A pesquisa refletiu sobre a questão da localização na Geografia, buscando compreendê-la enquanto um princípio fundamental para esta ciência. Partiu-se assim, de seu entendimento como o ponto de partida para se iniciar uma discussão encabeçada pela Geografia quando se faz a pergunta cardinal onde? Sendo assim, a partir da análise de alguns dos principais autores clássicos do pensamento geográfico, pretendeu compreender a maneira como eles se debruçaram sobre a questão, atentando para a importância que tal princípio assumiu, sobretudo, no contexto de consolidação e sistematização da ciência geográfica. Visando tal intento, a pesquisa dedicou-se então a compreender a importância da corografia e da corologia enquanto elementos definidores de uma epistemologia e de um método para a ciência, principalmente nas vozes de Alfred Hettner e Richard Hartshorne. Assim, da constatação dos autores clássicos, e na contramão do que foi apresentado por eles, foi possível ponderar sobre a possibilidade de se compreender a localização para além do viés quantitativo já consagrado na Geografia, sob influência, especialmente, da Matemática e da Física. Para além da mera constatação de um dado da superfície terrestre, o esforço deste trabalho, caminhou na tentativa de se compreender a localização no discurso geográfico mediante a ideia de que esta é capaz de evidenciar a existência do indivíduo, ordenando seu pensamento, bem como a constituição das representações que ele faz do mundo. Neste sentido, estabeleceu-se um diálogo, por exemplo, com Fredric Jameson e Martin Heidegger, a fim de se assumir definitivamente a localização a partir do que foi apresentado por Elvio Rodrigues Martins (2007). E desta forma, buscou-se fazer, antes de tudo, um resgate da localização como um fundamento da ciência geográfica, pretendendo, pois, dar uma contribuição para a discussão epistemológica desta. / The objective of this study is the location in geography, trying to understand it as a main point for science. The understanding of this location would be the main point to start a discussion led by the geography when the cardinal question where? is asked. In this way, from the analysis of some of the main classic authors who studied the geographic thought, this study intended to understand how they considered this question, focusing on the importance that this principle has taken, above all, in the context of consolidation and systemization in geography. Aiming at this intent, this study was dedicated to understand the importance of chorography and chorology as defining elements of epistemology and method for science, according to Alfred Hettner and Richard Hartshorne. Therefore, from the verification of classic authors, and opposite to what was presented by them, it was possible to consider the possibility of location beyond the quantitative direction already established in geography, under the influence of mathematics and physics. The main focus of this study, beyond the mere verification of data from the earth surface, was the attempt to understand the location in the geographic speech through the idea that it was able to show the existence of the individual, organizing ones thought, as well as the constitution of the world representations one has. In this way, a dialogue was established, for example, with Fredric Jameson and Martin Heidegger, in order to definitely assume location from what was presented by Elvio Rodrigues Martins (2007). And, this way, before anything else, the intention was to rescue the location as a fundament of the geographic science, and to contribute to this epistemological discussion.

A pesquisa refletiu sobre a questão da localização na Geografia, buscando compreendê-la enquanto um princípio fundamental para esta ciência. Partiu-se assim, de seu entendimento como o ponto de partida para se iniciar uma discussão encabeçada pela Geografia quando se faz a pergunta cardinal onde? Sendo assim, a partir da análise de alguns dos principais autores clássicos do pensamento geográfico, pretendeu compreender a maneira como eles se debruçaram sobre a questão, atentando para a importância que tal princípio assumiu, sobretudo, no contexto de consolidação e sistematização da ciência geográfica. Visando tal intento, a pesquisa dedicou-se então a compreender a importância da corografia e da corologia enquanto elementos definidores de uma epistemologia e de um método para a ciência, principalmente nas vozes de Alfred Hettner e Richard Hartshorne. Assim, da constatação dos autores clássicos, e na contramão do que foi apresentado por eles, foi possível ponderar sobre a possibilidade de se compreender a localização para além do viés quantitativo já consagrado na Geografia, sob influência, especialmente, da Matemática e da Física. Para além da mera constatação de um dado da superfície terrestre, o esforço deste trabalho, caminhou na tentativa de se compreender a localização no discurso geográfico mediante a ideia de que esta é capaz de evidenciar a existência do indivíduo, ordenando seu pensamento, bem como a constituição das representações que ele faz do mundo. Neste sentido, estabeleceu-se um diálogo, por exemplo, com Fredric Jameson e Martin Heidegger, a fim de se assumir definitivamente a localização a partir do que foi apresentado por Elvio Rodrigues Martins (2007). E desta forma, buscou-se fazer, antes de tudo, um resgate da localização como um fundamento da ciência geográfica, pretendendo, pois, dar uma contribuição para a discussão epistemológica desta. / The objective of this study is the location in geography, trying to understand it as a main point for science. The understanding of this location would be the main point to start a discussion led by the geography when the cardinal question where? is asked. In this way, from the analysis of some of the main classic authors who studied the geographic thought, this study intended to understand how they considered this question, focusing on the importance that this principle has taken, above all, in the context of consolidation and systemization in geography. Aiming at this intent, this study was dedicated to understand the importance of chorography and chorology as defining elements of epistemology and method for science, according to Alfred Hettner and Richard Hartshorne. Therefore, from the verification of classic authors, and opposite to what was presented by them, it was possible to consider the possibility of location beyond the quantitative direction already established in geography, under the influence of mathematics and physics. The main focus of this study, beyond the mere verification of data from the earth surface, was the attempt to understand the location in the geographic speech through the idea that it was able to show the existence of the individual, organizing ones thought, as well as the constitution of the world representations one has. In this way, a dialogue was established, for example, with Fredric Jameson and Martin Heidegger, in order to definitely assume location from what was presented by Elvio Rodrigues Martins (2007). And, this way, before anything else, the intention was to rescue the location as a fundament of the geographic science, and to contribute to this epistemological discussion.

<p>The study Packning i tid och rum (Crowding in Time and Space) is a Master Thesis in Human Geography within Geography, presented at Södertörn University College.</p><p>The aim is to investigate the connections between time and space, more particularly, geographical changes over time. This is done by focusing on the Study of Land use as a phenomenon and on-going processes in demarcated areas. Distinct areas are given special interest, i.e. how they are used. The study deals with three different kinds of sites in three levels of scale: a market garden, cemeteries and a residential area.</p><p>The main focus of the study is on the cemeteries. Sources to geographical data and other pieces of information are geographical systems, statistics, interviews, own observations, and photographs. This material has been worked up with simple statistic methods, map studies, and qualitative methods. The Time Geography and the New Regional Geography are used as a theoretical framework. There is an ambition to search for general understanding. The work is strongly inspired by the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand’s work and approach. It is also influenced by Systems Theory.</p><p>The results confirm that there is a closer crowding of geographic objects in time and space within the cemeteries. Chorological changes could indicate similar processes at the garden center and residential area. Space is a limited resource and packing problems need to be solved. Some strategies to achieve that aim are found. At the end is discussed if closer crowding, needs more of register, measuring and restrictions and that some things are accepted to take large place in space since they are temporal.</p> / <p>Studien Packning i tid och rum är ett examensarbete i ämnet geografi, inriktning kulturgeografi, vid Södertörns högskola.</p><p>Syftet är att utforska sambandet mellan tid och rum och då som geografiska förändringar över tiden. Det sker genom att studera markanvändning som fenomen och pågående processer i avgränsade områden. Speciellt intresse ägnas åt hur ytor disponeras. Tre olika slags områden studeras: en handelsträdgård, begravningsplatser och ett bostadsområde.</p><p>Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på studiet av begravningsplatser. Geografiska data och annan information har hämtats från geografiska informationssystem, statistik, intervjuer, egna observationer och fotografier. Materialet har bearbetats med enkel statistisk metod, kartstudier och kvalitativa metoder. Som teoretisk ram används tidsgeografi och den nya regionalgeografin. Det finns en ambition att söka efter generell förståelse. Arbetet är starkt inspirerat av geografen Torsten Hägerstrands arbete och synsätt. I arbetet finns även inslag av systemteoretiskt tänkande.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det sker en tätare packning av geografiska objekt i tid och rum på kyrkogårdarna. Korologiska förändringar kan tyda på liknande processer i handelsträdgården och bostadsområdet. Utrymmet är en begränsad resurs och packning är ett problem att lösa. Olika strategier för att hantera trängseln observeras. Avslutningsvis diskuteras förhållandet att ju tätare packning desto mer av registerhållning, mätning och restriktioner fordras och att vissa saker tillåts breda ut sig i rummet om de är tillfälliga.</p>

Les oscillations paléoclimatiques au cours du Pléistocène et leur influence sur les bilans hydriques stationnels ont été considérées à Madagascar. La disponibilité en eau est l'élément majeur de la vie végétale et animale. À partir de travaux publiés en 2006, un modèle intégrant des aspects écologiques et géomorphologiques dans un contexte de changement climatique est considéré pour identifier les régions qui pouvaient présenter un bilan hydrique stationnel positif, indispensable à la survie de la faune et de la flore sylvicoles au cours des périodes les plus sèches, et l’évolution de ce bilan lorsque le climat redevenait chaud et humide. Le modèle a été appliqué à la biogéographie des lémuriens de Madagascar, et plus particulièrement à une région sédimentaire du versant occidental de l’île, pour expliquer le centre d’endémisme du Menabe Central, entre les bassins versants des fleuves Tsiribihina et Mangoky. / Pleistocene paleoclimatic oscillations have had a major influence on the hydrological balance in Madagascar, from the scale of individual sites to watersheds. Water availability is one of the major component for the life of plants and animals life. Based on previous research published in 2006, a model is considered which has been enriched, and encompasses ecological and geomorphological features in the context of changing climate to identify areas where water remained available during the driest periods, but also how availability increased again when climatic conditions become warmer and wetter. This model is applied to a portion of Western Madagascar encompassing the Tsiribihina and Mangoky watersheds and the Central Menabe center of endemism to describe the mechanism leading to landscape-Level evolution and especially the distribution patterns observed today of some of the island’s endemic animal species, comparing narrowly vs. broadly endemic taxa.

The study Packning i tid och rum (Crowding in Time and Space) is a Master Thesis in Human Geography within Geography, presented at Södertörn University College. The aim is to investigate the connections between time and space, more particularly, geographical changes over time. This is done by focusing on the Study of Land use as a phenomenon and on-going processes in demarcated areas. Distinct areas are given special interest, i.e. how they are used. The study deals with three different kinds of sites in three levels of scale: a market garden, cemeteries and a residential area. The main focus of the study is on the cemeteries. Sources to geographical data and other pieces of information are geographical systems, statistics, interviews, own observations, and photographs. This material has been worked up with simple statistic methods, map studies, and qualitative methods. The Time Geography and the New Regional Geography are used as a theoretical framework. There is an ambition to search for general understanding. The work is strongly inspired by the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand’s work and approach. It is also influenced by Systems Theory. The results confirm that there is a closer crowding of geographic objects in time and space within the cemeteries. Chorological changes could indicate similar processes at the garden center and residential area. Space is a limited resource and packing problems need to be solved. Some strategies to achieve that aim are found. At the end is discussed if closer crowding, needs more of register, measuring and restrictions and that some things are accepted to take large place in space since they are temporal. / Studien Packning i tid och rum är ett examensarbete i ämnet geografi, inriktning kulturgeografi, vid Södertörns högskola. Syftet är att utforska sambandet mellan tid och rum och då som geografiska förändringar över tiden. Det sker genom att studera markanvändning som fenomen och pågående processer i avgränsade områden. Speciellt intresse ägnas åt hur ytor disponeras. Tre olika slags områden studeras: en handelsträdgård, begravningsplatser och ett bostadsområde. Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på studiet av begravningsplatser. Geografiska data och annan information har hämtats från geografiska informationssystem, statistik, intervjuer, egna observationer och fotografier. Materialet har bearbetats med enkel statistisk metod, kartstudier och kvalitativa metoder. Som teoretisk ram används tidsgeografi och den nya regionalgeografin. Det finns en ambition att söka efter generell förståelse. Arbetet är starkt inspirerat av geografen Torsten Hägerstrands arbete och synsätt. I arbetet finns även inslag av systemteoretiskt tänkande. Resultaten visar att det sker en tätare packning av geografiska objekt i tid och rum på kyrkogårdarna. Korologiska förändringar kan tyda på liknande processer i handelsträdgården och bostadsområdet. Utrymmet är en begränsad resurs och packning är ett problem att lösa. Olika strategier för att hantera trängseln observeras. Avslutningsvis diskuteras förhållandet att ju tätare packning desto mer av registerhållning, mätning och restriktioner fordras och att vissa saker tillåts breda ut sig i rummet om de är tillfälliga.

L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha estat l'estudi del gènere Kallymenia a la Península Ibèrica i a lesIlles Balears, el qual es troba representat per les espècies següents: K. reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh, K. feldmannii Codomier, K. lacerata Feldmann, K. requienii (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, K.patens (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson i K. spathulata (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson.En aquesta monografia es descriuen les principals característiques morfològiques i vegetatives itambé els tetrasporangis de totes les espècies de la Península Ibèrica i de les Illes Balears. Tambées descriuen les estructures reproductores i els estadis de postfertilització de totes, excepte de K. patens i K. spathulata, espècies més rares que les altres i per a les quals no hem pogut aportaraquesta informació. Les dades s'acompanyen amb una iconografia original a base de dibuixos ifotografies i amb una clau de determinació pels tàxons estudiats. També es detalla la corologiade les diferents espècies, el seu hàbitat i la seva fenologia.