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La conception des chaussées urbaines et la conception des chaussées rurales nécessitent l'utilisation de deux approches différentes dues aux vitesses de circulation. L'objectif principal du projet est de développer une méthodologie rationnelle de conception des chaussées adaptée au contexte d'exploitation municipal. La méthode de conception projetée permettra le calcul des épaisseurs des couches de la chaussée en fonction de divers facteurs comme le volume de trafic, le climat et la nature des sols en place. Ces paramètres seront utilisés dans la méthode pour évaluer les déformations de la chaussée sous sollicitations mécaniques et thermodynamiques. La méthode proposée portera principalement sur l'application des modèles viscoélastiques pour la détermination de la réponse mécanique des matériaux de chaussées en fonction du temps d'application de la charge. L'intérêt de cette approche est la possibilité de prendre en considération l'effet de la vitesse de circulation qui est un facteur important à considérer dans un contexte de conception urbain. Après avoir établi une méthode de calcul rigoureuse pour l'évaluation de la réponse mécanique, la recherche s'est portée sur le développement de modèles d'endommagement spécifiques au contexte d'exploitation municipal en prenant notamment en considération les effets saisonniers. Ce rapport porte principalement sur le développement des modèles de comportement mécanique de la chaussée en fonction de la vitesse de circulation. Il fait également état du développement des modèles d'endommagement qui permettront de compléter l'outil de conception proposé.

La question de la responsabilité de l’État sans faute du fait des engagements internationaux devant le juge administratif français est soumise aux évolutions jurisprudentielles. En 2011, le Conseil d’État a consacré la responsabilité de l’État sans faute des coutumes internationales. Cette consécration a provoqué un débat sur l’assimilation entre la responsabilité du fait des lois et la responsabilité du fait des conventions internationales. Pour le comprendre, il faut se tourner vers le passé: le régime de responsabilité du fait des conventions internationales inauguré avec l’arrêt Compagnie générale d’énergie radioélectrique. En 1966, le Conseil d’État a dépassé la problématique de la théorie des actes de gouvernement et a constitué un régime de responsabilité fondé sur le principe d’égalité devant les charges publiques. La règle de réparation est destinée à réparer non pas les dommages résultant directement de la convention, mais ceux causés par son application. Elle ne concerne que les dommages anormaux et spéciaux. Ce régime de responsabilité a été accepté dans des termes proches du régime de la responsabilité du fait des lois. Aujourd’hui, et avec l’évolution jurisprudentielle, une dissociation s’opère entre la responsabilité du fait des engagements internationaux et la responsabilité du fait des lois. Il semble possible de consacrer l’indépendance du régime de la responsabilité du fait des engagements internationaux de celui des lois. / The question of the state’s responsibility towards international engagements is subject to jurisprudential evolutions. In 2011, the Counsel of the State dedicated the responsibility without fault due to the international customs. These dedications provoked a debate about the founded assimilation between the responsibility of the acts of laws and the responsibility due to the international conventions. Concerning this, one must turn to the past: the system of responsibility based on the occurrences of international conventions inaugurated with the stop of the company of radio electric energy. In 1966, the Counsel of the State overtook the problem of the theory of government act and constituted a system of responsibility based on the principle of equality before the public charges. The rule of reparation is not destined to repair the damages directly resulting from the convention, but those caused by its application. It only concerns the abnormal and particular damages. This state of responsibility was accepted under the close terms of the system of responsibility on the acts of laws.Today and with the jurisprudential evolution, a disassociation operates between the responsibility of actions on international engagements and the responsibility of the acts of law. It seems possible to sanction independence from the system of responsibility of actions of international engagements and that of law.

Comment s'articulent les conditions matérielles des entrées dans les carrières maternelles et paternelles en France dans la dernière décennie du XXe siècle ? La maternité institue une assignation première des mères à la prise en charge quotidienne des jeunes enfants, qui en assure, à la fois, l'efficace et la continuité avec leur insertion professionnelle antérieure, qu'elle soit problématique ou triomphante. Ce processus fait de la maternité le modèle des parentalités, et rend les paternités contingentes à la stabilité du couple, et aux ressources que peuvent faire valoir les hommes pour garantir la viabilité économique du foyer dans l'hypothèse de l'arrivée d'un premier enfant. Ainsi, pères et mères attendent massivement une stabilisation de leur situation d'emploi avant l'arrivée du premier enfant, mais deux mère sur cinq connaissent ensuite une interruption plus ou moins durable de leur emploi, tandis que les jeunes pères restent stables. Or, ce résultat statistique correspond en partie à un phénomène de sélection sociale des hommes ayant les statuts les mieux assurés, qui accèdent à des paternités socialement légitimes, et d'invisibilité des pères ayant eu les positions les plus vulnérables : en contrepartie, une mère sur dix habite sans le père de son premier enfant avant 3 ans. L'ethnographie fait à l'inverse apparaître des hommes pour qui la paternité a été marquée par une certaine prise de risque, et qui en tirent ex post une légitimité supplémentaire sur la scène domestique. L'étude de ces dynamiques permet ainsi de dévoiler à quel point les conditions matérielles de l'accueil du premier enfant au sein du foyer sont fondatrices des responsabilités parentales ex ante.

Die Bundesregierung plant im Rahmen der Energiewende den Anteil von erneuerbaren Energien an der Stromerzeugung in Deutschland von heute rund 25% auf 80% bis zum Jahr 2050 auszubauen. Damit stehen auch dem Stromsektor in Sachsen grundlegende Veränderungen bevor. Derzeit leistet im Freistaat Sachsen die Braunkohle den größten Beitrag zur Elektrizitätsbereitstellung. Mit dem zunehmenden Ausbau an erneuerbaren Energien steigt der Anteil dargebotsabhängiger Energieträger. Daraus resultieren technische und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen für das bestehende Energiesystem, wie z.B. die künftige Bereitstellung von Systemdienstleistungen. Mit diesen und weiteren Fragestellungen zur Transformation des Elektrizitätssystems haben sich Nachwuchswissenschaftler der TU Dresden in den vergangenen zwei Jahren im Rahmen des vom Europäischen Sozialfonds – ESF geförderten Projekts EnerSAX auseinander gesetzt. Neben der Erstellung einer Potenzialanalyse für Sachsen wurden sowohl technische Fragestellungen,wie z.B. die Auswirkungen der Integration erneuerbarer Energien auf die Übertragungs-, Verteilungs-und Niederspannungsnetze, als auch ökonomische Fragestellung, wie z.B. die künftige Ausgestaltung der Regelenergiemärkte, untersucht. Durch die Zusammenarbeit der Nachwuchsforscher aus den Bereichen der Elektrotechnik und Energiewirtschaft konnten so integrierte Lösungsansätze zur Ausgestaltung einer weitgehend auf erneuerbaren Energien beruhenden Energieversorgung mit dem Fokus auf Sachsen im transnationalen Kontext erarbeitet werden. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt werden in diesem Buch vorgestellt.

Un nouveau contrôleur de EMCCD (Electron multiplying Charge Coupled Device) est présenté. Il permet de diminuer significativement le bruit qui domine lorsque la puce EMCCD est utilisé pour du comptage de photons: le bruit d'injection de charge. À l'aide de ce contrôleur, une caméra EMCCD scientifique a été construite, caractérisée en laboratoire et testée à l'observatoire du mont Mégantic. Cette nouvelle caméra permet, entre autres, de réaliser des observations de la cinématique des galaxies par spectroscopie de champ intégral par interférométrie de Fabry-Perot en lumière Ha beaucoup plus rapidement, ou de galaxies de plus faible luminosité, que les caméras à comptage de photon basées sur des tubes amplificateurs. Le temps d'intégration nécessaire à l'obtention d'un rapport signal sur bruit donné est environ 4 fois moindre qu'avec les anciennes caméras. Les applications d'un tel appareil d'imagerie sont nombreuses: photométrie rapide et faible flux, spectroscopie à haute résolution spectrale et temporelle, imagerie limitée par la diffraction à partir de télescopes terrestres (lucky imaging), etc. D'un point de vue technique, la caméra est dominée par le bruit de Poisson pour les flux lumineux supérieurs à 0.002 photon/pixel/image. D'un autre côté, la raie d'hydrogène neutre (HI) à 21 cm a souvent été utilisée pour étudier la cinématique des galaxies. L'hydrogène neutre a l'avantage de se retrouver en quantité détectable au-delà du disque optique des galaxies. Cependant, la résolution spatiale de ces observations est moindre que leurs équivalents réalisés en lumière visible. Lors de la comparaison des données HI, avec des données à plus haute résolution, certaines différences étaient simplement attribuées à la faible résolution des observations HI. Le projet THINGS (The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey a observé plusieurs galaxies de l'échantillon SINGS (Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey). Les données cinématiques du projet THIGNS seront comparées aux données cinématiques obtenues en lumière Ha, afin de déterminer si la seule différence de résolution spatiale peut expliquer les différences observées. Les résultats montrent que des différences intrinsèques aux traceurs utilisées (hydrogène neutre ou ionisé), sont responsables de dissemblances importantes. La compréhension de ces particularités est importante: la distribution de la matière sombre, dérivée de la rotation des galaxies, est un test de certains modèles cosmologiques. / A new EMCCD (Electron multiplying Charge Coupled Device) controller is presented. It allows the EMCCD to be used for photon counting by drastically taking down its dominating source of noise : the clock induced charges. A new EMCCD camera was built using this controller. It has been characterized in laboratory and tested at the observatoire du mont Mégantic. When compared to the previous generation of photon counting cameras based on intensifier tubes, this new camera renders the observation of the galaxies kinematics with an integral field spectrometer with a Fabry-Perot interferometer in Ha light much faster, and allows fainter galaxies to be observed. The integration time required to reach a given signal-to-noise ratio is about 4 times less than with the intensifier tubes. Many applications could benefit of such a camera: fast, faint flux photometry, high spectral and temporal resolution spectroscopy, earth-based diffraction limited imagery (lucky imaging), etc. Technically, the camera is dominated by the shot noise for flux higher than 0.002 photon/pixel/image. The 21 cm emission line of the neutral hydrogen (HI) is often used to map the galaxies kinematics. The extent of the distribution of the neutral hydrogen in galaxies, which goes well beyond the optical disk, is one of the reasons this line is used so often. However, the spatial resolution of such observations is limited when compared to their optical equivalents. When comparing the HI data to higher resolution ones, some differences were simply attributed to the beam smearing of the HI caused by its lower resolution. The THINGS (The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey) project observed many galaxies of the SINGS (Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey) project. The kinematics of THINGS will be compared to the kinematic data of the galaxies obtained in Ha light. The comparison will try to determine whether the sole beam smearing is responsible of the differences observed. The results shows that intrinsic dissimilarities between the kinematical tracers used are responsible of some of the observed disagreements. The understanding of theses differences is of a high importance as the dark matter distribution, inferred from the rotation of the galaxies, is a test to some cosmological models.

The focus of this dissertation is in the area of theoretical knowledge in customs law and tax law connected with practical knowledge implemented throughout legal relations, its subjects and objects, the rights and obligations of parties in the Act on Taxes and Charges Administration and the new Tax Code as a complex concept of legal proceeding within individual branch of financial law while fulfilling the determining criterion in the system of law. I understand the term "system of law" has more meanings. The system of law is a variously formatted summary of relations between the branches of objective law and legal rules. I also take the term as a set of basic legal systems. Usually it can also be described as a system based on a set of elements connected to each other by a certain structure of relations. On the other hand the system of law symbolizes the indication of the structure of law as a normative legal framework. It then represents a greater unity but also the inner differential in law. The differential sign of dividing law into branches or sub-branches is the nature of the group of social relations which are subject to legislation. The legal system (objective law) is in every country (national law) always somehow structured. The way of matching and organizing the legal institutes into branches is...

Simulações de sais de carbonato fundidos pelo método de Dinâmica Molecular (MD) foram efetuadas com o modelo polarizável de cargas flutuantes (FC). O modelo de cargas flutuantes implementa os efeitos de polarização pelo método de Lagrangiano estendido, onde as variáveis extras são as próprias cargas parciais do íon poliatômico. O modelo FC foi parametrizado por meio de cálculos ab inito, aplicado ao ânion carbonato. Cálculos de Química Quântica ab initio foram utilizados para corroborar o modelo proposto para o ânion carbonato. Os sistemas investigados consistem em misturas de carbonatos alcalinos fundidos, Li2CO3/K2CO3, os quais são utilizados como eletrólitos em células a combustível. As simulações MD foram utilizadas para verificar o efeito da polarização dos ânions sobre a estrutura e dinâmica do líquido. Estudamos o efeito da inclusão de polarização sobre a condutividade do eletrólito. / Simulations of molten carbonate salts by the method of Molecular Dynamics (MD) have been performed with the fluctuanting charge (FC) model. The FC model implements the effect of polarization by using method of extended Lagrangian, where the extra variables are the partial charges of the poliatomic ion. The FC model was parametrized by ab inito calculations os a single carbonate anion. Quantum Chemistry calculations bave been used to corroborate the model for the carbonate anion. The investigated systems consist of alkaline carbonate mixtures, Li2CO3/K2CO3, which are used as electrolytes in fuel cells. MD simulations have been used to verify polarization effects on structure and dynamics of the liquid. We study the effect of including anion polarization on the condutivity of the electrolyte.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um novo tipo de sistema de levitação baseado na força de interação magnética entre uma bobina de núcleo não-magnético e um imã permanente, em casos de simetria axial entre os dispositivos, nos moldes do problema 23 proposto no TEAM Workshop. Este tema é bastante atual e vários métodos têm sido estudados e propostos em razão da complexidade na determinação precisa das forças sobre os imãs permanentes imersos em um campo magnético em um circuito magnético aberto. O primeiro grande desafio deste trabalho é obter uma expressão analítica para esta força de interação magnética em casos de simetria axial usando o método de cargas magnéticas ligadas. Para tal, algumas hipóteses simplificadoras foram adotadas como considerar o campo magnético gerado pela bobina aproximadamente uniforme em toda a face do imã permanente e assumir que a magnetização do imã é constante e independente da variação de sua distância para a bobina. Pretende-se aproveitar o sistema implementado neste trabalho como bancada experimental no Laboratório de Controle da Universidade de São Paulo. Foi projetado um controlador PID através de ferramentas gráficas obedecendo a alguns critérios de desempenho, tanto no domínio do tempo como no domínio da freqüência. Uma vez sintonizado, foi utilizado o toolbox Real-Time Windows Target do Simulink e a placa de aquisição PCI 6221 (da National Instruments) para controlar em tempo real a planta de levitação em malha fechada. Os resultados experimentais foram muito satisfatórios de modo que o modelo analítico foi considerado válido. O sistema apresentou boas características como, por exemplo, um bom acompanhamento do sinal de referência, mesmo em grandes excursões, erro de regime nulo, levitação estável em distâncias relativamente grandes e uma boa estabilidade radial. O uso de dois sensores Hall mostrou-se eficiente na determinação da posição do imã permanente. / The objective of this work is to present a new kind of levitation system based on the interaction force between a non-magnetic core coil and a permanent magnet, in the case of axial symmetry between devices, as proposed by TEAM Workshop problem 23. This theme is very current and various methods have been studied and proposed in face of the complexity in determining precisely the force over permanent magnets immersed in a magnetic field in an open magnetic circuit. The first big challenge of this work is to obtain an analytical expression for this interaction magnetic force in the case of axial symmetry using the equivalent magnetic charge method. For this, some simplifying hypothesis have been adopted like considering the magnetic field created by the coil approximately uniform over all the permanent magnets face and assuming that magnets magnetization is constant and independent of the variation of its distance to the coil. The system implemented in this work is intended to be used as an experimental bench for the Laboratory of Control of Sao Paulo University. A PID controller was projected by means of graphical tools according to some criteria for performance, both in the field of time as in the frequency domain. Once tuned, the toolbox Real-Time Windows Target of Simulink and the PCI-6221 acquisition board (of National Instruments) were used to control in real time the levitation plant in closed loop. The experimental results were very satisfactory so that the analytical model was considered valid. The system showed good characteristics as, for instance, a good tracking of reference signal, even in large excursions of it, null stationary error, stable levitation at relatively big gaps and a good radial stability. The use of two Hall-effect sensors proved to be efficient in the determination of permanent magnets position.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-01T20:42:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCA ROZÂNGELA LOPES DE SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 1339924 bytes, checksum: 5a1d656498f413e65c19c6fc5bab3a42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-01T20:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCA ROZÂNGELA LOPES DE SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 1339924 bytes, checksum: 5a1d656498f413e65c19c6fc5bab3a42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A cobrança pelo uso da água tem sido implementada de forma muito lenta na maioria das bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, mesmo tendo o respaldo na Lei nº 9.433/97, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) e criou o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (SINGREH). De modo que a bacia hidrográfica do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu ainda não realiza a cobrança, assim esse estudo propõe analisar qual(is) o(s) modelo(s) de cobrança pelo uso da água bruta existentes que pode(m) ser adotado(s) na região do alto curso do rio Piranhas? Inicialmente fez-se um levantamento das outorgas de águas emitidas na região de estudo através do site da Agência Executiva de Gestão de Águas do estado da Paraíba sendo elaborado um diagnóstico das outorgas emitidas identificando as passíveis de cobrança. Depois foram analisados os modelos adotados no estado do Ceará; na bacia do Paraíba do Sul; na bacia dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí; no rio São Francisco bem como o proposto para o estado da Paraíba. Finalmente por meio de uma visita técnica à sede da Gerência Regional de Bacia Hidrográfica III da AESA, na cidade de Sousa, realizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada com a gestora responsável, sobre possíveis informações para a implementação da cobrança pelo uso da água bruta. Através do diagnóstico das outorgas, pode-se perceber a real situação dos usuários de água nessa região, evidenciando a importância da eficiência na concessão de outorga. Tais modelos foram implementados de forma satisfatória tanto que as metodologias estão consolidadas e aceitas até os dias atuais. O modelo proposto pelo estado da Paraíba, apesar de ser o único dos cinco estudados, com capacidade para a simulação devido aos dados disponíveis, não pode ser utilizado na bacia do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu por se tratar de uma bacia de domínio federal, ainda assim, simulando este modelo a arrecadação anual seria de R$ 201.156,94; considerando um total de 213 usuários outorgados. Contudo o estudo não analisou de forma criteriosa se os possíveis valores poderiam de fato suprir a necessidade da bacia, se os recursos seriam suficientes para a sua recuperação bem como para práticas da educação ambiental. / The water use Collection has been implemented very slowly in most Brazilian water parting, even though it was supported by Law No. 9,433 / 97, which established the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) and created the National Water Resources Management System. Water Resources (SINGREH). So that the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu Hydrographic basin is not yet collected, so this study proposes to analyze which existing collection model (s) for the use of raw water can be Adopted in the high region of the Piranhas river? Initially a survey of the water grants issued in the study region was made through the website of the Executive Agency for Water Management of the state of Paraíba, and a diagnosis of the grants issued was drawn up, identifying the sources of collection. Then the models adopted in the state of Ceará were analyzed; In the Paraíba do Sul basin; In the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí rivers basin; In the São Francisco river as well as the one proposed for the state of Paraíba. Finally, through a technical visit to the thirst of the Regional Management of the AESA Hydrographic Basin III, in the city of Sousa, half structured interview was conducted with the responsible manager about possible information for the implementation of the charge for the use of raw water. Through the diagnosis of grants, one can perceive the real situation of water users in this region, evidencing the importance of efficiency in granting concession. Some models were implemented in a satisfactory way so that the methodologies are consolidated and accepted until the present day. The model proposed by the state of Paraíba, despite being the only one of the five studied, with capacity for the simulation due to the available data, can not be used in the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu river basin because it is a federal domain basin, Even so, simulating this model, the annual collection would be R$ 201,156.94; Considering a total of 213 users granted. However, the study did not critically examine whether the possible values could actually meet the basin's need if resources were sufficient for its recovery as well as environmental education practices.