Introdução A adolescência é uma fase importante na consolidação das práticas alimentares saudáveis. Os conhecimentos e percepções dos adolescentes sobre alimentação saudável são determinantes para que se incorporem tais práticas. Objetivo Avaliar os conhecimentos e as percepções sobre alimentação saudável e escolhas alimentares de adolescentes. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de natureza quanti-qualitativa com coleta de dados primários, com adolescentes, em escola pública no município de São Paulo. Os dados de peso, estatura foram coletados para a avaliar o estado nutricional, por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal, e possíveis associações entre o gênero e a idade foram verificadas. O estado nutricional foi analisado segundo os percentis propostos pela OMS. Utilizou-se a análise da estatística descritiva, teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA e teste t-student. Para avaliar os conhecimentos, as percepções e as escolhas alimentares foram elaboradas 4 perguntas discursivas sobre o tema alimentação saudável. Utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, por meio das seguintes figuras metodológicas: expressões chaves e idéias centrais, para a construção do discurso. Resultados Os adolescentes apresentaram um conhecimento adequado com relação ao conceito de alimentação saudável, sendo que 52,6% relacionaram a uma dieta equilibrada e variada. 55,4% percebiam a sua alimentação como saudável. Com relação às escolhas alimentares observou-se que a maioria dos alunos opta pelo consumo de alimentos com alta densidade energética, durante o intervalo de aula ou em casa. Quanto ao estado nutricional aproximadamente 30% dos adolescentes apresentaram excesso de peso corporal. Os funcionários entrevistados sugerem modificações para a melhoria do valor nutritivo e dos aspectos sensoriais da alimentação escolar. Conclusão - Os adolescentes apresentaram excesso de peso, conhecimentos e percepções adequadas sobre alimentação saudável, mas optam por escolhas alimentares inadequadas. A percepção e a opinião dos funcionários é que há desperdício e não aceitação de alguns alimentos. / Introduction: Adolescence is an important period of life for healthy eating practices consolidation. Adolescents´ knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating are determinants to integrate these practices. Objective: Evaluate adolescents´ knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating and food choices. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with primary data collection, with adolescents from a public school in the city of São Paulo. Weight and high was collected to evaluate the nutritional status, through body mass index, and possible associations between gender and age was verified. Nutritional status was analyzed by WHO percentiles. Descriptive statistic, chi-square test, ANOVA and t-student test were used. To evaluate their knowledge, perceptions and food choices were elaborated 4 discursive questions about healthy eating. The Discourse of the Collective Subject technique was used, through the following methodological figures: key expressions and central ideas, for the discourse construction. Results: Youth presents an adequate knowledge about healthy eating, 52,6% related it to a balance and varied diet; and 55,4% perceive their own diet as healthy. Most of the students refer to choose high energy dense foods, during school break or on their own home. In relation to nutritional status nearly 30% of the adolescents were overweight. The employees interviewed suggested modifications to improve nutritional values and sensory aspects of the school meal program. Conclusion: Adolescents presents overweight and adequate knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating, but their food choices are inadequate. The employees perception and opinion about school meals are related to waste and rejections of some foods.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Hamaue.pdf: 591103 bytes, checksum: f3b1bdfbdf87b1bf3ea4bceb37fa91e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / This paper analyzes the use of nominal referential expressions in the speech of Bento Santiago, a character from the book ―Dom Casmurro‖, by Machado de Assis, used to characterize characters and situations of the romance. Within the referential context (cf. MONDADA; DUBOIS, 1995, 2003), it is intended to show how the referential expressions may contribute to the subjective orientation of a speech, full of ambiguities and intentions. This analysis is within the Textual Linguistics, which considers the text, above all, a social interaction activity. It is specifically based on referential studies understood as speech objects building. The body of the research is comprised of excerpts from referred work. The conclusive results point to the fact that the choices of the referential expressions made by the narrator Bento Santiago significantly contribute to the full achievement of a speech project that aims at persuading the reader concerning the facts and characters that are part of his life. / Esta dissertação analisa o uso de expressões referenciais nominais no discurso de Bento Santiago, personagem da obra Dom Casmurro, do autor Machado de Assis, utilizadas para a caracterização de personagens e situações do romance com a finalidade de marcar subjetivamente seu discurso. Na perspectiva da referenciação (cf. MONDADA; DUBOIS, 1995, 2003), pretende-se mostrar de que maneira as expressões referenciais podem contribuir para a orientação subjetiva de um discurso repleto de ambiguidades e intenções. Essa análise situa-se no campo da Linguística Textual que considera o texto, acima de tudo, uma atividade de interação social. Baseia-se, especificamente, em estudos da referenciação entendida como construção de objetos-de-discurso. O corpus da pesquisa constitui-se de trechos da obra citada. Os resultados conclusivos apontam para o fato de que as escolhas das expressões referenciais feitas pelo narrador Bento Santiago contribuem muito para a realização plena de um projeto de dizer que objetiva persuadir o leitor acerca de fatos e personagens constituintes de sua história de vida.

Background: Food choice and practice of older people is very significant for their health and well-being. Earlier studies have focused on the choices made by older people in developed countries. Therefore, this study aimed to explore food choices and practices among older people in Thailand from the perspectives of older people themselves and their caregivers. Methodology: The study was performed in Samut Sakhon, Thailand. Six Focused Group Discussions and six semi-structured interviews were conducted with older people and their caregivers. The discussions and interviews explored individual food practices and the factors influencing the type and quantity of food selected. Data were transcribed using the denaturalized and verbatim approach, and analysis followed an inductive thematic approach. Results: Both older people and caregivers shared that price and convenience were two common food choice values. Some also mentioned nutritional value as a determining factor. Older people worried about unhygienic food and food which contained chemicals or was contaminated. They were concerned about food preparation process, dirt from pollution of the locality etc. Culture affected the way old people ate with their families, and what they chose to eat. Furthermore, the national Fishery law had a negative impact upon their food selection habits. Conclusion: Older people’s food choice was the outcome from their personal mental processes that weighted, balanced, and prioritized each food choice value such as affordability, convenience, availability or nutritional benefits. To encourage healthy eating habits among older people, individual needs and opinions should be taken into consideration.

Travel demand Management (TDM) focuses on improving the efficiency of the transportation system through changing traveler's travel behavior rather than expanding the infrastructure. An employer based integrated TDM program generally includes strategies designed to change the commuter's travel behavior in terms of mode choice, time choice and travel frequency. Research on TDM has focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of TDM program to report progress and find effective strategies. Another research area, identified as high-priority research need by TRB TDM innovation and research symposium 1994 [Transportation Research Circular, 1994], is to develop tools to predict the impact of TDM strategies in the future. These tools are necessary for integrating TDM into the transportation planning process and developing realistic expectations. Most previous research on TDM impact evaluation was worksite-based, retrospective, and focused on only one or more aspects of TDM strategies. That research is generally based on survey data with small sample size due to lack of detailed information on TDM programs and promotions and commuter travel behavior patterns, which cast doubts on its findings because of potential small sample bias and self-selection bias. Additionally, the worksite-based approach has several limitations that affect the accuracy and application of analysis results. Based on the Washington State Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) dataset, this dissertation focuses on analyzing the participation rates of compressed work week schedules and telecommuting for the CTR affected employees, modeling the determinants of commuter's compressed work week schedules and telecommuting choices, and analyzing the quantitative impacts of an integrated TDM program on individual commuter's mode choice. The major findings of this dissertation may have important policy implications and help TDM practitioners better understand the effectiveness of the TDM strategies in terms of person trip and vehicle trip reduction. The models developed in this dissertation may be used to evaluate the impacts of an existing TDM program. More importantly, they may be incorporated into the regional transportation model to reflect the TDM impacts in the transportation planning process.

In this multiple case study, I examined what types of sociocultural resources adult English learners brought with them from their previous contexts and what new resources they drew upon in the U.S. while learning to write in the essay genre. The study also identified how the participants chose to use previous and new sociocultural resources as mediated by the essay genre in the U.S. The following research foci shaped this study: (1) What types of sociocultural resources do adult English learners use while learning to write in the essay genre prior to and after their arrival in the U.S.? (2) How does the essay genre mediate adult English learners’ choices about sociocultural resources in the U.S.? Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, in-class and out-of-class participant observations and collection of artifacts over a period of seven weeks. Six weeks were dedicated to essay writing in an English composition course and English workshop, and one week was used to conduct a final in-depth interview with each participant. Analysis of data included coding and theme analysis. Four refugee students with diverse cultural backgrounds and who had different contacts within the educational system in the U.S. participated in the study. Results indicate that the participants relied upon seven categories of social, symbolic, and material resources when they learned to write in the essay genre. The categories are not mutually exclusive, but they do capture the variety of resources participants drew upon as writers in the essay genre prior to and after their arrival in the U.S. To draw upon their resources in the U.S., the participants also made choices that resulted in three types of actions. Those actions included losses, retentions, and gains. The essay genre mediated some retentions and gains. Those choices were driven by the essay genre demands of the participants’ new sociocultural context and, consequently, were rooted in their interaction within the new environment. Not all of the participants’ choices were mediated by the essay genre; some of them were shaped by contextual influences. Contextual influences shaped losses, as well as some of their retentions and gains. Those were general choices that were situated within particular contextual realities. As my study shows, the essay genre along with context played a significant role in contributing to shaping participant’s agentive capacity. The essay genre, in particular, shaped the kind of competencies they had to demonstrate; contextual influences shaped the types of resources and their access to them. Understanding this interaction and, in particular, how genre helps students make purposeful choices and act as competent writers contributes to a more holistic understanding of learning to write as a sociocultural act. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.

Research on learning styles often focuses on the learning style of the student; however, the learning style of the educator may affect instructional choices and student learning. Few studies have addressed the lack of knowledge that exists in universities with respect to educators' learning styles and a lesson framework (development, delivery, and debriefing). This sequential mixed methods study explored university educators' conscious, reflective instructional choices as they related to learning styles application within a lesson. Two theoretical frameworks and one conceptual framework drew on Kolb's experiential learning theory; Bloom's, Reigeluth's, and Gagné's instructional design theories and models; and Fiddler and Marienau's events model of learning from experience. Research questions addressed learning styles, usage patterns, instructional choices, and reflections of university educators within a lesson framework. An online inventory recorded 38 university educators' instructional choices, learning styles, and learning styles patterns within the framework of a lesson. Interviews were conducted with 7 of the university educators to document their conscious reflections regarding their instructional choices. Results from the inventory identified that more than 56% of university educators applied the accommodation learning style during the stages of development and delivery of a lesson, and 34% applied the assimilation learning style during the debriefing stage; these findings were supported by detailed reflections about participants' instructional choices in relation to their learning styles. The knowledge acquired about learning styles applications within a lesson framework may benefit university educators' teaching, thereby providing a foundation for positive social change within academic and social communities.

In Nigeria, most citizens between the ages of 20-60 believe that ethnicity is the leading cause of discrimination. The central problem addressed in this study was how ethnic diversity influenced managerial choices in Nigeria. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the role of ethnicity in managerial choices in a Nigerian federal traffic management agency to gain an understanding of how ethnicity influenced managers' recruitment, placement, and promotion of employees. Complexity theory and a consideration of African management practices constituted the conceptual framework. Participants were 11 managers who were recruited from a Nigerian government agency using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection occurred through interviews, observation, and government document reviews. Through use of Yin's 5-step process for data analysis, data triangulation, and member checking, 10 themes emerged regarding managers' decisions: (a) federal character principle, (b) merit, (c) ethnicity, (d) influence of godfathers, (e) favoritism, (f) promotion, (g) productivity, (h) morale, (i) frustration, and (j) health challenges. A conclusion was that ethnicity played a role in managerial choices. However, the execution of the current Nigerian law to manage ethnic diversity allowed the alleged discriminatory actions of managers in government agencies. Recommendations included a change in the implementation strategy of the federal character principle to reduce incidences of discriminatory actions in government agencies. This study may contribute to positive social change by providing public service managers the knowledge to create an enlightened and fair public service, free of ethnically induced barriers that have underpinned Nigeria's underdevelopment.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência dos fatores culturais e institucionais do país de origem nas práticas contábeis utilizadas pelas empresas e, na sequência, analisar os impactos da existência de escolhas contábeis nas IFRS no nível de comparabilidade das informações contábeis de empresas localizadas em países com ambientes culturais e institucionais diferentes. A literatura sugere que a contabilidade é fortemente influenciada pelo ambiente no qual está inserida e que a comparabilidade é baseada no reflexo da substância econômica dos eventos, não na forma. Para tanto, foram analisadas três escolhas contábeis que existem ou existiam nas IFRS: (i) mensuração dos investimentos em joint ventures (consolidação proporcional ou MEP), (ii) reconhecimento e apresentação dos ganhos e perdas atuariais decorrentes dos planos de benefício definido (método do corredor, DRE ou DRA) e (iii) mensuração de PPI (custo ou valor justo). Os dados sobre as práticas contábeis foram coletados manualmente das demonstrações contábeis de 6.298 empresas de 27 países diferentes de 2005 até 2016. Portanto, foram coletadas e analisadas 53.908 demonstrações contábeis. Por meio da análise de cluster e utilizando um conjunto de variáveis culturais e institucionais, os 27 países foram classificados em 7 agrupamentos diferentes. Na sequência, foram avaliadas quais práticas contábeis predominavam em cada um desses países e como elas se relacionam com os agrupamentos formados e com as variáveis culturais e institucionais, através da estimação de modelos logísticos (hierárquicos na versão nula e não hierárquicos). Os resultados evidenciaram que uma parcela estatisticamente significante da variância das práticas contábeis é explicada pelo agrupamento de nível país e que todas as 12 variáveis culturais e institucionais são relevantes para explicar as práticas contábeis utilizadas pelas empresas em pelo menos uma das três escolhas contábeis analisadas. Por fim, utilizando a métrica de Comparabilidade dos Sistemas Contábeis desenvolvida por Barth et al. (2012), a presente pesquisa mensurou o nível de comparabilidade das informações contábeis entre as diversas combinações de clusters, com a finalidade de avaliar se as empresas eram mais comparáveis quando usavam exatamente a mesma prática contábil ou quando utilizavam práticas contábeis diferentes. Os resultados corroboram a tese proposta de que a existência de escolhas contábeis nas IFRS pode ser necessária para que as empresas utilizem as práticas contábeis que melhor refletem a substância econômica dos eventos, considerando a influência do ambiente cultural e institucional em que estão inseridas. Foram encontrados indícios de que a eliminação de escolhas contábeis, como a dos investimentos em joint ventures e de benefícios a empregados, pode reduzir a comparabilidade das informações contábeis, já que as empresas eram mais comparáveis quando utilizavam práticas contábeis diferentes. Assim, há evidências de que a adoção de padrões contábeis mais flexíveis contribui para a obtenção da comparabilidade em países com ambientes diferentes, reiterando que a substância econômica é mais importante que a forma. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa é fornecer evidências de que a obrigatoriedade de utilização da mesma prática contábil por empresas localizadas em ambientes culturais e institucionais diferentes pode resultar em uniformidade, mas não em comparabilidade das informações contábeis. / The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of cultural and institutional environment of each country in the accounting practices used by firms and, subsequently, to analyze the impacts of the existence of accounting choices in the IFRS Standards on the comparability of accounting information between firms from countries with different cultural and institutional environments. The literature suggests that accounting is strongly influenced by the environment and that comparability is based on the reflection of the economic substance of events, not on the form. Therefore, three accounting choices that exist or existed in IFRS Standards were analyzed: (i) measurement of joint venture investments (proportionate consolidation or equity method); (ii) recognition and presentation of actuarial gains and losses arising from defined benefit plans (corridor method, income statements or other comprehensive income) and (iii) measurement of investment properties (cost or fair value). The accounting practices\' data were manually collected from the financial statements of 6,298 firms from 27 different countries, from 2005 to 2016. Thus, we collected and analyzed 53,908 financial statements. Using cluster analysis and a set of cultural and institutional variables, the 27 countries were classified into 7 different clusters. Further, we analyzed the accounting practices that prevailed in each country and in each cluster; and how these accounting practices are influenced by the cultural and institutional variables, through the estimation of logistic models (hierarchical in the null version and non-hierarchical). The results indicate that the variance in accounting practices explained by the country level grouping is statistically significant and that all the 12 cultural and institutional variables are relevant to explain the accounting practices used by firms in at least one of the three accounting choices that were analyzed. Finally, using the Accounting System Comparability metric proposed by Barth et al. (2012), we measured the degree of comparability of accounting information among various combinations of clusters, in order to evaluate whether firms were more comparable when they used exactly the same accounting practice or when they used different accounting practices. The results corroborate the proposed thesis that the existence of accounting choices in the IFRS Standards may be necessary to allow firms to use those accounting practices that better reflect the economic substance of events, given the influence of the cultural and institutional environment in which they operate. We found evidence that the elimination of accounting choices, such as the choices about joint venture investments and employee benefits, may reduce the comparability of accounting information, given that firms were more comparable when they used different accounting practices. Thus, there is evidence that the adoption of more flexible accounting standards contributes to improve comparability in countries with different environments, reiterating that the economic substance is more important than the form. The main contribution of this research is to provide evidence that the mandatory requirement of the same accounting practices by firms from different cultural and institutional environments may result in uniformity, but not in comparability of accounting information.

<p>Studiens syfte är att belysa hur fyra unga individer, i ålder 18- 25 resonerar kring sin valprocess retrospektivt och i nutid. Studien har fokus på individens egna berättelser, dvs. erfarenheter, förväntningar och drömmar om framtiden. Den illustrerar även individens syn på samhällets stödjande funktioner i samband med studie- och yrkesval. För studien tillämpas en induktiv kvalitativ metod. Resultatet visar att valet sker i samspel mellan individernas egna preferenser och deras omgivning och att valet till både utbildning och yrke kan vara spännande men också svårt. Där finns förväntningar men också en känsla av ovisshet. Det visar även en utbredd upplevelse av att de inte får, eller har fått det stöd som de anser att de behöver. En slutsats som kan dras är att unga individer behöver verktyg för att kunna navigera mellan dröm och verklighet.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to illuminate how four young individuals in the age of 18 to 25 reason about their career choices both retrospectively and today. The focus of the study is on their own stories, i.e. their experiences, expectations and dreams of the future. It also illustrates their view on society’s supporting functions in relation to career choices. An inductive qualitative method is used for the study. The results show that choices are made in an interaction between the individuals own preferences and their context, and that career choices can be difficult as well as exciting. The results also show an extensive feeling of not getting the help or the support they consider necessary and that they need tools to be able to navigate from dream to reality.</p>

<p>Contemporary society focuses heavily on the individual and this is also characterized by an individual thinking that many people contribute to. This is furthermore shared in the field of entrepreneur research studies where a profound deal of time has been focused on the personal qualities of specific entrepreneurs. However, in modern settings today many corporations originate in a team-based structure, which therefore leads towards a different approach rather than examining exclusively on individuality. Previous research shows that entrepreneurial teams are establishing and growing at a steady pace, yet studies within this field has not developed in an extensive fashion. Entrepreneurial teams can be defined as a group of people who share a common goal, usually consisting of two or more individuals who commenced a foundation from the early stages of that specific firm and who originated an initial idea. This therefore generates an interest to further investigate entrepreneur studies. The development of the individuality of entrepreneurship has been revised previously. Nevertheless, analyzing the underlying factors to why individuals tend to establish teams of entrepreneurship is a reoccurring topic to this day.</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to map out these underlying factors and investigate the fundamental preferences of the individuals who prefer to create team-based entrepreneurships.</p><p>This study is of a deductive layout and has been carried out in a qualitative method. Eight separate interviews were carried out with the originators of respective business corporations, and underlying factors have been mapped out with the help of theories within the field of entrepreneurship.</p><p>Subsequent to the gathering of primary empirical data and with the support of important theory studies, certain conclusions can be made. The underlying motives behind the formation of entrepreneurial teams can be characterized by earlier experiences, friendship, and the addition of members who acts as supplements to the team. But also a sense of affinity within the group, the spread of risk-taking, and furthermore an addition of enjoyment to the group are all important factors when investigating team entrepreneurship.</p> / <p>I dagens samhälle fokuseras det mycket på individen och många präglas utav ett individualistiskt tänkande. Detta kan även ses inom entreprenörskapsforskning där det en längre tid fokuserats på entreprenörens personliga egenskaper. När det i dagsläget är vanligare än man tror att starta företag i team, bör inte endast de personliga egenskaperna undersökas. Tidigare studier visar på att entreprenöriella team etableras och växer i snabbare takt, dock är forskningen om entreprenöriella team inte så utvecklad och omfattande. Definitionen av ett entreprenöriellt team, är att det består av en grupp personer som har ett gemensamt mål. Denna grupp består av två eller fler personer, som samtliga har varit med från idéstadiet av företaget. Det är därför av intresse att bygga vidare på den befintliga forskningen. Att utveckla entreprenörens personliga egenskaper är redan utforskat, men att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför individer tenderar att bilda entreprenöriella team är idag ett aktuellt ämne.</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen blir därav att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorer individer har, som gör att de startar företag i team.</p><p>Undersökningen har en deduktiv ansats, som har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod i form av åtta intervjuer med grundare från respektive företag. Med hjälp av teorier inom ämnet har bakomliggande faktorer kartlagts.</p><p>Efter att empirisk data samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av teorierna har följande slutsatser härletts. De bakomliggande faktorerna till entreprenöriella team är att de haft tidigare erfarenheter som påverkat, att de är vänner, att addition av ny medlem medför en resurs som kompletterar teamet, att det skapar samhörighet, att riskerna sprids, att det blir roligare, att kapital saknas och att det hela kan bero på tillfälligheter som gör att man formerar ett team.</p>