Os anos noventa no Brasil foram marcados pela simultânea queda do trabalho infantil e aumento da freqüência escolar. Este estudo se propôs a investigar as causas desses fenômenos. Mais especificamente, buscou-se testar a importância relativa de três hipóteses para a explicação conjunta dos movimentos, quais sejam: mudanças no background familiar, em particular, o aumento generalizado da escolaridade dos pais das crianças e adolescentes; a deterioração do mercado de trabalho infantil e mudanças em variáveis educacionais. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados oriundos da Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego (PME) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que se caracterizam por apresentar a estrutura de um painel rotativo. O desenho da pesquisa é tal que uma mesma família é entrevistada em dois anos consecutivos. Para modelar o problema de decisão das famílias no tocante à alocação do tempo das crianças entre a escola, o trabalho (ou ambos) e o lazer (não trabalho e não escola), foi utilizado o modelo Logit Multinomial. Através da aplicação de uma modificação da técnica de Oaxaca-Blinder, verificou-se que as mudanças na probabilidade de uma criança (ou adolescente) trabalhar ou freqüentar a escola (ou ainda não estudar e não trabalhar) estão mais associadas a mudanças nas variáveis explicativas (características observáveis) do que nos coeficientes estimados (características não observáveis). Além disso, o fenômeno parece estar mais associado a mudanças em variáveis educacionais, como o aumento da escolaridade dos professores do ensino público, e mudanças no background familiar. Ainda mais importantes, no entanto, parecem ser as mudanças na distribuição da alocação do tempo da criança na 1ª entrevista (primeiro ano). Argumentou-se que, ao se estar controlando pelo estado de aprovação/reprovação e distorção idade/série, o resultado poderia estar associado a políticas educacionais de combate à reprovação e evasão escolar (assumindo que a queda nas taxas de reprovação foi resultado de tais políticas). / During the 1990s, child employment declined and school attendance increased sharply in Brazil. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of this phenomenon, more specifically, to test the relative importance of three hypotheses: changes in the family background, in particular, the generalized raise in parent\'s schooling; the deterioration of child labor market and changes in educational variables. The analysis exploits Brazil\'s Monthly Employment Survey (PME) from IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). The PME has a longitudinal design that allows us to observe the same family during two consecutive years. To model the problem of time allocation decisions between school, work (or both) and leisure (none), we used the Multinomial Logit Model. Through an extension of Oaxaca-Blinder technique, we verified that the changes in the probability of a child to work or to attend school are more associated to changes in the explanatory variables (observable characteristics) than to changes in the estimated coefficients (non-observable characteristics). Besides, the phenomenon seems to be more associated to changes in educational variables, such as the raise of the average schooling of public school teachers, and changes in the family background. In addition, the change in the distribution of children\'s time allocation in the 1st interview (first year) seems to be even more important to explain the decline in child labor and the increase in school attendance in Brazil. As we are controlling throughout the fact that the child failed or was approved in advancing school and for age-grade distortion, we argue that this result could be associated to educational policies that try combating school drop-out (assuming that the decline in the repetition rates resulted form that kind of policies).

Ethics, credibility and objectivity in the history of photography, especially journalistic This work deals with photography as with a socio-ethical pictorial medium, and covers the period from its invention to the mid-fifties of 20th century. I describe the history and development of ethical aspects of photography in the context of the process from image taking to its publication in the press, and its importance in the context of the time. The photos presented in the thesis are selected from those that have, due to their specific impact at the time they were taken, particular importance, and have extraordinary informative value related to ethical aspects in the historical development of photography. I mention photographers and photos that draw attention to the newly emerged ethical problems enable others to see pains, wickedness and injustice in the society, to rouse conscience of the society, and give impetus to correct these. In this respect, photography has played an important and irreplaceable role. There are also presented photographs documenting ethical failures of whole nations under the influence of monstrous ideologies of charismatic leaders, as a memento for future generations to help them to avoid similar events. Keywords Photography, journalism, social ethics, child labor, propaganda,...

This dissertation contains three essays in microeconomics. Using descriptive analyses andcausal inference techniques, it examines the role that institutions play in determining children’s human capital investments, adults’ wages, and whether older workers are independent contractors. Chapter 1 explores how children’s human capital development is affected by the interactions between automatic grade promotion, tuition reduction, and rainfall. An important feature of rural life is that children participate in farming. One consequence of this fact is that when there is increased demand for agricultural labor children are more likely to be kept out of school, lowering their human capital. When policymakers implement reforms an important consideration should be whether children’s labor supply elasticity can be affected—will increased labor demand result in them being more likely to stay out of school. Estimating these interactive effects is generally difficult because of the need for several sources of exogenous variation. This paper interacts quasi-random rainfall shocks as a shifter to the demand for child labor and two education reforms in India—automatic promotion of children to grade 8, and a large reduction in fees at government-run schools—to examine whether the policy changes interact with the demand for child labor and whether the two policy reforms interact with one another. I find that tuition reduction increases children’s elasticity of labor supply. Higher rainfall reduces test scores, but when tuition is lowered, the effect of rainfall on test scores is more negative. There are also interactive effects between social promotion and tuition elimination. For children with the average level of treatment, tuition reduction increases test scores by 7% of a standard deviation. The effect of tuition reduction is lower for children who receive an additional year of automatic promotion, only 4.7% of a standard deviation. These results demonstrate that there are interactions between child labor and education policy, which can potentially undermine any beneficial impact of reforms. Future work should examine the mechanisms behind these findings, to better understand families’ decision-making in response to changing education policy. Chapter 2 studies how firms share rents with workers, and the role of labor market institutionsin determining which workers receive rents. Firms can decide whether to produce some goods and services in-house or purchase them from the market. Increasingly, they are purchasing from the market—using subcontractors, temp agencies, and other outsourced labor. Low-wage workers’ wages decline when they are outsourced, but little is known about how outsourcing affects remaining workers. If firms are rent sharing, outsourcing might increase remaining workers’ earnings because there are more rents or fewer workers to share them with. This paper measures the impact of occupational layoff (OL) outsourcing, where firms outsource some occupations, on the earnings and separations of workers who remain employed by those firms. Using employer-employee data based on German social security records in a dynamic difference-in-differences design, outsourcing increases remaining workers’ long-run earnings by 6% in a sample of 260 OL outsourcing events. Remainers are also more likely to stay at the outsourcing firm—outsourcing decreases the probability of remainers switching firms by 7.5 percentage points. Higher earnings and fewer separations are consistent with remainers receiving additional rents. Earnings gains are larger for workers in the bottom-half of the within-firm earnings distribution. Outsourcing only increases remainers’ earnings in firms with collective bargaining agreements (CBAs). In firms with CBAs, outsourcing increases remainers’ long-term earnings by 6%. In firms without CBAs, outsourcing lowers shortterm earnings by 3%. The results are consistent with a model of wage setting where outsourcing firms with CBAs need to compensate remainers. When there is no CBA, firms do not compensate remainers and can lower their wages. Analyzing the impact of outsourcing on within-firm and overall wage inequality, a typical outsourcing event in the sample lowers the within-firm Gini index by 2.5% as low-wage workers leave the firm and low-wage remainers are compensated. Using Recentered Influence Functions, increasing the share of workers part of an outsourcing event by 10 percentage points (from a baseline of 11.7%) increases the top of the earnings distribution by approximately 1-1.5%, and the overall Gini index by 1%. Remainers are relatively high-wage, and outsourcing increases their earnings. By not accounting for this effect, prior studies likely underestimate the total impact of outsourcing on earnings inequality in Germany. Chapter 3 studies the role that labor market demand shocks play in no just whether workersare employed, but the types of contracts they are employed in, especially as they age. Independent Contracting is an employment relationship where workers have fewer legal protections relative to traditional employment. At the same time, workers in these contracts are generally hired to provide defined tasks, and cannot be controlled by their employer to the same degree as regular employees. However, little is known about why firms decide to use contractors as opposed to regular employees. In a simple framework with uncertainty and fixed costs, contracting occurs when there is a mismatch between worker and firm type—either the worker or firm can do better in the next period, so they agree to a short-term contract. Under this framework, contracting can be driven by market factors. Negative labor demand shocks have an ambiguous predicted effect on the use of contractors as (1) employees become contractors and (2) contractors become unemployed. Which effect dominates is tested using data on two negative labor demand shocks—the China Shock and the Housing Wealth Shock from the Great Recession. In both instances, negative labor demand reduces the probability that workers are independent contractors, conditional on being employed in a given industry and occupation. From a baseline of 6.9% of 18-65 year olds employed as contractors, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of the China Shock reduces contractor probability by 0.8 percentage points, while moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of the Housing Wealth Shock reduces the probability that a worker is an independent contractor by 3.75 percentage points. These demonstrate that economic downturns reduce the overall share of contractors, suggesting that contracting is mostly used on the margin as a supplement to regular employer-employee relationships, rather than as a replacement for those relationships.

In this dissertation, I study three key aspects related to the causes and consequences of the onset of the Age of the Masses. I do so by drawing evidence from historical natural experiments and historical data from the early Twentieth Century from the United States and Italy. In the first chapter, I leverage the expansion of radio networks in the United States to identify the impact of access to mass media on cultural homogenization. Exploiting exogenous variation in radio signal reception induced by soil characteristics and stations' tower growth over time, I provide evidence that network access homogenized American culture. Homogenization occurred through the assimilation of white immigrant and black households towards mainstream white native culture. Focusing on names from baseball players, I suggest that aspirational naming is a key mechanism to explain certain features of the results. In the second chapter, I study the impact of World War I on Mussolini's electoral success. I collect military fatalities for the universe of Italian municipalities, which is matched to municipal level voting in the 1924 election. I find that a higher share of fatalities increased the vote share for Fascism. I decompose the effect of the fatalities rate by its intensity to show that the number of fatalities interacted positively with the number of veterans back from the frontline. I interpret this as evidence that Fascist support was driven by municipalities where the high number of fatalities was matched by veterans scarred by the war experience. The last chapter looks at the role of child labor legislation (CLL) in lowering child labor rates in the United States. Turning to the newly-digitized complete count census data from 1880 to 1930, we find large effects of CLLs on child labor. While the laws reduced labor of boys and girls equally, the laws did had differential effects, binding in urban areas and especially in the largest cities and more for the children of foreign-born parents. Children with parents working in manufacturing and textiles were especially affected by the labor restrictions. CLLs had limited effects on the odds of African American boys or girls working.

No description available.

<p>    </p> <p>I worked on two chapters studying the labor markets in Colombia and Iraq. My third chapter analyzed health outcomes in the US. </p> <p><br></p> <p>My first chapter examines whether the three-year gap between the announcement (in 2014) and the start (in 2017) of the Illicit Crop Substitution Program (ICSP) increased child labor in Colombia. My results from a difference-in-differences model using differences in historical coca production show that due to the ICSP announcement, children became four percentage points more likely to work in municipalities with historical coca production than in non–coca-growing areas. </p> <p><br></p> <p>My second chapter ran a randomized control trial and a double-incentivized resume rating to elicit the preferences of employers and job seekers for candidates and vacancies in Iraq. After revealing the ob offer rate for female job seekers, women applied for jobs by three more percentage points than the men in the control group. This paper highlights the value of revealing employers’ preferences to improve the match between female candidates and employers when women underestimate the chances of finding a job. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In my third paper, I study how removing the black box warning on Chantix, a prescription drug used to reduce nicotine consumption, affects veterans’ visits to smoking cessation therapy. Using a difference-in-differences model, I found that veterans schedule almost two more medical consultations in counties with high-quality hospitals than in places with low-quality medical care centers. </p>

Child labor is a pressing issue in Liberia, as it is in many other developing countries. Poverty is a significant factor that drives child labor in Liberia, as many families rely on the income generated by their children to survive. While the government has developed numerous policy interventions and laws to address the issue, recent reports show that the prevalence of child labor within the ages of 5-17 is still very high This study aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of governments efforts by critically examining key policies and laws set up by government in relation to established international legal standards to combat the scourge. It relies on Bacchi's "What's the problem represented to be?" (WPR) policy analysis approach.The analysis revealed that there are gaps in policy and law that has stalled government‟s efforts in achieving its resolution to reducing the prevalence of child labor. The minimum age for employment is below international standards, hazardous work is allowed for children aged16 and above, domestic work is not included in the list of hazardous work, light work is not defined or regulated, and penalties for violating child labor laws are weak. In addition, enforcement of child labor laws is weak, particularly in the informal sector, where most child labor takes place.These gaps are incompatible with international standards hindering progress towards eliminating child labor in the country. This study argues that effective policies are crucial to child labor elimination in Liberia, without which children will continue to be engaged in exploitative work which puts them at risk and denies them of their fundamental human rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Paula Vaz de Carvalho.pdf: 2184998 bytes, checksum: d019c232e533fbe35691940f251fb739 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The exploration of the child and teenage labor represents one of the most concerning issues in the contemporary world. Therefore, this research intended to present the legal protection available in the Brazilian law for children and teenagers. The study of what is infantile and juvenile labor deserved special attention so as to better define and guide the protection norms. The survey of international covenants for child and teenage protection that Brazil ratified, as well as the study in comparative law, confirm the special attention that Brazil has been paying to this major social problem, adopting important protection instruments, amongst them the Federal Constitution, the Child and Teenage Statute and the Labor Law Consolidation. Such legal and protective framework is extremely important in view of the sad reality thousands of children and adolescents live in our Country, predominantly in domestic, rural and urban labor. In this scenario, several child labor eradication and teenage labor protection programs are being developed, with quite positive results and with the support of government agencies, non-government entities and the private initiative, without overlooking the important role that the Labor Prosecutors Office play in emancipating such children and teenagers, lost in a life without their childhood or youth / A exploração do trabalho infanto-juvenil representa um dos problemas mais preocupantes no mundo contemporâneo. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa destinou-se a analisar a proteção da criança e do adolescente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. O estudo do que seja trabalho infantil e juvenil mereceu especial atenção, a fim de melhor definir e destinar as normas de proteção. A análise das Convenções Internacionais de proteção à criança e ao adolescente ratificadas pelo Brasil, bem como o estudo no direito comparado, corrobora a especial atenção que o Brasil vêm destinando à este grave problema social, adotando importantes instrumentos de proteção, entre eles, a Constituição Federal, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho. Constata-se que referido arcabouço jurídico-protetivo é de extrema importância diante da triste realidade que milhares de crianças e adolescentes vivem em nosso País, predominantemente, no trabalho doméstico, rural e urbano. Neste cenário, vários programas de erradicação do trabalho infantil e proteção ao trabalhador adolescente foram desenvolvidos, com resultados bastante positivos e com o apoio de entidades governamentais, não-governamentais e a iniciativa privada, não olvidando do importante papel que o Ministério Público do Trabalho possui na emancipação dessas crianças e adolescentes, perdidas em uma vida sem infância e juventude

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-09-06T16:07:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tania Parolin da Cruz.pdf: 2529263 bytes, checksum: 7337e9a9b5ae02d5e85041d3ff48a8f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T16:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tania Parolin da Cruz.pdf: 2529263 bytes, checksum: 7337e9a9b5ae02d5e85041d3ff48a8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo tem por objetivo geral desvelar as relações entre o processo de escolarização e o trabalho infantil na fumicultura em Prudentópolis/PR. Para tanto, ancorados no materialismo histórico e dialético, procurou-se analisar o máximo de determinações possíveis sobre a questão investigada, tendo como caminho investigativo o estudo bibliográfico e documental e, ainda, a análise de dados empíricos da realidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas com profissionais da educação e trabalhadores rurais e coleta de desenhos e textos de crianças residentes em comunidades fumicultoras. Dessa forma, identificam-se as principais causas do trabalho infantil e seus efeitos no processo de escolarização; descrevem-se as políticas públicas que visam o enfrentamento ao trabalho infantil presentes na realidade brasileira; e, por fim, analisa-se a realidade do trabalho infantil na produção de tabaco e sua relação com a escolarização no município investigado. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos, intitulados: O trabalho infantil no contexto da sociedade capitalista e suas implicações no processo de escolarização; Os fundamentos do Estado e suas relações com a políticas públicas de enfrentamento ao trabalho infantil no contexto brasileiro; O trabalho infantil na produção de tabaco e a educação escolar: análise da realidade. De forma geral, a pesquisa indica que: há uma distância entre as previsões legais e normativas e a realidade empírica; a ênfase dada pelos documentos normativos e políticos à dimensão educativa oculta as relações de exploração da força de trabalho infantil que se perpetua na realidade brasileira e, em especial, na realidade investigada; a inserção precoce no mundo do trabalho possui efeitos negativos tanto no desenvolvimento físico quanto educacional das crianças; as políticas que visam o combate ao trabalho infanto-juvenil são ineficientes, visto que não conseguem interferir na estrutura da sociedade capitalista. Sob tais limitações, vigora, atualmente, um sistema de “desproteção” e negação dos direitos sociais, e a escola, embora seja uma forte aliada no combate ao trabalho infanto-juvenil, não é capaz de suprimir esse problema, pois sua origem está consubstancialmente enraizada nas relações contraditórias que conduzem os fumicultores à subserviência ao capital. / This study aims to unveil the relationship between the schooling process and child labor in tobacco production in Prudentópolis, Paraná, Brazil. Anchored in historical and dialectical materialism, it was sought to analyze as many determinations as possible on the investigated issue, having as a research route the bibliographic and documentary study, as well as the analysis of empirical data of the reality. Interviews were conducted with education professionals and rural workers and the collection of drawings and texts of children residing in tobacco farming communities. In this way, the main causes of child labor and their effects on the schooling process are identified; the public policies that aim to confront child labor present in the Brazilian reality are described; and, finally, the reality of child labor in tobacco production and its relationship with schooling in the municipality under investigation is analyzed. The work is organized in three chapters, entitled: Child labor in the context of capitalist society and its implications in the schooling process; The foundations of the State and its relations with public policies to confront child labor in the Brazilian context; Child labor in tobacco production and school education: analysis of the reality. In general, the research indicates that: there is a distance between legal and normative provisions and the empirical reality; the emphasis given by normative and political documents to the educational dimension obscures the exploitation relations of the child labor force that is perpetuated in the Brazilian reality, and especially in the investigated reality; early insertion in the world of work has negative effects on both the physical and educational development of children; policies aimed at combating child-juvenile labor are inefficient, since they are not able to interfere with the structure of the capitalist society. Under these limitations, there is currently a system of ‘deprotection’ and denial of social rights, and the school, although a strong ally in the fight against child-juvenile labor, is not able to suppress this problem, since its origin is consubstantially rooted in the contradictory relations that lead tobacco growers to subservience to capital.

In this thesis, we present the outcomes of a research conducted on children's domestic labor in Haiti. In addition to being engaged in housekeeping work -- which has a negative impact on access to basic education -- children in domesticity are generally victims of harmful disciplinary measures as well. Consequently, our main objective is to expose the actual norms and practices regarding the education and the physical treatment of young domestic workers. / Based on legal pluralism, the approach undertaken during this research combines both theoretical and empirical research, and focuses on law and norms existing at multiple levels. / First, we present the information gathered from our theoretical approach. After exploring the notion of "Haitian child domestic servant", sketching social profiles of actors engaged in the practice of domesticity, and identifying the most significant contingent factors, we underline the principal national and international norms guaranteeing children the right to education as well as to physical integrity. / Second, we explore the local norms related to the education and to physical treatment of young domestic servants through the results of empirical research carried out in Haiti in the form of observation and interviews with relevant actors. / We conclude by identifying the framework of norms that govern the behaviour of families that host domestic children. Understanding that framework allows jurists and other actors to identify and implement the actions more likely to improve the quality of life of child domestic workers.