The aim of this diploma thesis is the construction design of the steam boiler burning biomass according to the set parametres (450°C, 5,2MPa, 5,83kg/s).There are main parts to solve and design: stoichiometry, energy balance, combustion chamber, heat-delivery surface and strenght calculation output chest of superheater.

Objective: Chest pain is a common reason for an encounter in general practice. The present investigation was set out to characterize the consultation rate of chest pain, accompanying symptoms, frequency of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and results of the encounter. Materials and Methods: Cross‑sectional data were collected from randomly selected patients in the German Sächsische Epidemiologische Studie in der Allgemeinmedizin 2 (SESAM 2) and analyzed from the Dutch Transition Project. Results: Overall, 270 patients from the SESAM 2 study consulted a general practitioner due to chest pain (3% of all consultations). Chest pain was more frequent in people aged over 45 years. The most common diagnostic interventions were physical examination, electrocardiogram at rest and analysis of blood parameters. For the majority of cases, the physicians arranged a follow‑up consultation or prescribed drugs. The transition project documented 8117 patients reporting chest pain with a frequency of 44.5/1000 patient years (1.7% of all consultations). Physical examination was also the most common diagnostic intervention, and physician’s advice the most relevant therapeutic one. Conclusion: The most common causes for chest pain were musculoskeletal problems followed by cardiovascular diseases. Ischemic heart disease, psychogenic problems, and respiratory diseases each account for about 10% of the cases. However, acutely dangerous causes are rare in general practice.

Diplomová práce Vliv a možnosti fyzioterapie u pacientů po onkologicko-chirurgických zákrocích hrudníku - její specifika v předoperačním, akutním pooperačním a ambulantním období Abstract Lung tumor diseases are the most frequent tumors in the world. In men it is the most common tumoral disease in incidence, in women it occupies the third place. Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most frequent one, which includes tumors of trachea, bronchus and lung parenchyma. In most cases, the treatment requires surgical removal associated with hospitalization and subsequent rehabilitation. The theoretical part addresses oncologic surgical issues of lung tumors. A major part of the theory is dedicated to the options of physiotherapy and its specifics in particular parts of rehabilitation care. The practical part observes two groups of patiens and comparatively evaluates the effect of the therapy in particular parts by objective and subjective tests.

Bakgrund: Cystisk fibros påverkar lungornas funktion och individens hälsorelaterade livskvalitet. Behandlingen är krävande både fysiskt och psykiskt, och en tidskrävande del av den fysioterapeutiska behandlingen är andningsgymnastik inklusive sekretmobiliserande tekniker (airway clearance techniques/ACT).  Syfte: Att undersöka vilken effekt fysisk träning har på lungfunktion och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökning gjordes i databaserna PubMed och Cochrane, åtta studier inkluderades. Tre studier undersökte konditionsträning, en undersökte styrketräning, tre undersökte kombinerad konditions- och styrketräning, och en undersökte både kondition- och styrketräning i två olika interventionsgrupper jämfört med kontrollgrupp. Kvalitetsgranskning gjordes med PEDro-skalan, evidensgradering med GRADEstud. Resultat: Litteraturstudien visade motstridiga resultat gällande valda träningsformers effekt på lungfunktion och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Fyra studier visade signifikanta effekter på ett eller flera lungfunktionsmått, två studier visade signifikanta effekter gällande hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Studierna var indelade i tre kategorier utifrån träningsform. Evidensen bedömdes som begränsad gällande konditionsträning, och otillräcklig för både styrketräning och kombinerad konditions- och styrketräning. Konklusion: Granskning av studierna visade motstridiga resultat vilket gav låg evidensgrad, och utifrån denna referensram kan inga säkra slutsatser dras gällande vilken effekt fysisk träning har på lungfunktion och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet vid CF. / Background: Cystic fibrosis affects the pulmonary function and health related quality of life (HRQoL). The treatment is physically and mentally demanding, and a time-consuming part is chest physiotherapy, which contains airway clearance techniques (ACT). Study purpose: investigate the effects of exercise on pulmonary function and HRQoL, and provide a basis for future research regarding whether exercise could substitute for chest physiotherapy.  Method: Systematic review. Search conducted in PubMed and Cochrane; eight studies included. Three examined aerobic exercise, one weight training, three a combination of aerobic- and weight training, one aerobic- and weight training divided in two intervention groups. Assessment of study quality was made with PEDro-scale. Strength of evidence assessed by GRADEstud.  Results: Studies were divided into three categories based on exercise form. Contradicting results regarding the effects of exercise on pulmonary function and HRQoL were found in all categories. Four studies presented significant effects on pulmonary function measures, two showed significant effects on HRQoL. Strength of evidence: limited for aerobic training, insufficient for both weight training and a combination of aerobic- and weight training.  Conclusion: This review presented contradicting results which eventuated in low strength of evidence, therefor no definite conclusions can be made regarding the effect of exercise on pulmonary function and HRQoL.

Purpose of Review: To review the landmark studies in predicting obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in symptomatic patients with stable chest pain and identify better prediction tools and propose a simplified algorithm to guide the health care providers in identifying low risk patients to defer further testing. Recent Findings: There are a few risk prediction models described for stable chest pain patients including Diamond-Forrester (DF), Duke Clinical Score (DCS), CAD Consortium Basic, Clinical, and Extended models. The CAD Consortium models demonstrated that DF and DCS models overestimate the probability of CAD. All CAD Consortium models performed well in the contemporary population. PROMISE trial secondary data results showed that a clinical tool using readily available ten very low-risk pre-test variables could discriminate low-risk patients to defer further testing safely. Summary: In the contemporary population, CAD Consortium Basic or Clinical model could be used with more confidence. Our proposed simple algorithm would guide the physicians in selecting low risk patients who can be managed conservatively with deferred testing strategy. Future research is needed to validate our proposed algorithm to identify the low-risk patients with stable chest pain for whom further testing may not be warranted.

Bakgrund: Den psykiska ohälsan ökar i Sverige. Det innebär förändringar inom den prehospitala sjukvården. Ambulanssjuksköterskans arbete riktas ofta initialt mot akuta somatiska problem, men att vårda patienter med psykosomatisk bröstsmärta till följd av ångest är också en viktig del av omvårdnadsarbetet. Detta medför stor potentiell patientnytta då obehandlad, svår ångest indirekt kan bli livshotande med hänseende till suicidrisken. För att öka kunskapen om psykosomatisk bröstsmärta finns det ett behov av att beforska området. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av mötet med patienter med psykosomatisk bröstsmärta prehospitalt. Metod: Åtta sjuksköterskor varav sex vidareutbildade inom ambulanssjukvård rekryterades från tre olika ambulansstationer i Norrland. Datan insamlades genom individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Vald analysmetod resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Samtalet har en viktig roll i mötet, Bedömningen av allvarlighetsgrad är utmanande i mötet, och Ett per- soncentrerat förhållningssätt är viktigt i mötet, med sex tillhörande underkategorier som svarar på syftet. Slutsats: Psykisk ohälsa ses vara ett fullvärdigt problem inom den prehospitala sjukvården. Sjuksköterskor inom prehospital sjukvård utesluter i första hand somatisk orsak, men ser samtalet som ett naturligt nästa steg i bemötandet och behandlingen av patienter som söker vård för psykosomatisk bröstsmärta. Samtalet i kombination med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt anses vara de bästa verktygen i bemötandet.

No description available.

Recording of heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive and continuous measurement method that allows investigating the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its reaction to environmental influences. For a precise measurement of HRV data, a carefully chosen study design and environment is required to minimize secondary influences. One major influence to be avoided is movement. However, in the daily routine and for some scientific questions, movement can often not be avoided. If so, a manual or automated method to differentiate between artifacts caused by body movement and the actual psychophysiological effect is needed to ensure the data quality. In this approach, a chest-worn sensor was developed, that measures the heart rate using a single lead ECG and filters the measured change of the HRV caused by movement. Data from an integrated accelerometer is used to detect upper body movements that affect the resting heart rate. The movementcorresponding time stamps are then used to filter the Interbeat Intervals (IBI) accordingly. Functionality and effectiveness of the sensor system have been tested against state-of-the art sports- or clinical devices in varying scenarios. As our test series showed, motion filtering has a decisive effect when motion occurs, two-thirds of all cases showed a significant effect of motion filtering, with small to medium effect sizes for the parameters SD2, SD2/SD1, and SDNN. Thereby, automatic filtering of motion artifacts can help to significantly reduce the need for costly post-processing of distorted data sets. The results show a better data quality of HRV measurement, a method that is commonly used for the investigation of physiological processes in the field of chronic pain, psychology, psychiatry, or sports medicine.

<p dir="ltr">Generating images from training samples solves the challenge of imbalanced data. It provides the necessary data to run machine learning algorithms for image classification, anomaly detection, and pattern recognition tasks. In medical settings, having imbalanced data results in higher false negatives due to a lack of positive samples. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been widely adopted for image generation. GANs allow models to train without computing intractable probability while producing high-quality images. However, evaluating GANs has been challenging for the researchers due to a need for an objective function. Most studies assess the quality of generated images and the variety of classes those images cover. Overfitting of training images, however, has received less attention from researchers. When the generated images are mere copies of the training data, GAN models will overfit and will not generalize well. This study examines the ability to detect overfitting of popular metrics: Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID). We investigate the metrics on two types of data: handwritten digits and chest x-ray images using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) models.</p>

No description available.