Orientador: Heleno Rodrigues Corrêa Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miquilin_IsabelladeOliveiraCampos_D.pdf: 3441205 bytes, checksum: 7ee4d37959e9a09f5bf14453c81ebc28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O universo do trabalho na sociedade capitalista encerra crianças e adolescentes marginalmente inseridos no mercado de trabalho e que enfrentam situações laborais que impõem riscos à saúde. Ponto de estagnação ao desenvolvimento social e humano, a persistência do trabalho infantil (TI) reflete desigualdades sociais e fere princípios fundamentais dos direitos da pessoa humana. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever gradientes de desigualdades no trabalho de crianças e adolescentes e construir indicadores de saúde de crianças e adolescentes em condições de trabalho. Os objetivos específicos foram: investigar desigualdades socioeconômicas e de saúde entre crianças e adolescentes trabalhadores (trabalhavam ou estavam em busca de emprego) e não trabalhadores (Artigo1); analisar desigualdades socioeconômicas e de saúde segundo violência referida sofrida por crianças e adolescentes (Artigo 2); descrever o perfil dos acidentes de trabalho (ATs) notificados entre menores de 18 anos e propor indicadores para análise dos riscos do TI no País (Artigo 3). Para análise do primeiro objetivo, foram selecionadas do banco de dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/2008) pessoas de 5 a 17 anos de ambos os sexos (n=91.377). Realizada análise descritiva das características do trabalho principal (n=9.104) bem como das variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde entre trabalhadores (n=11.002) e não trabalhadores (n=80.375). Estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas das características de saúde utilizando regressão de Poisson, sendo `não trabalhadores¿ categoria de referência. Para análise das desigualdades segundo violência referida foram selecionadas da PNAD/2008 meninos e meninas de 5 a 17 anos. Estimadas prevalências de violência sofrida nos 12 últimos meses segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, morbidade referida e ocupação, além de RP de violência ajustadas. A análise descritiva dos ATs ocorridos entre menores de 18 anos (n=896) foi realizada a partir dos registros de acidente de trabalho grave do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN/2008). Foram elaborados indicadores de prevalência relatada de TI e incidência de AT a partir da PNAD/2008 e do SINAN/2008, incluindo ficha de qualificação dos indicadores. A prevalência estimada de TI foi de 12%. Comparados aos não trabalhadores, crianças e adolescentes que trabalhavam ou buscavam emprego tiveram maior proporção de meninos; adolescentes de 14 a 17 anos; pretos e pardos; menor frequência escolar e piores condições de moradia. O TI esteve associado, principalmente, a pior saúde autorreferida (RP=1,18 p-valor<0,05) e depressão (RP=1,37 p-valor<0,05). A prevalência estimada de violência foi de 13,5/1.000 habitantes, sendo depressão (RP=4,11 p-valor<0,05), pior saúde autorreferida (RP=1,63 p-valor<0,05) e TI (RP=1,41 p-valor<0,05) as principais variáveis associadas. Quanto às vítimas de AT na infância destacam-se os meninos; maiores de 13 anos; atendentes de lanchonete e trabalhadores do setor de comércio. Os indicadores de saúde avaliaram a magnitude e riscos do TI, apontando limites e possibilidades das bases de dados utilizadas. O trabalho infantil é um desafio a ser enfrentado pelo Estado e sociedade que devem reconhecer os fatores de ordem social e econômica que predispõem sua ocorrência. Espera-se que os indicadores contribuam para análise da dimensão socioeconômica e de saúde do TI auxiliando a Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador do País / Abstract: The labor universe in capitalist society contains children and adolescents marginally inserted in the job market and facing work situations that impose risk to their health. The persistence of child labor is a stagnation point to the social and human development. It reflects social inequalities and violates the human rights. The aims of this study were to describe inequalities gradients in the work of children and adolescents and build health indicators of children and adolescents in working conditions. The specific aims were: to investigate socioeconomic and health inequalities between children and adolescents workers (or looking for a job) and non-workers (Article1); to analyze health, work and socioeconomic inequalities according to the reported violence suffered by children and adolescents (Article 2); to describe the profile of occupational accidents (OA) that were notified among children under 18 years of age and propose indicators for analysis of child labor risks (Article 3). To the first objective, children and adolescents aged 5-17 years in both sexes (n=91,377) were selected from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/ 2008). Descriptive analysis of job characteristics were performed (n=9.104), and a descriptive analysis of socioeconomic, housing conditions and morbidity characteristics among workers (n=11.002) and non-workers (n=80, 375) was done as well. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of health characteristics were estimated using Poisson regression, and `non-workers' were the reference category. Children and adolescents aged 5-17 years were selected from PNAD/2008 for the analysis of inequalities according to violence referred. Prevalence of reported violence suffered in the last 12 months were estimated according to socioeconomic variables, reported morbidity and work, as well adjusted PR of violence. The descriptive analysis of OA occurred among children aged less than 18 years old (n = 896) was performed using the serious work accident records from the Reportable Diseases Information System (SINAN/2008). Indicators of prevalence of child labor and incidence of OA were developed from the PNAD/2008 and SINAN/2008, including the indicators qualifying record. The estimated prevalence of child labor was 12%. Compared with non-workers, children and adolescents workers (or looking for a job) had higher proportion of boys; girls and boys aged 14-17 years; black and brown; lower school attendance and worse housing conditions. The child labor was associated mainly to worse self-reported health (PR = 1.18 p <0.05) and depression (PR=1.37 p <0.05). The estimated prevalence of violence was 13.5/1,000 inhabitants, and depression (PR=4.11 p <0.05), worse self-reported health (PR = 1.63 p <0.05) and working children (PR=1.41 p <0.05) were the main variables associated. The victims of OA in childhood were mainly boys; aged 13 years and over; fast food attendants and sales workers. The health indicators proposed assessed the magnitude and OA risk, pointing to limits and possibilities of the databases. Child labor is a challenge to the State and society that should recognize the social and economic factors that predispose its occurrence. The suggested indicators may contribute to the analysis of the socioeconomic and health dimensions of child labor, to support an Occupational Health Surveillance System in the Country / Doutorado / Epidemiologia / Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-11T18:08:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Raphael Carvalho de Matos.pdf: 1313365 bytes, checksum: c17ed5de120e78033d71926e7c97ab6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T18:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Raphael Carvalho de Matos.pdf: 1313365 bytes, checksum: c17ed5de120e78033d71926e7c97ab6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-06 / Relevant subject within the law relations is the child labor and its relationship with the human rights protection. From a post-positivist view and the private publicity phenomenon, human rights nowadays enjoy legislative protection, sovereignty of their standards and a special attention from the Law. The interests between individuals suffer a direct reflection of the constitutional and international standards, as they are part of a social whole, diffuse rights holders. Another aspect to be analyzed is the one that concerns to legislative mutation with prominence to its interpretation, at the time the legal norm becomes a compound of normative determinations of heteronomous and ambiguous character, assuming, then, a new legal nature from a modern systematic hermeneutics, mainly to approved international standards that have effect in the Brazilian legal system. Will be analyzed, even for the hypothetical-deductive method, the influence of human rights and constitutional principles in labor Law as legal science, considering the fight against child labor and the work of the Ministry of Labor, analyzing the legal literature. In the next moment, through the inductive method, will be discussed the child labor and the relevant legislation. Then will be cited the national programs to fight child labor, implemented by the National Coordination of preventive Combating labor exploitation of children and teenagers, as a Ministry of Labor organ and their repressive actions. In the final moment, through the inductive method, official data will be analyzed to indicate the presence of child labor in Brazil, through the verification of published reports by the Ministry of Labor and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, in a final counterpoint between the obtained and the desired results. / Tema relevante dentro das relações jurídicas é o do Trabalho Infantil e a sua relação com a tutela dos Direitos Humanos. A partir de uma visão pós-positivista e do fenômeno da publicização do privado, os Direitos Humanos passaram a gozar de proteção legislativa, soberania de suas normas e um olhar mais apurado do Direito. Os interesses entre particulares sofrem um reflexo direto das normas constitucionais e internacionais, por constituírem parte integrante de um todo social, possuidores de direitos difusos. Outro aspecto a ser tratado é o que concerne à própria mutação legislativa no tocante à sua interpretação, no momento em que a norma jurídica se torna um composto de determinações normativas de caráter heterônomo e polissêmico, assumindo, então, uma nova natureza jurídica a partir de uma hermenêutica sistemática moderna, principalmente, ao recepcionar normas internacionais que repercutirão no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Ver-se-á, ainda, pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, a influência dos Direitos Humanos e dos Princípios Constitucionais no Direito do Trabalho como ciência jurídica, considerando-se o combate ao Trabalho Infantil e a atuação do Ministério Público do Trabalho, ao analisarem-se as obras de literatura jurídica. Em momento subsequente, pelo método indutivo, será analisado o Trabalho Infantil e a legislação atinente ao tema. Em seguida, serão dispostos os Programas Nacionais de combate ao Trabalho Infantil, implementados preventivamente pela Coordenadoria Nacional de Combate à exploração do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes, como órgão do Ministério Público do Trabalho, bem como suas ações repressivas. Em último momento, pelo método indutivo, serão analisados os dados oficiais que apontam a presença de trabalho infantil no Brasil, por meio da verificação dos relatórios publicados pelo Ministério Público do Trabalho e pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, em um contraponto final entre os resultados desejados e os obtidos.

Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world. To respond to this problem, some scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. In this regard, most African countries, including South Africa (SA), have enacted legislation directed at banning child labour. However, legislation directed at banning child labour may impact negatively on certain fundamental rights of children. This is because child labour is sometimes a source of income for many children who may themselves have ‘dependants’. For instance, for children in desperate need, adherence to laws which have the effect of depriving them of basic necessities including food, housing and water is unrealistic, inadequate and totally ineffective. A notable example is with regard to orphaned children. Taking such children out of employment is counter-productive as they are left with no means of survival. On the other hand, though child labour contributes to the survival of many children and their families in Africa, it impacts negatively on fundamental rights of children. Some of these rights include the right to education, health, leisure, among others. Therefore, regardless of the circumstances that compel children to engage in child labour, it remains a problem that needs to be addressed through appropriate approaches. This study stresses that the approaches adopted need to be cognizant of the diverse circumstances under which children engage in child labour. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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This study was intended to investigate the nature of child labour, continued causes and effects of child labour on development initiatives, establishing the magnitude of the problem and make recommendations for intervention. It was generally established that child labour is a hindrance to developmental programmes by negatively affecting the targeted next generations. The high rate of child labour was mainly attributed to poverty, HIV/AIDS, low incomes, culture, weak laws, invisible phenomenon, population growth, armed conflict, limited access to education opportunities, employment, gender, social attitudes and ignorance, irresponsible parenthood, agriculture and orphan hood. Solutions suggested to child labour included; stronger government intervention, training and awareness raising, further research and adopting a zero-tolerance for child labour. Facilitation of the Universal Primary Education Programme to be improved and stronger bye-laws should to be adopted. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

This study was intended to investigate the nature of child labour, continued causes and effects of child labour on development initiatives, establishing the magnitude of the problem and make recommendations for intervention. It was generally established that child labour is a hindrance to developmental programmes by negatively affecting the targeted next generations. The high rate of child labour was mainly attributed to poverty, HIV/AIDS, low incomes, culture, weak laws, invisible phenomenon, population growth, armed conflict, limited access to education opportunities, employment, gender, social attitudes and ignorance, irresponsible parenthood, agriculture and orphan hood. Solutions suggested to child labour included; stronger government intervention, training and awareness raising, further research and adopting a zero-tolerance for child labour. Facilitation of the Universal Primary Education Programme to be improved and stronger bye-laws should to be adopted. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

Al investigar este problema en el caso específico de Ecuador podemos ver algunos patrones que otros investigadores y políticos podrían aplicar en otros contextos de abusos laborales y trabajo infantil. En un mundo más consciente de los derechos humanos, es necesario impedir el trabajo infantil donde se pueda o por lo menos asegurar que los niños que trabajan lo hagan en la forma más sana y segura. En esta investigación se analizan las leyes y regulaciones de las últimas dos décadas, la implementación, y los efectos en las vidas de los niños trabajadores. La implementación de las leyes y regulaciones es mayormente analizada a través del papel de las inspecciones. Las entrevistas mencionadas en la investigación son realizadas por otros grupos pero muestran las experiencias de los niños. Usando reportes anuales de Ecuador, Estados Unidos, y organizaciones internacionales la investigación explora las varias razones por las cuales Ecuador no ha logrado eliminar el trabajo infantil. La investigación sugiere recomendaciones para realizar inspecciones más eficaces y hacer esfuerzos más impactantes en el campo de trabajo infantil. Ecuador ya lleva dos décadas de regulaciones e iniciativas dirigidas al trabajo infantil sin embargo no ha logrado erradicar este fenómeno. En fin el bienestar y protección de los derechos de los niños es lo que está siendo comprometido; por eso es urgente poder encontrar las soluciones que harán Ecuador el país exitoso en erradicar trabajo infantil.

The thesis "Charitable organizations, as an important element in helping schools in South India" discusses what is currently the situation in education in India and how charities can contribute to its improvement, and therefore that this role of government in his country doesnot so much attention it would deserve the Indian population. At the beginning of his work dealing with the issue of psychological personality formation and describe the conditions in which Indian children grow up, the negative aspects of India and its education. The thesis also deals with the current reference of great spiritual teachers of India, explores his life's work, demonstrates a unique and sophisticated system of education at the same time proposing a solution, how can India improve their current situation. The practical part deals with ethnographic research charities from South India, which created a unique concept to help abandoned street children in India and has already saved many lives and children's souls. In my work I come from personal knowledge and experience of Bindu civic association, which I founded in 2010 to support the education of children in southern India.

O trabalho artístico infanto-juvenil é a temática que norteia a presente pesquisa. Dentro desse tema, observa-se uma discussão ampla na doutrina sobre a sua validade e qual a forma jurídica da prestação de serviços quando a atividade é exercida por crianças e adolescentes. Para enveredar por esta problemática, traz-se como suporte metodológico a abordagem dedutiva e técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. O texto esta dividido em capítulos, onde se abordam os distintos assuntos que confluem para os objetivos pretendidos. São eles: evolução das regras jurídicas de direito do trabalho e defesa da exploração do trabalho das crianças e adolescentes, importância do estudo das artes para o ser humano em desenvolvimento e legalidade dessa prática, e, por último, a inclusão dessa discussão no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. A conclusão a que se chega é que, de acordo com as regras jurídicas aplicáveis atualmente, é válido o trabalho infanto-juvenil artístico, desde que cumpridas as normas legais em vigor. / The artwork juvenile is the theme that guides the present research. Within this theme, there is a broad discussion on the doctrine on which the validity and the legal form of the service when the activity is carried out by children and adolescents. To embark on this issue brings up as methodological support the deductive approach and technical literature. The text is divided into chapters, which deal with the different issues that converge to the desired goals. They are: the evolution of legal rules of labor law and defense of labor exploitation of children and adolescents, the importance of the study of the arts to the developing human and legality of this practice, and, finally, the inclusion of this discussion in the legal paternal. The conclusion reached is that, according to the applicable legal rules currently valid work juvenile art, provided it fulfills the legal provisions in force