Examinations have long been adopting for the selection of the public officials and become an essential tradition in our country. For centuries, the examination system, incorporated with fairness, has served as the recruitment mechanism and its functions and value still remain. The Senior Civil Service Examination traces its roots to the traditional examination systems and has become the most important examination. In order to recommend the brightest and ablest for the notion¡¦s recruitment and service, it is necessary to look into the background and the implementation status of the Senior Civil Service Examination system after seven decades since its establishment, while reviewing its capacity in response to the changes of the external environment. In addition, the reengineering of the examination system from the western countries to meet the challenges of new century is also the subject of the concern. This paper has three purposes. First, investigate the establishment and the current development of the Senior Civil Examination and explore its implementation and the potential problems. Second, research the recruiting system from other counties such as United Kingdom, United States, Germany, French, and Japan, etc. and take their experience as the reference. Last but not least, provide a feasible proposal to improve the effectiveness of our existing Senior Civil Examination for the public officials. Three different methodologies are used in this paper, the Document Analysis method, the Comparative method, and the In-depth interviewing method. The objective of this paper is to propose a suggestion of innovation and development for our existing Senior Civil Examination system for the public officials in regard to aspects such as the implementation status of our current examination systems and the experience learned from other countries. Keywords: the public officials, examination, the examination system, the Senior Civil Service Examination, background¡C

Nesta pesquisa teve-se como objetivo analisar imagens do professor de língua portuguesa presentes em concursos públicos da Grande São Paulo; para tanto, foram selecionados como corpora dezesseis editais e cinco provas para contratação de professores dos últimos anos do ensino fundamental, todos publicados entre 2002 e 2008. O conceito de imagem empregado origina-se da Análise do Discurso, mais especificamente, das considerações de Pêcheux (1993b) acerca das formações imaginárias, que se caracterizariam por imagens que os interlocutores fazem de si mesmos, do outro e do referente no ato da comunicação. Assim, considerando-se as especificidades de um concurso público para seleção de professores, chegou-se a duas formações cruciais para a pesquisa: que imagem o instituto e o município fazem do professor para selecioná-lo? e que imagem o instituto e o município fazem do conteúdo necessário para selecionar o professor?. Dada a complexidade do material analisado, recorreu-se a conceitos advindos de diferentes linhas teóricas, como Análise do Discurso, Análise Crítica do Discurso, Filologia, Sociologia, História Cultural e Teoria da Enunciação, para que fosse possível discutir de forma ampla as características dos corpora. Inicialmente, procurou-se verificar quais eram os livros mais indicados nos editais e as tendências decorrentes para, posteriormente, examiná-las também nas provas. No que concerne ao conteúdo que se espera do professor de língua portuguesa, as análises indicaram que prevalecem as imagens do trabalho com textos e com a perspectiva gramatical, todavia a observação das provas permitiu constatar que há um cruzamento entre essas tendências, o que impede a realização plena do trabalho com textos. Também foram abordadas características não ligadas ao conteúdo, mas que da mesma forma diziam respeito à imagem acerca do candidato, como, por exemplo, o fato de indicações bibliográficas de concursos por vezes serem copiadas de outros editais, os erros em títulos de livros, a indicação de livros didáticos e a impossibilidade de o candidato permanecer com o caderno de questões após a realização da prova em determinados concursos. Concluiu-se que as imagens, ligadas ou não ao conteúdo que se espera do professor de língua portuguesa, concentram-se predominantemente em sua capacidade de leitura. No entanto, ao mesmo tempo em que se exige uma perspectiva de trabalho centrada na produção de textos, subestima-se o candidato durante as etapas do concurso no que diz respeito à leitura, fato perceptível, por exemplo, pela indicação de livros inexistentes e didáticos. / This research had as objective to analyze images of the Portuguese language teacher present at civil service examinations in Greater Sao Paulo; for that purpose sixteen public notices and five examinations for hiring teachers for the last years of Elementary School, published between 2002 and 2008, were selected as corpora. The concept of image used comes from the Discourse Analysis, more specifically, Pêcheux (1993b) considerations about the imaginary formations, which would be characterized by images that the interlocutors make of themselves, the others and the referent during the act of communication. Thus, considering the specifics of a civil service examination for the selection of teachers, two crucial formations were regarded for the research: \"what image do the institute and the municipality make of the teacher to select him?\" and \"what image do the institute and municipality make of the content needed to select the teacher?\". Given the complexity of the analyzed material, we used the concepts from different theoretical backgrounds, such as Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, Philology, Sociology, Cultural History and Theory of Utterance, so we could discuss broadly the characteristics of corpora. Initially, we sought to determine which books were most indicated in the public notices and resulting trends, so that later they could also be appraised on the examinations. Regarding the content that is expected from a Portuguese language teacher, the analysis indicated that the images of the work with texts and the grammatical perspective prevail, however the observation of the evidence revealed that there is a crossing between these tendencies, which prevents the completion of the work with texts. Features that were not linked to the content were also discussed herein, they concerned the image of the candidate, for example, the fact that bibliographical indications are copied several times from other public notices, the errors in book titles, the indication of textbooks and the inability of the candidate to remain with the questions sheet after the completion of the examination in certain civil service examination sessions. In conclusion, the images, whether or not linked to the content expected from a Portuguese language teacher, focus predominantly on their ability to read. However, while it requires a labor-centered perspective of text production, the candidate is underestimated during the civil service examination stages regarding his reading skills, a noticeable fact, for example, given the indications of nonexistent books and textbooks.

Nesta pesquisa teve-se como objetivo analisar imagens do professor de língua portuguesa presentes em concursos públicos da Grande São Paulo; para tanto, foram selecionados como corpora dezesseis editais e cinco provas para contratação de professores dos últimos anos do ensino fundamental, todos publicados entre 2002 e 2008. O conceito de imagem empregado origina-se da Análise do Discurso, mais especificamente, das considerações de Pêcheux (1993b) acerca das formações imaginárias, que se caracterizariam por imagens que os interlocutores fazem de si mesmos, do outro e do referente no ato da comunicação. Assim, considerando-se as especificidades de um concurso público para seleção de professores, chegou-se a duas formações cruciais para a pesquisa: que imagem o instituto e o município fazem do professor para selecioná-lo? e que imagem o instituto e o município fazem do conteúdo necessário para selecionar o professor?. Dada a complexidade do material analisado, recorreu-se a conceitos advindos de diferentes linhas teóricas, como Análise do Discurso, Análise Crítica do Discurso, Filologia, Sociologia, História Cultural e Teoria da Enunciação, para que fosse possível discutir de forma ampla as características dos corpora. Inicialmente, procurou-se verificar quais eram os livros mais indicados nos editais e as tendências decorrentes para, posteriormente, examiná-las também nas provas. No que concerne ao conteúdo que se espera do professor de língua portuguesa, as análises indicaram que prevalecem as imagens do trabalho com textos e com a perspectiva gramatical, todavia a observação das provas permitiu constatar que há um cruzamento entre essas tendências, o que impede a realização plena do trabalho com textos. Também foram abordadas características não ligadas ao conteúdo, mas que da mesma forma diziam respeito à imagem acerca do candidato, como, por exemplo, o fato de indicações bibliográficas de concursos por vezes serem copiadas de outros editais, os erros em títulos de livros, a indicação de livros didáticos e a impossibilidade de o candidato permanecer com o caderno de questões após a realização da prova em determinados concursos. Concluiu-se que as imagens, ligadas ou não ao conteúdo que se espera do professor de língua portuguesa, concentram-se predominantemente em sua capacidade de leitura. No entanto, ao mesmo tempo em que se exige uma perspectiva de trabalho centrada na produção de textos, subestima-se o candidato durante as etapas do concurso no que diz respeito à leitura, fato perceptível, por exemplo, pela indicação de livros inexistentes e didáticos. / This research had as objective to analyze images of the Portuguese language teacher present at civil service examinations in Greater Sao Paulo; for that purpose sixteen public notices and five examinations for hiring teachers for the last years of Elementary School, published between 2002 and 2008, were selected as corpora. The concept of image used comes from the Discourse Analysis, more specifically, Pêcheux (1993b) considerations about the imaginary formations, which would be characterized by images that the interlocutors make of themselves, the others and the referent during the act of communication. Thus, considering the specifics of a civil service examination for the selection of teachers, two crucial formations were regarded for the research: \"what image do the institute and the municipality make of the teacher to select him?\" and \"what image do the institute and municipality make of the content needed to select the teacher?\". Given the complexity of the analyzed material, we used the concepts from different theoretical backgrounds, such as Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, Philology, Sociology, Cultural History and Theory of Utterance, so we could discuss broadly the characteristics of corpora. Initially, we sought to determine which books were most indicated in the public notices and resulting trends, so that later they could also be appraised on the examinations. Regarding the content that is expected from a Portuguese language teacher, the analysis indicated that the images of the work with texts and the grammatical perspective prevail, however the observation of the evidence revealed that there is a crossing between these tendencies, which prevents the completion of the work with texts. Features that were not linked to the content were also discussed herein, they concerned the image of the candidate, for example, the fact that bibliographical indications are copied several times from other public notices, the errors in book titles, the indication of textbooks and the inability of the candidate to remain with the questions sheet after the completion of the examination in certain civil service examination sessions. In conclusion, the images, whether or not linked to the content expected from a Portuguese language teacher, focus predominantly on their ability to read. However, while it requires a labor-centered perspective of text production, the candidate is underestimated during the civil service examination stages regarding his reading skills, a noticeable fact, for example, given the indications of nonexistent books and textbooks.

晚清於西元1905年廢除科舉制度，並欲以西式新學堂代替科舉以育才選才，而數量龐大的傳統知識份子，以致失去其原本入仕的管道。本文先概述晚清廢科舉的來龍去脈，以理解科舉被停廢的緣由；而後再進一步討論當時政府對廢科舉所採取的配套措施，藉此探討新教育制度的實施情況，士子是否能與其順利銜接，以及未來的工作與出路，以了解入仕或往其他領域發展之士人佔所有科舉出身者的比率。簡言之，本文研究目的有三：一、探討科舉廢除後，傳統士人在社會變遷下的適應情形；二、探討代替科舉而起的新教育制度運作情形；三、探討科舉制度變遷的意義與對現代教育的啟示。 本文的研究對象為甲辰科進士273人、舉人8,000人、貢生35,000以及生員55,0000人。研究發現，甲辰科進士於朝考除授後，仍有97位的晚清經歷可考，進入民國後則有75位；而中下層傳統知識份子中，有約三成進入新式學堂中，其餘七成可能任議員、塾師、學堂職員、入仕、任職於民間機構，或者逐漸沒落。從研究發現中可得知，傳統知識份子於科舉廢除後，雖仍有相當影響力但其發展已大不如前，尤其是中下階層的傳統知識份子而言；而取代科舉的西式新學堂，則達到疏散大量生員的功能。 該措施對現代教育的啟示，則有三點：一、需有足夠的經費；二、舊有教育制度不宜全部廢除；三、不宜忽略舊式人才。而對後續的研究建議則有。 / The Civil Service Examination was abolished and replaced by the new western school system in late Ching China (1905). Thereafter, traditional intellectuals who passed the Civil Service Examination lost the channels to be officials. This study includes two parts. The first one is to describe the process and the reasons of abolishing Civil Service Examination. In order to inquire the transformation of the traditional intellectuals under the new education system. The second one is to discuss the supporting measures, including the new career of the traditional intellectuals. The main purposes of this study are as follows: (i) to inquire how the traditional intellectuals adapt to new social circumstances. (ii) To explore the operation of the new education system. (iii) To discuss the implications in modern education. The subjects of this study include 273 chia-chen-ko chin-shihs(甲辰科進士), 8,000 chu-jen(舉人), 35,000 kung-sheng(貢生), and 55,0000 hsiu tsai(生員). The findings of this study are: (i) The records of those who passed Cho-examination the trends of 97 chia-chen-ko chin-shihs in late Ching and 75 chia-chen-ko chin-shihs in ROC were found. (ii) The 30％ of chu-jen, kung-sheng, and hsiu tsai studied or taught in new type schools. The rest of them, 70% of the middle-low rank ones, served as congressmen, teachers of Ssu-shu, staffs of new school, officials, employees of private sectors or no records be found in the new era. (iii) After the Civil Service Examination being abolished, traditional intellectuals still had considerable influence than before but declining, especially the middle-lower rank of traditional intellectuals. (iv) New schools have achieved the goal of relocating traditional intellectuals.

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive.

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive.

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

公務人員受委託行使行政權，享有身分保障和穩定收入，因而被視為社會體系的中上階層。基於此等特性，學者曾經提出代表性官僚理論與多元代表性等理論，希望能夠以此調和民主與效率兩大價值，達成政策執行的實質公平。然過去相關的實證研究，多半屬於「事後檢測」。但是我國公民除了通過公務人員考試之外，幾乎沒有其他擠身常任文官的管道，因此有關代表性或多元性的討論應該包括考試階段。換言之，考試錄取人員的人口特性值得深入的分析。本研究以2003至2007年的高等考試參與者為主要研究對象，輔以司法官三等考試的資料以利比較。接著，引用社會學「地位取得」的分析架構，採取指數比較分析與邏輯迴歸分析，探索性別、年齡、受教育時間、畢業學校特性、出身地域與錄取與否的關係。 　　本研究結果顯示，女性、非傳統公立綜合大學的畢業生、鄉鎮地區出身者以及41歲以上的考生在公務人員考試中處於較為不利的地位，但是與優勢團體之間的差距隨著考試等級和種類有所不同。例如女性在行政類與司法官考試中，與男性的表現平分秋色甚至猶有過之；剛完成高等教育的25歲以下人口在司法官考試裡最具優勢，但高考三級則有利於26至35歲的青年；傳統公立大學的文憑與都市出身的背景，在技術類考試能發揮的正效果比行政類考試為弱。基於上述的研究發現，為消除各種團體在公務人員考試裡的地位差距，本研究對於未來的考選政策提出下列建議：1.加強命題與口試委員的多元化；2.強化試題的研究發展；3.配合政府再造鬆綁人事法規；4.營造一個落實多元平等的大環境。 / Civil servants, with administrative power in hand, are commonly regarded as part of upper class. Therefore, researchers, to integrate democracy and efficiency in civil service system and to realize the genuine equality, propose representative bureaucracy and team diversity theory. Senior Civil Service Examination, the main approach, if not only, for citizens in Taiwan to enter the bureaucracy affects the representativeness and diversity of state apparatus substantially. By adopting the research approach of “status attainment” from sociology, this study gives an account of the relation between the examination result and the demographics in terms of gender, education, school characteristic, and region. All the data of this research is based on participators’ personnel information cards collected by the Ministry of Examination from 2003 to 2007. The result indicates that four types of participators are inferior in the examination, including women, graduates from private untraditional technological colleges, participators from rural areas, and adults above forty-one years old. The differences between superior and inferior groups, however, vary with the level and subject of examination. To prevent demographic differences in Senior Civil Service Examination, the study suggests the following factors be considered: the diversity of the composition of examiners committee should be ensured, the enhancement of development research of test questions, the deregulation of public personnel rules and, last but not least, the construction of a diversity-respecting society.

我國公務人員考試錄取人員須經訓練及格才能成為正式公務人員，公務人員職前訓練分為基礎訓練與實務訓練，公務人員保障暨培訓委員會及所屬國家文官學院為辦理基礎訓練，每年均投入大量資金與人力，為瞭解訓練成效，爰進行本研究，並以102年公務人員高等考試錄取人員為研究對象，並以KirkpAtrick的四階層評估理論為基礎，針對反應層次與學習層次進行研究，以瞭解不同考試類科、受訓地區及訓練機關（構）之受訓人員，對於課程、講座、教材、整體、輔導員或行政安排等反應層次的滿意度，以及基訓成績、本質特性、測驗成績、選擇題、實務寫作題或是專題研討等學習層的成績，是否有所不同？國家文官學院及中區培訓中心自辦訓練與委外代訓機關（構）之訓練成效，是否有差異？ 進行分析後發現如下：一、如同KirkpAtrick全新的四階層評估理論模式所強調，反應層次影響學習層次；二、不論自辦或委辦訓練機關（構）之訓練成訓均各有優劣，訓練機關（構）之訓練成效各異；三、經由t檢定結果顯示，考試類科對在講座及教材問項均達顯著影響，先備知識影響訓練成效。爰針對研究發現提出幾項建議：一、實施前測與後測，確認職能缺口與訓練成效；二、訓前規劃前測；彈性運用評量方式，建立多元評鑑機制；三、整合訓練資料，建立長期追蹤資料庫；四、應針對訓練機關（構）學校進行訓練成效評估，並依據評估結果，決定合作之優先順序，以掌握訓練品質，以保障受訓人員權益，讓全體公務人員素質不斷提升。 / To become a Civil Servant in Taiwan, one must pass the civil service examination and training, where training is further divided into basic and on-the-job training. The Civil Service Protection and Training Commission (CSPTC) and National Academy of Civil Service (NACS) devoted hours of manpower and funds annually in organizing basic training and to better comprehend the training effectiveness, a study was conducted on 2013 Senior Civil Service Examination trainees using the New World Kirkpatrick Model as the basis for evaluation. The study focused on reaction (level 1) and learning (level 2) levels of the Kirkpatrick Model. The study aims to understand trainee’s satisfactory reactions of different examination topics, training locations and training organizations on courses, forums, training materials, assistant counselors, administrative planning and the overall experience; the learning level wishes to identify differences through basic training grades, intrinsic properties, examination grades, multiple choice questions, on-the-job essays and seminars, if any? In addition, are there any differences in the training effectiveness between National Academy of Civil Service and out-sourced organizations? The analysis of the study found the following 1. The study conforms to New World Kirkpatrick Model’s emphasis that reaction affects learning. 2. Regardless of the training organization (government or out-sourced), there are pros and cons, and varying degrees of training effectiveness. 3. As t-test data shows, seminars and materials showed significant effectiveness for examination topics, pre knowledge greatly affects the training outcome. Hence I proposed the following: A. Administer pre and post examinations to identify training needs and confirm training effectiveness. B. Pre examination before training: flexible evaluation methods to establish variable evaluation mechanisms. C. Integrate training data and build a long term track record and database. D. Conduct training effectiveness evaluation on training organizations to prioritize training courses for the best possible quality, protect trainees’ rights and in turn, steadily boost the overall quality of Civil Servants.

No description available.