Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-14T12:36:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Filipi César Rodrigues Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 761679 bytes, checksum: 69b6274afc89a7facd136c505ebaf65e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T12:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Filipi César Rodrigues Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 761679 bytes, checksum: 69b6274afc89a7facd136c505ebaf65e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-15 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research conducts a narratological study of Tim Burton’s films in the light of the narrative theory of Vladimir Propp. It is to analyze in the oeuvre of Burton, analogous procedures to those of the wonderful tale such as described by Propp. It also pays attention to the matters that interconnect the Proppian wonderful world to the fantastic burthonian world. It seeks to understand how a reinterpretation in the cinematographic context of Tim Burton films create a connection with the morphological structure of the wonderful of V. Propp. The conducted literature reviews involve authoritative works on the fantastic cinema, the animation cinema in general and particularly the cinema of Tim Burton. The corpus of the research is composed by the Corpse Bride – 2005 of Tim Burton; The establishment of the corpus was based on the criterion of selection of the animation films that stand out in the oeuvre of Tim Burton. Methodologically, the research is bibliographical and comparative. The main theoretical reference is Propp's own narratological theory, which always seeks the wonderful in his works. This research also takes into consideration the masterful model work of Haroldo de Campos, Morphology of Macunaíma, which presents and reinterprets the proppian model. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that little research has been made on hybrid wonderful tale to the animation cinema. It is also proposing a new unfolding of the proppian semiology, turning it this time to the universe of visual discourse and digital manipulation / Esta pesquisa realiza um estudo narratológico em filmes de Tim Burton à luz da teoria narrativa de Vladimir Propp. Trata-se de analisar na obra de Burton, procedimentos análogos àqueles do conto maravilhoso tais como descritos por Propp.Atenta-se também para as pautas que interconectam o mundo maravilhosoproppiano ao mundo fantástico burthoniano. Busca-se entender como uma reinterpretação no contexto cinematográfico das películas de Tim Burton criam uma conexão com a estrutura morfológica do maravilhoso de V. Propp. A revisão bibliográfica efetuada aquienvolve trabalhos abalizados sobre o cinema fantástico, o cinema de animação em geral e o cinema de Tim Burton em particular. O corpus da pesquisa é composto pela obra cinematográfica A Noiva Cadáver – 2005 do diretor Tim Burton; O estabelecimento do corpus pautou-se pelo critério de seleção do filme de animação que despontam no conjunto da obra de Tim Burton. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa é bibliográfica e comparativa. O principal referencial teórico é a própria teoria narratológica de Propp que sempre busca o maravilhoso em suas obras. Este trabalho também leva em consideração o modelo da obra magistral de Haroldo de Campos, Morfologia do Macunaíma, que apresenta e reinterpreta o modelo proppiano. A relevância do trabalho está no fato de que poucas pesquisas foram realizadas sobre conto maravilhoso hibrido ao cinema de animação. Está também em propor um novo desdobramento da semiologia proppiana, voltando-a desta vez ao universo do discurso visual e da manipulação digital

A partir da análise de alguns conceitos fundamentais para a compreensão da audiovisão1, de uma reavaliação das dinâmicas audiovisuais atuais, e de um breve recorrido histórico através da pré-cinematografia, o presente trabalho apresenta os resultados teóricos e criativos do processo efetuado para a concepção e o desenho de oito novos aparelhos de reprodução audiovisual; \"Kinetoscopes, aparelhos e imagens audiovisuais\" se centra na ideia fundamental de que a produção artística contemporânea é um complexo processo de investigação/criação que opera sobre os princípios de interdisciplinaridade e experimentação. / Based on the analysis of some fundamental concepts for understanding the audiovision, a reassessment of the current audiovisual dynamics, and a brief percourse through the pre-cinematographic history, this paper presents the theoretical and creative results conducted for the conception and design of eight new audiovisual devices. \"Kinetoscopes, devices and audiovisual images\" is centered on the fundamental idea that the contemporary artistic production is a complex process of research/creation, which operates on the principles of interdisciplinarity and experimentation.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-18T12:07:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Queiroz de Siqueira Santos.pdf: 6540108 bytes, checksum: 15368e1418e5230caf9a2a425ae11632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T12:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Queiroz de Siqueira Santos.pdf: 6540108 bytes, checksum: 15368e1418e5230caf9a2a425ae11632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / What are the traits that predominate in cinema on the present context of digital communication technologies? This PHD thesis proposed a study of what we define as reloaded Cinema, a denomination that refers to the transformation phenomena that affected movies in the beginning of the 21st century, based on the complexities that emerge from the highly integrated communicational processes of the media. That phenomenon is based on the interactions between the networked media environment, the potentials unlocked by the digitalization processes and the relationships with users. The Corpus of this study is composed by audio-visual projects that question and expand the limits of what is cinema, in the sense that was conceived previously. This reload of Cinema is a complex network, composed by the articulations of material, cognitive, linguistic, cultural and multimedia elements. Our method is composed by three stages 1) defining what this reloaded phenomenon is by the selection of those audio-visual projects that undermine the limits of established Cinema; 2) evaluate those projects through proceedings of localization, description and analysis; 3) Organize a synthesis of their properties and propose evaluative schema for cinematic works. Adopting the Complexity Thought proposed by Morin, we affirm that the Reloaded Cinema does not exist as an hegemonic, monolithic and isolated element, but as a communicational phenomenon inserted in culture, that emerges from between users, devices and software mediations. Under this perspective, we avoid determinisms and recognize the intrinsic paradoxes of Cinema in the digital age. Our hypothesis is that the reconfigurations (or reload) of cinema can be found on a) interactions between connected technologies of vision and it´s users through various mobile-imagedevices, like Virtual and Augmented Reality systems; b) on the emerging possibilities of creational processes generated by cinema´s connections and compatibility with Online Networks and Digitized databases, such as collaborative films and AI-oriented screenwriting; c) in mutations on construction of filmic time and space, influencing cinematographic language; d) contaminations of Cinema with other Network-Connected media, and it´s consequences on contemporary culture, where the limits between cinema and other media becomes blurry and overlapped. The results of this research are a map of the present reloaded stage of Cinema, both in the sense of audio-visual experimentation as an overview of its emerging potentials of creative processes, modes of experience and integrations with communication environments of contemporary culture / Quais as características que predominam no cinema no contexto das tecnologias digitais de comunicação? Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo estudar o Cinema Reloaded, denominação que propomos para nos referir ao fenômeno de transformação do cinema no início do século XXI, partindo do pressuposto das complexidades que emergem nos processos comunicacionais. Consideramos, para isso, o ambiente midiático das redes, os potenciais que emergem dos procedimentos de digitalização e as relações com os usuários. O corpus de análise é composto por projetos audiovisuais que problematizam e expandem as fronteiras do cinema, no sentido em que foi concebido até então. Compreendemos o Cinema Reloaded enquanto rede complexa, composta pela articulação de elementos materiais, cognitivos, linguísticos, culturais e multimidiáticos. Nossa proposta metodológica é composta por três etapas: (1) enunciar o conceito de Cinema Reloaded a partir da escolha e definição de projetos audiovisuais exemplares; (2) examinar os projetos selecionados através de procedimentos de localização, descrição e análise; (3) organizar e propor uma síntese das qualidades inventariadas no processo e formular esquemas avaliativos para obras. Adotando como fundamentação teórica o pensamento da complexidade segundo a leitura de Morin, afirmamos que o Cinema Reloaded não existe como um elemento monolítico ou isolado, mas como um fenômeno comunicacional inserido na cultura, que emerge entre usuários, aparatos e mediações do software. Também de acordo com essa perspectiva, evitamos determinismos e reconhecemos os paradoxos. Nossa hipótese é que as reconfigurações (reload), do cinema podem ser constatadas a) nas interações entre as tecnologias conectadas da visão com os usuários, através de aparatos de fruição de imagens em movimento, a exemplo dos sistemas de realidade virtual e aumentada; b) nas possibilidades emergentes de processos criativos gerados pela interconexão do cinema com as redes digitais online e as lógicas dos bancos de dados, como os filmes colaborativos e roteiros organizados por inteligências artificiais; c) nas mudanças na construção dos espaços e do tempo fílmico na era digital, as suas influências na linguagem cinematográfica e; d) as contaminações do cinema com outras mídias conectadas na era digital e suas interações na cultura contemporânea, onde as fronteiras ficam borradas e sobrepostas. O resultado da pesquisa é um mapeamento das características do cinema em seu estágio Reloaded, tanto no sentido das experimentações audiovisuais como na delimitação de suas potencialidades emergentes de criação, modos de experiência e integração com os ambientes comunicativos da cultura contemporânea

Ma thèse s’intitule « Des âges au cinéma : la culture cinématographique des jeunes spectateurs ». Elle se consacre à l’étude de la socialisation au septième art sous la perspective privilégiée de l’âge, variable déterminante, sans néanmoins réduire la recherche à une analyse uni-factorielle.Pour mieux comprendre l’action de la variable d’âge, nous la décomposons dans une première partie en traitant de notions connexes essentielles ; l’individu, la mémoire, les interrelations sociales, le temps et le corps. L’âge n’est plus entrevu au singulier : il laisse place à une pluralité d’âges que l’on décompose en quatre échelles distinctes : l’âge que j’ai, l’âge des autruis matérialisés, l’âge de société, l’âge des objets. Preuve est faite que tout acteur et a fortiori tout spectateur croise ces échelles au quotidien pour se construire et pour construire le monde qui l’entoure. De fait, les façons dont nous appréhendons l’art en sont un exemple flagrant. Par entrecroisements constants d’échelles mis au jour grâce aux jugements, positions, réflexions émises en situation, les âges, leur conception et leur prise en compte se révèlent comme formateurs particuliers de goûts. Dans l’absolu, ces échelles peuvent se lire comme espace virtuel déployant tous les possibles. Néanmoins et en situation, leur entrecroisement est lié à une construction individuelle et collective, toujours parcellaire, et le croisement des échelles qu’exercent chaque acteur selon la mesure qu’il en fait, aboutissent finalement à des positions, des dispositions et des postures spectatorielles.La seconde partie de ma thèse est alimentée de cet état de fait et se focalise sur les structures socio-politiques de la socialisation au septième art. Elle dresse en premier lieu une étude approfondie de la réception du cinéma d’animation qui est l’un des genres initiatiques principaux de l’enfance, cela depuis des décennies. Cette partie s’attache ensuite à suivre l’avancée en âge, les interrelations qui lui sont corrélatives et significatives dans la socialisation au cinéma. Elle rend également compte de la mémoire que l’on garde de sa prime enfance ainsi que de ce que ce passé implique dans la socialisation actuelle de la jeunesse. Vers 11-12 ans, le cinéma est marqué par l’encadrement d’une censure qui va decrescendo avec l’avancée en âge. Dès lors qu’on grandit, non seulement nous dépassons progressivement des seuils, étant ipso facto amené à découvrir de nouveaux genres, mais nous les appréhendons à travers de nouveaux cercles sociaux : sont donc abordés les changements de structures relationnelles qui participent de cette socialisation et leurs implications. En termes génériques, l’initiation aux scènes de volupté cinématographique et au cinéma d’horreur nous sont apparus comme deux moments décisifs, déployant sous les yeux de la jeunesse de nouvelles épreuves amenant conjointement à de nouvelles réflexions sur le social. S’ensuit les derniers chapitres de la thèse où j’expose, à l’aide de mes enquêtes, comment se construit le goût à travers le discours, quels sont les critères pertinents de mesure de la qualité cinématographique à cet âge, mais également comment le cinéma s’avère un laboratoire social, mieux : un des laboratoires de la construction de soi et du monde.Cette thèse s’appuie sur les données d’une enquête qualitative. Elle déploie des méthodes variées : entretiens individuels, ateliers collectifs en collège et dans des locaux associatifs regroupant au total une soixantaine d’informateurs issus de France, de Belgique, du Luxembourg, de Hollande, d’Allemagne et du Maghreb. Mes informateurs privilégiés ont d’abord été les jeunes, suivis de près par leurs parents. Cette recherche et la construction de ses axes sont le fruit d’un mouvement ascendant – proche en cela de la méthodologie par induction d’Howard Becker –, c’est-à-dire partant des informateurs pour remonter vers la construction de concepts grâce au traitement progressif des données recueillies. / My thesis title is « ages and cinema : the cinematographic culture of young spectators ». This work deals with the seventh art socialization among youth and focus on the determinations of age – known as one of the most important sociological variable to understand societies – to select, taste and appreciate feature movies and series.In order to understand better its action, we decompose age between four different scales in the first part : individual age, socio-collective age, historical age and age of the objets surround us. This categories aren’t closed on themselves : they are combined by the actors to analyse and interprete arts and situations. Each temporality fragment known or imagined on each scale, lived or remembered by the actor can be mobilised as an appreciation’s tool. Theorising each age is a long work which necessits a better comprehension of individuality, memory, social interrelations, time, histories and body growth. We demonstrate that everybody embodies and crosses different fragments of different scales in everyday life to understand himself, the world surrounding and ultimately, the feature films content. Ways to understand, judge and appreciate art are a good field for studying temporal relations because arts objects are relatively preserved in time and tell about societies of the past. Each situation, person, object is structured by different kind of virtual or lived temporalities. When they are crossed according to the actor’s knowledge and his society position, they bring to different ways of art’s pleasure.The second part of my thesis shapes the first theorical one. It analyses the youth cinematographic culture. Thirty-four young spectators contributed to my sociological survey. They were aged from eight to fourteen years old. I studied the present socio-political structures in France and Europe leading to different forms of cinematographic socialisation. This part copes with the first feature movies rememberances – which are almost always composed by animation movies passed on by the parents – and their role in present art appreciation. At the age of the participants, the cinematography faces a global censure agreement : violent features are banished. Nevertheless, growing means to socialized with, that’s why two chapters of my thesis are consacred to the reception of more violent types of show at this ages, like the horrific gender for example which is often enjoyed by the youth. I try to understand how young people assimilate, step by step, the dark side of the world, the one which was previously hidded for their own safety. However, it is now a requirement of growth to mix with this forbidden shows. Peer reinforcement and autonomy help this initiation. They also bring to new cinematographic cultures as much as new social considerations. All this studies help us to understand how children and teenagers develop series and feature films’ taste by sharing it with friends or parents, depending on the content. This tell us about the developpment of quality classifications based on aesthetic, tales, relations, peers conversations, art memory, emotions and feelings. Finally, cinematographic culture appears to be a large social and aesthetical laboratory for the youth.This thesis is based on a qualitative survey. More specifically, I used a bottom-up method (Becker : 1988). The theories and the demonstrations are no less than the result of five years of several investigations’ technics on the field study. I began with individual consultations in France, Luxembourg and Belgium, then made collective groups in associations and schools. I created different questionnaires for the parents and the teenagers in aim to observe connections between their cinematographic cultures. This thesis claims interdisciplinarity.

Un film est une œuvre de collaboration qui se nourrit des différentes sensibilités des professionnels qui le font et qui épaulent, de manière plus ou moins significative, son auteur. Notre réflexion se situe au moment charnière de toute œuvre artistique, sa création. L’étude de la poétique du film, des processus de sa fabrication, permet d’en comprendre plus profondément les enjeux esthétiques. En abordant spécifiquement les relations de collaboration chez le réalisateur portugais Manoel de Oliveira, il s’agit d’enquêter sur la façon dont les rapports idéologiques, personnels et professionnels que le cinéaste noue avec quelques-uns de ses collaborateurs déterminent la conception de l’image, du montage, du choix des acteurs et du processus d’adaptation d’une œuvre littéraire. Les professionnels choisis sont l’acteur portugais Luis Miguel Cintra, la monteuse française Valérie Loiseleux, le directeur de la photographie suisse Renato Berta et la romancière portugaise Agustina Bessa-Luis. En analysant ces relations bilatérales, ce travail se demande comment la présence du collaborateur influence la conception de la mise en scène d’Oliveira et comment le fait d’être un interlocuteur privilégié du réalisateur portugais détermine la suite de la carrière de quelques-uns de ces collaborateurs. Sans mettre en doute le cinéma d’auteur, nous croyons néanmoins au cinéma de collaboration, un cinéma qui dit « nous » au lieu de « je », où le collaborateur est non seulement un témoin du faire cinématographique, mais aussi une surface sensible, une présence active et constamment mise à l’épreuve dans le processus de création qu’il intègre – et qui l’intègre. / A film is a collaboration work that feeds on the different sensibilities of the professionals who make it and contribute, more or less significantly, to its author. This study focuses on the key moment of every work of art, its creation. The study of the poetics of film – the making of film – allows for a more profound understanding of the aesthetic challenges involved. Specifically addressing the collaborative relationships of Portuguese filmmaker Manoel de Oliveira, involves inquiring how the ideological, personal and professional relationships the filmaker has with his collaborators determines his concepts of image, editing, his choice of actors and the process of adapting a literary work. The chosen professionals are Portuguese actor Luis Miguel Cintra, French editor Valerie Loiseleux, Swiss Cinematographer Renato Berta and Portuguese novelist Agustina Bessa-Luis. By analyzing these bilateral relationships, this study questions how the presence of the collaborators influences the concept of Oliveira’s scene setting, as well as how being a privileged interlocutor of the Portuguese filmmaker influences the careers of these collaborators. Without calling the author’s work into question, we believe in collaborative cinema, a cinema that says « us » instead of « me ». A cinema where the collaborator is not only a witness to the making of films, but also a sensitive surface and an active presence put to the test in the creation process which he integrates and integrates him.

Metteur en scène contemporain dont l’itinéraire personnel est une conséquence de la décentralisation théâtrale, Daniel Benoin tire sa force de création du passage de l’image mentale à sa concrétisation dans le spectacle vivant par l’hybridation de savoirs multiples et de techniques artistiques. Cette étude d’un destin particulier dans un rapport holiste avec l’art dramatique permet une théorisation du processus de création dans lequel un regard croisé entre phénoménologie et pragmatique confirme l’hypothèse d’une empreinte matérielle et stylistique. L’approche comparative d’un grand nombre de représentations et de l’ensemble des répétitions préalables à cinq spectacles (Wozzeck, La Cantatrice chauve, Faces, la reprise de La Cantatrice chauve, Le roman d’un trader) définira cette empreinte comme idiosyncrasique, formelle et originale, le tout commun à l’ensemble de l’œuvre observée. Ainsi, grâce aux concours de pré-images modulables et fécondes, les images mentales primordiales s’installent au cœur de la création et la vision onirique se révèle être l’essence même de la particularité artistique de ce metteur en scène. La recherche entreprise ouvre alors des perspectives renouvelées quant à l’esthétique et à la présence/absence de l’artiste dans des domaines élargis (cinéma, danse, peinture, photographie, musique, écriture). / Daniel Benoin, a contemporary stage director whose personal career was a consequence of theatrical decentralization, draws his creative strength from his ability to make mental images become concrete in live shows by using numerous knowledge and artistic techniques in a hybrid way. This project on a distinctive destiny in a holist connexion with Drama enables to theorize about the creation process in which a crossed look at phenomenology and pragmatism confirms the hypothesis of a material and stylistic imprint. The comparative approach of many performances and of all the preliminary rehearsals to five theatrical shows (Wozzeck, La Cantatrice chauve, Faces, the remake of La Cantatrice chauve, Le roman d'un trader) will eventually define this mark as an idiosyncratic, formal and original one, to be found in the whole work which was studied. Thus, thanks to the help of fertile and adjustable pre-images, essential mental images settle in the heart of creation and the oneiric vision turns out to be the very essence of the artistic particularity of this stage director. Therefore the research opens up renewed angles about the aesthetics and the presence/absence of the artist in enlarged fields (such as cinema, dancing, painting, photography, music, writing).

El objetivo general de la investigación es realizar una descripción y un análisis de las características técnicas y estéticas de los soportes de captación fotoquímico y digital. El proceso de categorización responde a la necesidad de crear una taxonomía exhaustiva y rigurosa de los aspectos fundamentales para captar imágenes con calidad cinematográfica. Con las cámaras de cinematografía digital, la imagen cinematográfica se divide en imagen fílmica e imagen digital en función del soporte de captación. Por esta razón el estudio se centra en la tecnogénesis de la imagen cinematográfica. Al hacer referencia a la tecnogénesis se ponen de relieve los medios y técnicas de producción con los que se llevan a cabo la filmación o grabación de una película y sus consecuencias plásticas. La técnica empleada para realizar la primera versión de la taxonomía es el análisis bibliográfico. A la bibliografía académica se suman los contenidos a los que se refiere la investigación prestando especial atención a la bibliografía técnica existente. La validación de esta primera versión se realiza a partir del análisis de contenido aplicado a diez entrevistas semi-dirigidas con directores de fotografía, cuya labor profesional es especialmente relevante en el ámbito de la ficción cinematográfica del ámbito español. La elección de realizar las entrevistas a directores de fotografía se debe a que la especialidad en la que desarrollan su actividad implica la utilización tanto de sistemas digitales como fotoquímicos para llevar a cabo las obras fílmicas en las que participan. La validación de la taxonomía mediante la entrevista semi-dirigida permite exponer su versión final y una definición original de cada término empleado. Esta versión se emplea en una experimentación, a partir de la observación estructurada de material audiovisual por parte de 6 observadores expertos. Para realizar esta observación se ha construido una plantilla de observación a medida que permita observar las características técnicas y estéticas presentes en una imagen así como ofrecer una caracterización de los diferentes tipos de imagen en función del soporte de captación utilizado. El análisis de contenido es la metodología utilizada para llevar a cabo el análisis de los datos recogidos en la entrevista y la observación estructurada. Sin embargo, la utilización de diferentes herramientas (análisis bibliográfico, entrevista, observación estructurada) se incluye en una triangulación metodológica que permite obtener resultados desde diferentes ámbitos. Las herramientas de la entrevista y la observación estructurada han contado con la aplicación de pruebas piloto. Los datos de la entrevista han sido analizados mediante los “software” de análisis cualitativo ATLAS.ti y NVivo. SPSS ha sido el software de análisis empleado para elaborar los datos recogidos mediante la observación estructurada. Esta investigación ha permitido elaborar una taxonomía de los aspectos fundamentales para captar una imagen con calidad cinematográfica, así como señalar las diferencias entre los dos soportes analizados. En último lugar, la propuesta de definiciones originales de los conceptos de “look” y “look híbrido” suponen una aportación para el campo académico y profesional. / The general objective of the investigation is to describe and analyze the technical and aesthetic features of photochemical and digital recording services. This categorization process answers to the need of establishing an exhaustive and rigorous taxonomy of the principal ways enabling to capture images having cinematographic quality. The current digital film making share the image into, respectively, movie pictures and digital pictures depend on the recording process chosen. For this reason, the study has been focused on the techno-genesis of the image in a cinematographic context. This approach gave us the advantage to highlight both the means and techniques of movie production and its plastic consequences during the filming or the recording. A first version validation has been carried out by a content analysis on ten semi-structured interviews involving a sample of cinematographers with relevant expertise in the field of Spanish cinematographic fiction tradition. By using semi-structured interviews, the general taxonomy validation led to a final version together with a punctual definition of the terminology used in the investigation. This version joined a following experimentation starting from a structured analysis of audio-visual materials. In order to carry out this analysis six experts will be involved in the investigation: by using a structured and participant observation it was possible to examine the technical and aesthetic characteristics of a movie and, at the same time, to provide a description of the different movie formats according to the specific recording tool used. The content analysis is the best placed methodology in order to carry out the analysis of data collected during the interviews and the structured observation. Nevertheless, the utilization of different tools (bibliographic analysis, interviews, structured observation) enables a triangulation of evidence allowing the examination of the outcomes from different perspectives. Both, the interviews and the structured observation tools relied on a test pilot. To resume, the investigation makes possible the elaboration of a taxonomy including the principal features to pick up an high quality cinematographic image (or, an image with cinematographic value?) and to underline the differences between the two recording supports used.

Iranian film has in recent decades comprised an increasingly important and influential cinema. The Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 paved the way for freedom of artistic and literary expression, communicating a new generation of unheard voices in Iranian society. More specifically Iranian cinema has progressed in maintaining an identity that reflects both a contemporary nation and auteuristic cinematics. Abbas Kiarostami is one of the more recent and leading film directors rewarded with critical and filmmaking acclaim out of Iran, producing contemporary snapshots of society and culture. His filmmaking methods and ideals are very much reflective of the style of post Second World War Italian Neorealism. In context and filmmaking principles Kiarostami adapts the conventions of Neorealism in exploring contemporary Iranian socio-cultural problems in a similar manner. This project aims to explore the relationship between the style and context of his filmmaking in terms of mise-en-scène, themes and socio-cultural concerns. It shows how Kiarostami creates a distinctive form of Neorealist filmmaking to get at the ‘truths’ of contemporary Iranian life in a particular way. In doing so an emergent strand of a modern-Neorealism becomes apparent.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Marburg. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 381-391) and index.

Em cenário brasileiro, os estudos de gênero se consolidam no final da década de 70, com fortalecimento dos movimentos feministas que possuíam reivindicações específicas do universo feminino. Ao longo dos anos, esta luta por direitos de igualdade, construiu uma significativa representação da imagem da mulher na sociedade, que busca ultrapassar a imagem tradicional e estereotipada, advinda de forças patriarcais e machistas. A construção dessa mudança é o resultado de muitas elaborações críticas e teóricas por parte da comunidade acadêmica que, interessada nos estudos culturais e pós-estruturalistas, começou a pensar criticamente sobre as questões de gênero, e mais especificamente sobre a posição e representação da mulher no contexto sociocultural. Portanto, compreender a analítica da categoria gênero, levou para a sociedade, o reconhecimento de uma variedade de formas de interpretação, simbolização e organização das diferenças sexuais nas relações sociais, perfilando um crítico discurso que se espalhou também pelas ciências da comunicação, sobretudo o cinema. Nesta perspectiva, a intenção desta pesquisa é apresentar um estudo sobre a imagem da mulher na cinematografia brasileira dos filmes dirigidos por mulheres no período entre 2002 a 2012. Os filmes foram selecionados e categorizados de acordo com uma ficha de análise em três diferentes categorias, filmes que reforçam a identidade da mulher, filmes que questionam a identidade da mulher e filmes que desconstroem a identidade da mulher e, diante disso, busca apresentar uma reflexão que vai além da categorização identitária, como um modo de interrogar a construção de premissas definidoras de gêneros e aliando-se ao conceito de performatividade para abordar a impossibilidade de definição de identidades, por meio de características normalizadas para a definirem. / In the Brazilian context, gender studies are consolidated at the end of the 70s, with strengthening of feminist movements who had specific demands of the feminine universe. Over the years, this struggle for equal rights, has built a significant image of women's representation in society, which seeks to overcome traditional and stereotypical images, arising from patriarchal and chauvinistic forces. The construction of this change is the result of much criticism and theoretical elaborations by the academic community, interested in cultural studies and post-structuralist, he began to think critically about gender issues, and more specifically on the position and representation of women in sociocultural context. Therefore, understanding the analytical category of gender, took to the society, the recognition of a variety of forms of interpretation, symbolization and organization of sex differences in social relations, outlining a critical discourse that is also spread by the communication sciences, especially cinema. In this perspective, the intent of this research is to present a study on the image of women in Brazilian cinematography of films directed by women between 2002 and 2012. The films were selected and categorized according to a summary sheet in three different categories, movies that reinforce the woman's identity, films that question the identity of the woman and movies that deconstruct the identity of the woman and, before that, seeks to present a reflection that goes beyond identity categorization as a way to question the construction of premises defining genres and combining with the concept of Performativity to address the impossibility of defining identity, through standard for defining characteristics.