the label has been accepted. Sometimes the eco-label might not even be the most environmental friendly solution. We have also seen that the eco-labels are combined with different compromises and that they often cost money and take time to implement. We have reached the conclusion that in the future eco-labeling of hotels is likely to be significantly important and collaboration between eco-labeling organizations will probably grow and be more international. The results do not generally apply for all hotels but it gives an important insight on eco-labels for hotels, and can give arguments about the subject. / Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen bygger på frågan – varför miljöcertifiera? Uppsatsen ger således en bild av miljöcertifieringars roll och betydelse för hotellverksamheter, där för- och nackdelar ställs mot varandra. Även resonemang kring miljöcertifiering av hotellverksamheters sannolika roll och betydelse i framtiden behandlas. Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en hermeneutisk tolkningsstrategi. Informationsinsamlandet består av fallstudier, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och informationsinhämtning på internet. Tio intervjuer genomfördes med fyra personer från fyra olika hotell, både miljöcertifierade och inte, fem personer som på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med de olika miljöcertifieringarna samt med en forskare i miljöpolitik. Slutsats: Studien visar att många vill engagera sig i miljöarbete, både hotellverksamheterna och deras kunder. Miljöcertifieringar kan även vara ett verktyg för att förmedla och strukturera miljöarbetet. Dessutom har det genom denna studie visat sig att miljöcertifieringen kan bidra med andra positiva aspekter som exempelvis en förbättrad image och identitet samt en tydligare struktur på miljöarbetet. Det finns dock problem och nackdelar även med miljöcertifieringar och med att miljöcertifiera sig, exempelvis att de kräver mycket resurser och att själva miljöcertifieringen inte behöver vara det miljövänligaste.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the use of certified green labelling together with green labelling created by companies themselves, as a tool within green marketing communication to create credibility for green products. A focus has been placed on department stores within the retail sector. This thesis is a qualitative study conducted in an approach where induction and deduction have been combined. Data has mainly been collected by performing 10 semi-structured interviews with company representatives and experts within the chosen subject and industry. This study clearly shows that the perception of the use of both certified green labelling and green labels created by companies themselves, as a green marketing communication tool, is positive. However, the green labelling created by companies is preferred above certified green labelling for this purpose. The result of this study also shows very clearly that all three parts of the 3Cs´ principle are of importance to create an effective green marketing communication, and that green labelling, both of the earlier mentioned types, can be an effective tool to achieve this. Thus, it is of importance that the identified risks connected to the use of green labelling are minimized. / Denna uppsats är skriven ur ett företagsperspektiv och berör bruket av egna och certifierade gröna märkningar samt dess positiva och negativa aspekter i egenskap av kommunikationsverktyg för att skapa trovärdighet för gröna produkter. Ett fokus har lagts på övrig sällanköpshandel.   En kombination av induktiv och deduktiv forskningsansats tillsammans med en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod har använts till denna uppsats. Data har främst samlats in genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med företagsrepresentanter och experter inom den valda branschen och ämnet.   Denna studie visar tydligt att uppfattningen gällande bruket av både egna och certifierade gröna märkningar är positiv ur en kommunikationssynpunkt, men att de undersökta företagen föredrar egna gröna märkningar i detta syfte. I studien har det även tydligt framkommit att samtliga tre delar av 3C-principen är av vikt för att skapa en effektiv grön marknadskommunikation, och att gröna märkningar kan vara ett effektivt sätt för att uppnå detta. Dock behöver de identifierade riskerna kopplade till användningen av gröna märkningar minimeras och förslag hur detta kan göras har kunnat presenteras.