It is the purpose of this study to determine if there is any difference in the choice of friends of children in smaller families as related to those in larger families.

I den här studien utforskas möjligheter och utmaningar kring utomhuspedagogik ur en lärares perspektiv i årskurs 4–6. Syftet med studien var att undersöka implementering av utomhuspedagogik samt att utforska lärarens didaktiska val i lektionsplanering och genomförande. Metoderna som använts är en kvantitativ metod genom enkäter samt en kvalitativ analysmetod där elva lärares svar har sammanställts med teoretisk koppling till pragmatism och sociokulturell teori. Resultaten visar att utomhusundervisning har många fördelar för elevernas lärande och engagemang. Fler hinder identifierades så som tidsbegränsningar och väderförhållanden. Trots att ett flertal lärare såg fördelar med utomhuspedagogik, implementerades det mindre frekvent på grund av utmaningarna. Förbättringsfaktorer för implementering av utomhuspedagogik inkluderar bland annat stöd och resurser för lärare. För att motivera och svara på de didaktiska frågorna i lärarens användning av undervisning utomhus skulle vidare forskning gynnas av en jämförande studie kring implementering av utomhuspedagogik. / This study explores the possibilities and challenges regarding outdoor education from a teacher's perspective in grades 4–6. The aim of the study was to investigate the implementation of outdoor education and to explore the teacher's didactic choices in lesson planning and implementation. The methods that have been used include a quantitative approach through surveys and a qualitative analysis method where the responses of eleven teachers were compiled with connections to pragmatism and sociocultural theory. The analysis of the responses revealed numerous benefits of outdoor teaching for students' learning and commitment. Several obstacles were identified, such as time constraints and weather conditions. Despite recognizing the advantages of outdoor education, it was implemented less frequently due to these challenges. Improvement factors for implementing outdoor education include support and resources for teachers. To address the didactic questions in teachers' use of outdoor education, further research would benefit from a comparative study on the implementation of outdoor education.

The importance of literacy for a student's development and future is widely recognized and has been the subject of an intense debate and research within education. Particularly, questions regarding how teachers choose to design reading instructions to promote students' reading motivation have been of great interest. This qualitative interview study aims to examine primary school teachers' didactic choices in reading instructions and their impact on students' reading motivation. By combining a scientific foundation with practical applications, the study aims to contribute to an increased understanding of which strategies and methods can promote reading motivation among students in the early school years. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews to gather data from ten different primary school teachers across three different counties in Sweden. The theoretical framework used in the study is the didactic triangle and Self Determination Theory. The results of the study show that teachers use various didactic strategies to enhance students' reading motivation. These strategies include adapted reading instructions to select appropriate books, cooperative learning to inspire each other, read-aloud sessions to generate interest, being a reading role model, utilizing school library resources and collaborating with parental guardians. The main conclusion is that the teachers make didactic choices based on students' motivational needs for competence and relatedness, but sometimes forget about autonomy. Therefore, it is concluded that their choices often are didactically competent but could improve in some aspects.

This study aimed at exploring the grade nine learners' experience of career counselling at school in order to determine their ability to make informed subject and career choices. The literature review explored career education programmes and the changing world of work in South Africa. The importance of knowledge about career possibilities, personal values, personality traits and individual interests and abilities was highlighted. Qualitative research involved grade nine learners and Life Orientation teachers in individual and focus group interviews. Data analysis led to the following conclusions: Life Orientation teachers are not adequately informed about the purpose and aim of the career counselling process. Most teachers do not have the necessary knowledge and skills to support learners to make informed subject and career choices. Career counselling in grade nine does not meet the needs of the learners. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.(Psychology of education)

Försiktighetsprincipen är och har länge varit en av de viktigaste principerna inom svensk redovisning. Sedan år 2005 måste dock samtliga börsnoterade företag i Sverige upprätta sin redovisning i enlighet med det internationella regelverket International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Tidigare forskning har anmärkt att IFRS ger relativt mycket utrymme för subjektiva bedömningar och har ett komplicerat förhållande till försiktighet som är ett omdebatterat ämne bland redovisare.Att upprätta redovisning är en subjektiv process där personliga egenskaper hos redovisaren och redovisarens omgivning har en inverkan på sättet den upprättas. Uppsatsens syfte är därför att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar tillämpningen av försiktighet i redovisning i svenska börsnoterade företag. Studien fyller ett gap kring styrelsesammansättningens påverkan på mängden försiktighet i redovisning som inte är ett väl utforskat område, speciellt angåendesvenska förhållanden. Den undersöker även hur ägarstruktur och företagets storlek påverkar redovisningen i fråga om tillämpningen av försiktighet. För att genomföra studien har nödvändig data inhämtats från databaser och årsredovisningar. Market-to-Book valuehar använtssom en metod för att mäta försiktighet i redovisning. Studienhar kommit fram till några intressanta resultat som bidragit till forskningen kring försiktighetsprincipens framtid. Det har nämligen visat sig att företag med en större andel kvinnori styrelsen tenderar att vara mer försiktiga i sin redovisning. Större företag har även påvisats visa mindre tendenser till en försiktig redovisning vilket inte var förenligt med studiens ena hypotes. Försiktighet i redovisning är ett omdiskuterat ämne och det finns fortfarande mycket kvar att undersöka. Framtida forskning skulle kunna undersöka hur andra faktorer påverkar redovisningens försiktighet exempelvis redovisares personlighetsdrag. Andra metoder borde även användas för att mäta graden av tillämpning av försiktighetsprincipen.

Η μελέτη αυτή, εκπονήθηκε με βασικό σκοπό αφενός να πραγματευτεί κριτικά και να ερευνήσει στο χώρο της Εκκλησιαστικής Εκπαίδευσης το προφίλ, τις στάσεις, τις αντιλήψεις, και τις επαγγελματικές επιλογές των μαθητών της ως μελλοντικών αποφοίτων όπως αυτά διαμορφώνονται από την παρεχόμενη εκπαίδευση στη βάση της υπαγορευόμενης εκπαιδευτικής πολιτικής αφετέρου να διαπιστώσει το βαθμό επίτευξης των στόχων της ως προσφερόμενης παιδείας. Ακολουθώντας την έρευνα επισκόπησης αναζητήθηκαν και αποτυπώθηκαν το προφίλ, οι στάσεις, και οι αντιλήψεις σε ολόκληρο τον μαθητικό πληθυσμό της Εκκλησιαστικής Εκπαίδευσης πανελληνίως. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν όλοι οι μαθητές των Εκκλησιαστικών Γυμνασίων και Λυκείων της χώρας κατά τη σχολική χρονιά 2011-2012. Παράλληλα εξετάστηκαν οι επαγγελματικές επιλογές των μαθητών και το πώς αυτές επηρεάζονται από τα προηγούμενα και όλα αυτά εντός της ασκούμενης εκπαιδευτικής πολιτικής σε κάθε έκφανση της μαθητικής ζωής. / This study, conducted with a view to both basic hawker critically and to explore the field of ecclesiastical education profile, attitudes, perceptions and career choices of students as future graduates as they are formed from the training provided at the base of motivated educational policy on the other to determine the extent to which the objectives of education as offered. The survey involved all students of Church Ηigh schools during the school year 2011-2012. Following the investigation review was sought and reflected profile, attitudes, and beliefs across the student population of ecclesiastical education throughout Greece. At the same time examined the career choices of students and how they are influenced by the past and all those within the educational policy practiced in every aspect of student life.

The purpose of this research was to examine food security for people with prediabetes participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), focusing on their food choice decisions and coping strategies over a 30-day benefit cycle that potentially increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional, quantitative design based on food choice process model constructs was used. SNAP participants (n = 36) with prediabetes, aged 21â??70 years, were recruited as outpatients from Bronx Lebanon Hospital and completed self-reported questionnaires on demographics and health, food security, and food frequency. Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi square tests, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS. Also, independent t test, and Levene's test were used for ad hoc analysis to assess variation of food choice decisions over 30 days. Of the sample, 5% had low and 95% very low food secure status. Food security status did not predict coping strategies (p = .724); however, food security status and type of coping strategy had a moderate relationship (p < 0.01; r =.60). Food choices of 11 food categories changed over a 30-day cycle with greatest variation for Week 1, compared to Weeks 2â??4 (p < .005). Use of coping strategies to minimize hunger was limited. Very low food security associated with certain coping strategies disrupted eating patterns. Disrupted eating patterns affect food variation over time, increasing the intake of non-nutrient-dense foods and the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The implications for positive social change include the potential to change SNAP's benefit allotments, make nutrition education mandatory, and create a nutrition package, thereby lowering food insecurity and the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

D. Tech. (Food Service Management, Department of Hospitality, Tourism and PR Management, Faculty of Human Sciences)|, Vaal University of Technology| / Background South Africa is one of the developing countries faced with the co-existence of undernutrition and overnutrition, often experienced within the same household. On the one hand, hunger, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are linked to poverty and household food insecurity. Simultaneously, South Africans are exposed to ‘nutrition in transition’, where overweight and chronic diseases of lifestyle, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are on the rise as part of the overnutrition profile. Sound nutrition is important throughout the lifecycle to combat under- and overnutrition and nutrition-related diseases. In urban areas, the grandmother or another senior female family member is often responsible for caring for the children in the household during the day. This includes physical, emotional and nutritional care. It is therefore essential for the caregiver to have good nutrition knowledge, to provide not only in her own needs, but also in those of the children. A nutrition education programme is one strategy for improving the nutrition knowledge of caregivers of children. Objective The primary objective in this study was to develop, tailor, implement and evaluate a nutrition education programme (NEP) for Sesotho-speaking females and caregivers of children in the Boipatong Township in the Vaal Region of South Africa and to test its impact in the short and longer term. Nutrition knowledge regarding four South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) was empirically tested before and after the intervention and then compared to a control group. In addition, dietary intake was assessed to detect any changes after the intervention in the medium term. Methodology In this both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied. Two frameworks, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Framework of Malnutrition (2004) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Framework for Nutrition Education (1997), gave structure to the planning, implementation and evaluation of the research project. This study’s nutrition education programme was based on a socio-ecological model to guide behavioural change in terms of healthy food choices. In the preparation phase, a situational analysis was performed by means of a cross-sectional analytical design using descriptive statistics. Socio-demographic and self-reported health information was obtained. Nutrition knowledge, based on the South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), was measured, and dietary intake was assessed and compared with the estimated average requirements (EARs) for their age categories. Phase two, the formulation phase, used an experimental design. The acceptability and understanding of the existing national nutrition education (NE) material for individuals with low living standards (LSM) was investigated in this phase of the nutrition education programme (NEP). A culturally tailored booklet was developed in English, translated into Sesotho, pilot tested and implemented as part of the nutrition education programme. Lesson plans were developed and pilot tested. A non-randomised control trial was used in the implementation and evaluation phases. The effect of the nutrition education programme on nutrition knowledge was quantitatively measured in a pre- and post-test design at each discussion session in the short term, using paired t-tests in the experimental group of caregivers. The evaluation phase tested the impact of the nutrition education in the longer term. Nutrition knowledge was measured quantitatively in a before-after intervention test design by means of a self-completed structured questionnaire, based on the four South African FDBGs included in the programme. A control group who was not subjected to any intervention was used to complete the same questionnaire before and after the intervention in the same time period as the experimental group. In the experimental group, dietary intake was assessed before and after the intervention to detect changes in dietary intake. No dietary intake was measured in the control group, as changes could be attributed to influences beyond the control of this study. Two randomly selected focus groups of the experimental group were run to provide deeper insight into their perceptions regarding the acceptability and understanding of the NEP and NE material. Results The situational analysis of the preparation phase revealed a poor community that displayed typical patterns of nutrition in transition, at risk of malnutrition. The median age of the sample of caregivers was 44 years (IQR 32-62). Income and consumption poverty was confirmed by 80.5 percent of households spending R300 or less on food, with 75 percent of households having between four and seven people living in the dwelling. Dietary results were indicative of food poverty and poor food choices, possibly due to monetary constraints. A low energy intake (median 5323 kJ/day; IQR 3369-7949), was observed. Only 13.9 percent reached the estimated energy requirement (EER) of 7855 kJ per day for their age category. The overall mean average requirements of the diet was 0.7 but the possiblity of micronutrient deficiencies could not be excluded with a MAR of 0.6 for vitamins and minerals respectively. The median nutrition knowledge was 50 percent (IQR 42-54%) The lowest score was obtained for the FBDG ‘Enjoy a variety of food’ (33.4%; 95% CI 1.1), followed by the FBDG on animal protein (40.3%; 95% CI 1.0). It was decided to augment these two FBDGs with the plant protein FBDG (54.3%; 95% CI 1.8). Despited a relatively good knowledge measured in the caregivers, none of the plant protein food items appeared in the top 20 food items most frequently consumed. The formulation phase included the testing of existing nutrition education material. Messages were well understood (60.5%). However, caregivers found the images contained in the pamphlets and the design of the pamphlets confusing. A definite need was identified for new, culturally acceptable NE material in the caregivers’ home language, Sesotho (74%). During the implementation phase the lectures were presented and the change in the short-term nutrition knowledge of the FBDGs was measured at every session by means of a pre-post-test design. The median age of the caregivers was 63 years (52-78). A significant change in nutrition knowledge was found for each FBDG in terms of the mean number of questions answered correctly by the participants between the results of each pre- and post-test. In the evaluation phase, the impact of the NEP was measured in the Boipatong experimental group and compared, regarding nutrition knowledge, to a control group in the longer term (three months after completion of the intervention). Median nutrition knowledge before the intervention was 49 percent (IQR 46-57) compared to 70 percent (IQR 68-73) after the intervention – an increase of 21 percent. In contrast, the control group showed an increase of only five percent. The results showed that the eating habits of many of the caregivers still fell substantially short of internationally recognised standards (estimated energy requirement (EER) and estimated average requirement (EAR)), and this could contribute to undernutrition as well as to an increased risk of diet-related chronic disease. A median kilojoule intake of 4788 kJ (IQR 3415-6596) per day before and 4651 kJ (IQR 3369-6664) per day after the intervention was registered. Carbohydrate foods remained an important source of energy. Calcium presented a major concern, as none of the participants reached the EAR despite a slight increase in the intake of milk (volume and frequency) after the intervention, as validated by the top 20 food lists and as measured by a nutrient average requirement (NAR) of 0.1 to 0.7 before and after the intervention respectively. The mean average requirements (MAR) remained relatively stable, at 0.7 (median) before the intervention and 0.6 after the intervention. The NEP thus had an insignificant positive effect on dietary intake, except for calcium, iodine and vitamin C intake, which showed significant increases. No relationships could be found between the MAR as an indicator of dietary quality and nutrition knowledge. However, this does not mean that an NEP is not a suitable strategy. Changes in food choices and dietary intake should be measured in the longer term, since lifestyle changes are challenging to adopt when people, especially those in deprived communities, do not have the financial means to make healthy food choices. Conclusion When planning nutrition education strategies to improve the health status of communities in deprived areas, one is faced with the difficulty of households with a low socio-economic status and poor dietary intake, which increases the risk of food and nutrition insecurity. The nutrition education programme, developed, tailored and implemented as an intervention strategy to address an identified need of caregivers, was effective in improving nutrition knowledge. Four of the South African dietary guidelines were used in the nutrition education programme tailored to the specific profile that emerged from the situational analysis and the development of supportive nutrition education material. Lesson plans and the Sesotho and English booklets are available for use in other nutrition education programmes. The study contributed to the understanding of food choices of the urban community of Boipatong as well as of the nutrient inadequacies observed. Nutrition knowledge alone is not enough to bring about changes in food choices when the means to do so are lacking. Poverty and nutrition are closely linked and thus difficult to separate.

Objectif. Analyse qualitative exploratoire du contenu alimentaire et nutritionnel de blogues tenus par des mères québécoises afin d’établir l’importance relative des événements et expériences de vie, des sources d’influence et des systèmes alimentaires personnels des blogueuses sur leurs choix alimentaires. Méthodes. Analyse de contenu effectué à l’aide du modèle conceptuel de Sobal et Bisogni. Le logiciel NVivo fut utilisé afin de codifier toutes les mentions relatives à l’alimentation, la nutrition et les choix alimentaires dans les quatre blogues de mères retenus. Résultats. Les quatre catégories principales du modèle de Sobal et Bisogni se retrouvent dans les blogues. La catégorie influences est celle qui obtient le plus de mentions, sauf pour le blogue tenu par une nutritionniste où les mentions sont réparties également entre influences et système alimentaire personnel. Plusieurs sources d’information en nutrition sont mentionnées, autant de sources formelles qu’informelles. Conclusion. L’analyse des blogues nous permet d’avoir accès à de l’information générée de façon spontanée par les mères et remet en question l’efficacité des messages nutritionnels émanant des professionnels de la santé. Comme les choix alimentaires des mères affectent de façon importante le développement des comportements alimentaires de leurs enfants, il est du rôle des nutritionnistes et autres professionnels de mieux définir leurs messages afin que ceux-ci soient davantage compris et adoptés. / Objectives. Exploratory qualitative analysis of food and nutritional content of blogs run by Quebec mothers in order to identify the relative importance of life course events and experiences, source of influences, and personal food system on their food choices. Methods. Content analysis conducted using the conceptual model by Sobal and Bisogni. NVivo software was used to codify all references to food, nutrition and food choices in the four selected mothers’ blog. Results. The four main categories of Sobal and Bisogni’s model are found in blogs. The category influences is the one that gets the most mention, except for the blog run by a registered dietitian where the references are equally divided between influences and personal food system. Several sources of nutrition information are mentioned, both formal and informal sources. Conclusion. Analysis of blogs allows us to have access to information provided spontaneously by mothers and questions the effectiveness of nutrition messages from health professionals. As the mothers' food choices affect significantly the development of eating behaviors of their children, it is the role of dietitians and other professionals to better define their messages so that they are better understood and adopted.

Introduction : L’adolescence est une période cruciale dans le développement des saines habitudes alimentaires et pour le maintien de celles-ci à l’âge adulte. Les choix alimentaires sont guidés par de multiples facteurs individuels, environnementaux et sociaux qui, durant la période de l’adolescence, se butent à une quête identitaire. Objectifs : Explorer et mettre en relief les principaux déterminants jouant un rôle dans le processus décisionnel des choix alimentaires chez de jeunes adolescents québécois tout en évaluant la méthode de recherche qualitative utilisée. Méthodologie : Issue du projet de recherche « Les dimensions socioculturelles des pratiques alimentaires et d'activité physique des jeunes : une enquête qualitative auprès d'adolescents québécois de 12 à 14 ans », cette étude repose sur l’analyse de 30 entrevues semi-dirigées utilisant des photographies en lien avec l’alimentation. Résultats : Les facteurs individuels et ceux liés aux environnements sociaux se démarquent principalement. Parmi les facteurs individuels, le goût et les perceptions sensorielles, la représentation ou l’impression personnelle des aliments et les connaissances nutritionnelles sont très influents. La famille ainsi que les activités sociales associées à l’aliment ou au lieu de consommation dominent au chapitre des facteurs sociaux. Enfin, l’utilisation de la photographie s’avère un outil de collecte de données très intéressant afin d’obtenir des propos complémentaires en situation d’entrevue. Conclusion : Cette étude confirme l’importance de certains déterminants (surtout individuels et sociaux) qui influencent les comportements alimentaires des jeunes adolescents québécois. Les connaissances acquises dans le cadre de ce projet seront utiles pour les divers intervenants appelés à développer ou à mettre en œuvre des programmes d’intervention adaptés pour la promotion de la santé et de saines habitudes chez les jeunes adolescents québécois. Mots clés : jeunes, adolescents, adolescence, motivations de consommation, choix alimentaire, alimentation, photographie / Introduction : Adolescence is a pivotal period when healthy eating habits are developed and strengthened into adulthood. Food choices are inevitably influenced by multiple factors, both individual and environmental. Moreover, amongst teenagers, such factors are often biased by a quest for identity. Study Aims : Investigate and contrast the principal determinants pertaining to the decision-making process of food choices among Quebec teenagers as well as evaluate the qualitative research method used. Method : This study is based on the project « Les dimensions socioculturelles des pratiques alimentaires et d'activité physique des jeunes : une enquête qualitative auprès d'adolescents québécois de 12 à 14 ans ». Thirty semi-directed interviews were analyzed using a framework of food photo-elicitation. Results : Both key individual and social factors were found to be significant. Taste and sensory perception, personal meaning of food and nutritional knowledge were found to be key individual motivators. Conversely, for social factors, family, friends, activities and location pertaining to food consumption had an important impact. In the setting of an interview, the use of photography is a very interesting and useful tool to further collect key, complementary data. Conclusion : This study confirms the importance of key individual and social determinants of eating behaviours among Quebec teenagers. The knowledge acquired will be useful for both the improvement and development of governmental programs that will be well-suited to promote healthy behaviours among Quebec teenagers. Keywords : adolescence, teenagers, adolescents, photo-elicitation, food choices,