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Our society changed, but the urban water and sanitation system of today is roughly the same as it was 100 years ago. The system is designed for, developed from and sustained by human activities, and has since its introduction affected household patterns of routine activities. The urban water and sanitation system is now being criticised for not being sustainable due to excessive material, energy and chemical use, and failure to recycle and reuse resources. Altering household practices is perceived as one important step towards improved sustainability. In this study, two changes in water and sanitation arrangements at the household level are analysed: individual meters for volumetric billing of hot and cold water, and dry toilets with separate collection of urine and faeces. These arrangements increase system transparency, and their proponents believe that the arrangements enhance resource recycling and/or rsource savings. However, success in this regard can only be achieved if accompanied by appropriate household routines. The extent to which such appropriate routines come about and why (not) is the focus of attention in this study; the aim is to describe and analyse the interaction between householder routines and changes in water and sanitation arrangements. This study takes as its starting point household everyday life. A methodological combination of time-diaries, interviews, physical measurements and simple observations is developed and implemented in two cases; the housing area Ringdansen with flats (volumetric billing) and the collective Gebers based on an ecological way of life (dry toilets). The theoretical approach is developed from time-geography and culture analysis. The methodological and theoretical approaches have proven useful and can be developed further. Household responded differently to the volumetric billing in Ringdansen, but in general, no sweeping routine changes took place in the households. A comparison of average total water usage per household (at an aggregated level) between the two cases, showed no significant difference. Water-use routines are also similar in the two areas, even though variations appear between households. There seems to be a socio-culturally defined lower limit for water use, regarded as necessary for maintaining sufficient standards of cleanliness and comfort, irrespective of the influence of ecological or economic incentives. Differences in household composition, built-in technical arrangements and existence of a garden (Gebers) explain the differences in hot and cold water usage between the two areas. The dry toilet was shown to have a decisive impact on toilet disposal routines; only biodegradable waste products are thrown into it and the cleaning agents are environmentally friendly toilet disposal routines that reach beyond the 'good' routines evolving from environmental concern. The relationship between changes in water and sanitation arrangements and householder routines may be expressed as follows: an extensive change in arrangements, either technical/physical, organisational and/or economical, results in more radical routine changes, and more so if combined. However, the improvement as regard ecological sustainability is conditional on what is socio-culturally accepted - social sustainability.

The work deals with exegetic-ethical analysis of sexual motives in the Pentateuch. It aims to analyse as well as to systematize the issue of human sexuality in the Five Books of Moses, and to create a compact illustration of the problem. The major part of the work includes an analysis of sexual motives in significant legal regulations - the Ten Commandments, the Covenant Code, the Holiness Code and the Deuteronomic Code. However, the other parts of the Pentateuch must not be left out of consideration and are covered in a separate chapter. The final part tries to synthesize the obtained findings and evaluate systematically the basic sexual questions appearing in the Five Books of Moses.

Orientador: Cristina Meneguello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_DaisySerra_D.pdf: 17587555 bytes, checksum: d7babb87daaf16082d65901528cb7f10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: No período entre 1931 a 1946, verificamos, através dos relatórios dos prefeitos municipais à Câmara dos vereadores, que a cidade de Campinas passava por modificações urbanas significativas. Uma série de leis e medidas administrativas passam a ser implementadas no sentido, ao que tudo indica, de incentivar a organização do município para enfrentar uma vocação que teve início no final do século XIX, ou seja, uma função cada vez mais ligada à industria. Nas manifestações desta interferência e seus impactos no poder municipal, é que propomos projeto para se estudar as hipóteses de que os mecanismos aplicados nesta ação possam ter sido fator significativo na configuração do modelo de cidade industrial revelado em Campinas no período, como também parece ter vindo impedir o surgimento de lideranças políticas regionais. A implantação deste sistema nas políticas urbanas refletidas na distribuição do uso dos espaços, são pontos que nortearão nossa linha de pesquisa / Abstract: In the period enter 1931 and 1946, verify, through the reports of the municipal mayors to the Chamber of the councilmen who the city of Campinas passed for significant urban modifications. An administrative series of laws and me!lsures pass to be implemented in the direction to stÍmulate the organization of the city to face a vocation that had beginning in the end of century XIX, that is, a function each on time the industry. In the manifestations of this interference and its impacts in the municipal power, it is that we consider project to study the hypotheses of that the mechanisms applied in this action can have been significant facto r in the configuration of the discosed model of industrial city in Campinas in the period, as well as seems to have come to hinder the sprouting of leaderships regional politicas. The implantation of this system in the reflected urban politicas in the distribution of the use of the spaces, is points that will guide our line of research / Doutorado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Doutor em História

Worldwide, around 780 million people lack access to improved drinking water sources and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation (WHO, 2013c). The United Nations (UN) declared access to drinking water and sanitation a fundamental human right in July 2010 (UN, 2010). Each year there are approximately 1.7 billion cases of diarrhoea worldwide. It kills around 2.2 million people globally each year (4.0% of all death), of which 760,000 are children under five years old, mostly in developing countries. Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old (WHO, 2013c). The lack of drinking water, sanitation facilities and good hygiene practises are considered the main causes for diarrhoea (WHO, 2013d). For this dissertation, a specific health intervention (CBHFA - Community based Health and First Aid) was evaluated which had taken place during three years in 20 target communities in Bokeo Province in Lao PDR. The activities were in the field of water supply, sanitation facilities and hygiene education against diarrhoea. Objective: The objective of this survey study is to show that hygiene behaviour changes in a certain target population through the implementation of CBHFA, if a) individuals have access to improved drinking water sources; b) have access to a HH latrine and c) receive hygiene information. An improvement by 50.0% for each of the hygiene indicator: water use and treatment, hand washing, sanitation, food handling, waste disposal and cleanliness was considered a behavioural change and thus an illustration of the effectiveness of CBHFA. Methods: Hygiene behaviour was measured before and after the CBHFA intervention through above mentioned hygiene indicators. Quantitative figures were collected at two different points in time, in a pre- and post-survey, then analysed and evaluated. Interviews and observations were done through community assessment/evaluation with 20 focus groups in all target communities. 488/487 (pre-survey/post-survey) households (HHs) were interviewed and observed. Knowledge about diarrhoea (definition/signs, prevention, danger, treatment and modes of transmission) was tested. The change in hygiene behaviour as well as the water and sanitation situation was measured through a comparison of the pre- with the post-results. The Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated for different variables, such as ethnicity, gender, education, age and income and their changes before and after the implementation of the health intervention project. Results: Water use and sanitation This research clearly shows that the availability of a public water system (gravity fed water system) in the target communities has increased (from 45.0% to 85.0%) as well as the availability and use of hand flush pit latrines (from 20.2% to 63.7%). 95.2% of HHs that owned a latrine used them. The water treatment through “boiling” (from 70.1% to 75.0%) in HHs has improved, but not significantly. Open defecation (OD) decreased from 78.9% to 34.7% (by 56.0%). However it is still practised by more than a third of HHs. OD is one of the highest transmission risks of diarrhoea and can only be eliminated by 100.0% sanitation within the community (WHO, 2008). Hand washing There has been a significant increase of interviewees washing their hands with water and soap (from 8.0% to 38.0%). This result was confirmed by observing the existence of soap in kitchens with 33.0% and in latrines with 20.3% of HHs. The ORs calculated for hand washing “with water and soap” and compared for each stratum of the variables gender, formal education and age group show no statistical difference, but there is a statistical difference regarding income and washing hands “with water and soap”. Relevant occasions for hand washing, such as “after defecation” and “before food preparing”, that could reduce the risk of the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases have not achieved a meaningful improvement. Waste disposal Waste disposal, such as collecting and burning has increased from 23.4% to 42.5% (by 81.6%) according to the HH responses. A matter of concern is the increased HHs (from 26.8% to 29.0%) that disposed their waste by “throwing the waste outside the village”. This waste disposal method is statistically different regarding formal education. The number of HHs with non-educated interviewees where this method was practised has increased over the intervention time in contrast to the number of HHs with educated interviewees. Knowledge about diarrhoea Knowledge was tested. The definition/signs of diarrhoea, its prevention, danger, treatment and modes of transmission were not known by more than 50.0% of the interviewees. It seems that hygiene indicators can improve without this awareness, if improved water and sanitation facilities are provided. However, further investigations are required. The results show that knowledge about diarrhoea is not statistically different regarding formal education and age, but regarding gender. Giving at least one right answer was higher in women than in men. Results and income The results of the pre-survey show that income is significantly associated with owning a latrine and using water vessels, such as pots and jars for drinking, but not associated with using soap for hand washing. However after the implementation of the health interventions, the comparison of the ORs of the HHs with low income per capita (≤200,000 LAK, exchange rate: 1 EUR=10,000 LAK) versus the HHs with high income per capita (>200,000 LAK) shows a statistical difference regarding hand washing “with water and soap”. The OR of the high income per capita group is stronger than the OR of the low income per capita group. Owning a latrine does not show a statistical difference regarding income due to the provision of subsidized latrines by the health intervention project. Occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases The pre-survey results clearly show that diarrhoeal diseases ranked at the top of all recorded cases of diseases. The post-survey results show fewer villages with diarrhoeal outbreak and reduced numbers of reported cases. Summary: An improvement by 50.0% has been reached in hand washing with water and soap, reduction of OD, safe food (by covering), waste disposal (by collecting and burning) and cleanliness but no improvement has been reached in the hygiene indicators “water use and treatment” and in crucial “occasions for hand washing (after defecation, before food preparing)”. Therefore the CBHFA intervention is considered only partially effective in the field of hygiene behaviour change.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / As historians have expanded their interests from focusing on great men and groundbreaking events to perspectives that explore everyday experiences or ordinary people, odor emerges as an important interpretative lens. Understanding the olfactory history of communities, especially what types of odors were present and how people perceived and reacted to them, enlarges historians’ understanding of the life experiences and behaviors of people in the past. The historical study of odor provides insights into how quality of life and standards of living have changed over time. Understanding how people of different times reacted to odors suggests how they perceived the sensory world around them, including people living close by. In this thesis, I examine the olfactory conditions of the neighborhood surrounding the Union Stockyards and associated meat processing facilities on Chicago’s south side in the first decade of the twentieth century. During this period, an overpowering combination of putrid odors characterized this neighborhood, known as Back of the Yards. Various factors contributed to this malodorous “smellscape,” and it impacted the quality of life of the predominantly immigrant communities that made up the workforce and residents of that neighborhood.

Master´s thesis deals with the issue of internal microclimate of clean rooms. The experimental part focuses on aerosol and microbial microclimate. Different operating and intervention rooms were measured and then evaluated whether the cleanroom would comply with the standard cleanliness class even in normal operation after previous validations. The microbial examination of different clean spaces investigated the extent to which the exact passive fall method and its evaluation were time-dependent. From the data the correct desing of the air-conditioning system and its subsequent realization and regultion were verified. The theoretical part describes requirements for clean rooms according to SÚKL-LEK 17 and ČSN EN ISO 14644-1. In addition, a detailed methodology of the procedure of air-conditioning implementation is elaborated to the final validation and testing of clean rooms.

The work describes an air conditioning and circulation system of a clean room environment in of a semiconductor production site. It is based on given requirements for air cleanness, temperature preasure and relative moisture. The first half of the work describes the way the system should work, classification of construction and operation of the site. The second half describes the calculations of the given parameters on which the system is designed. The calculations deal with - Air exchange and maintaining the required parameters - Designing the muti stage air filtration system - Designing the air flow speed, intake and outlet parameters of the air conditiong distribution system - Desingning the air conditioning units and their possitioning in the utility room

[ES] La endoscopia capsular (CE) es una ampliamente utilizada alternativa mínimamente invasiva a la endoscopia tradicional, que permite la visualización de todo el intestino delgado, mientras no es posible hacerlo fácilmente con los procedimientos más invasivos. Sin embargo, esos métodos tradicionales aún suelen ser la primera opción de tratamiento, ya que todavía existen desafíos importantes en el campo de la CE, incluyendo el tiempo necesario para el diagnóstico por vídeo después del procedimiento, el hecho de que la cápsula no se puede controlar activamente, la falta de consenso sobre una buena preparación del paciente y el coste alto. En esta tesis doctoral, nuestro objetivo es extraer más información de los procedimientos de endoscopía por cápsula para ayudar a aliviar estos problemas desde una perspectiva que parece estar subrepresentada en la investigación actual. Primero, como el objetivo principal en esta tesis, pretendemos desarrollar un método de evaluación de la limpieza en procedimientos de CE automático y objetivo para asistir la investigación médica en métodos de preparación de los pacientes. Específicamente, a pesar de que una preparación adecuada del paciente pueda ayudar a obtener una mejor visibilidad, los estudios sobre el método más efectivo son contradictorios debido a la ausencia de tal método. Por lo tanto, pretendemos proporcionar un método de ese tipo, capaz de presentar la limpieza en una escala intuitiva, con una novedosa arquitectura relativamente ligera de una red neuronal convolucional en su núcleo. Entrenamos este modelo en un conjunto de datos extensivo de más de 50,000 parches de imágenes, obtenidos de 35 procedimientos CE diferentes, y lo comparamos con métodos de clasificación del estado del arte. A partir de la clasificación, desarrollamos un método para automáticamente estimar las probabilidades a nivel de píxel y deducir los puntos en la escala de la evaluación de la limpieza a través de umbrales aprendidos. Después, validamos nuestro método en un entorno clínico en 30 videos de CE obtenidos nuevamente, comparando las puntuaciones resultantes con las asignadas de forma independiente por especialistas humanos. Obtuvimos la mayor precisión de clasificación para el método propuesto (95,23%), con tiempos de predicción promedios significativamente más bajos que para el segundo mejor método. En la validación, encontramos un acuerdo aceptable con dos especialistas humanos en comparación con el acuerdo interhumano, mostrando su validez como método de evaluación objetivo. Adicionalmente, otro objetivo de este trabajo es detectar automáticamente el túnel y ubicar el túnel en cada fotograma. Para este objetivo, entrenamos un modelo basado en R-CNN, concretamente el detector ligero YOLOv3, en un total de 1385 fotogramas, extraídos de procedimientos de CE de 10 pacientes diferentes. De tal manera, alcanzamos una precisión del 86,55% y una recuperación del 88,79% en nuestro conjunto de datos de test. Ampliando este objetivo, también pretendemos visualizar la motilidad intestinal de una manera análoga a una manometría intestinal tradicional, basada únicamente en la técnica mínimamente invasiva de CE. Para esto, alineamos los fotogramas con similar orientación y derivamos los parámetros adecuados para nuestro método de segmentación de las propiedades del rectángulo delimitador del túnel. Finalmente, calculamos el tamaño relativo del túnel para construir un equivalente de una manometría intestinal a partir de información visual. Desde que concluimos nuestro trabajo, nuestro método para la evaluación automática de la limpieza se ha utilizado en un estudio a gran escala aún en curso, en el que participamos activamente. Mientras gran parte de la investigación se centra en la detección automática de patologías, como tumores, pólipos y hemorragias, esperamos que nuestro trabajo pueda hacer una contribución significativa para extraer más información de la CE también en otras áreas frecuentemente subestimadas. / [CA] L'endoscòpia capsular (CE) és una àmpliament utilitzada alternativa mínimament invasiva a l'endoscòpia tradicional, que permet la visualització de tot l'intestí prim, mentre no és possible fer-lo fàcilment amb els procediments més invasius. No obstant això, aqueixos mètodes tradicionals encara solen ser la primera opció de tractament, ja que encara existeixen desafiaments importants en el camp de la CE, incloent el temps necessari per al diagnòstic per vídeo després del procediment, el fet que la càpsula no es pot controlar activament, la falta de consens sobre una bona preparació del pacient i el cost alt. En aquesta tesi doctoral, el nostre objectiu és extraure més informació dels procediments de endoscopía per càpsula per a ajudar a alleujar aquests problemes des d'una perspectiva que sembla estar subrepresentada en la investigació actual. Primer, com l'objectiu principal en aquesta tesi, pretenem desenvolupar un mètode d'avaluació de la neteja en procediments de CE automàtic i objectiu per a assistir la investigació mèdica en mètodes de preparació dels pacients. Específicament, a pesar que una preparació adequada del pacient puga ajudar a obtindre una millor visibilitat, els estudis sobre el mètode més efectiu són contradictoris a causa de l'absència de tal mètode. Per tant, pretenem proporcionar un mètode d'aqueix tipus, capaç de presentar la neteja en una escala intuïtiva, amb una nova arquitectura relativament lleugera d'una xarxa neuronal convolucional en el seu nucli. Entrenem aquest model en un conjunt de dades extensiu de més de 50,000 pegats d'imatges, obtinguts de 35 procediments CE diferents, i el comparem amb mètodes de classificació de l'estat de l'art. A partir de la classificació, desenvolupem un mètode per a automàticament estimar les probabilitats a nivell de píxel i deduir els punts en l'escala de l'avaluació de la neteja a través de llindars apresos. Després, validem el nostre mètode en un entorn clínic en 30 vídeos de CE obtinguts novament, comparant les puntuacions resultants amb les assignades de manera independent per especialistes humans. Vam obtindre la major precisió de classificació per al mètode proposat (95,23%), amb temps de predicció mitjanes significativament més baixos que per al segon millor mètode. En la validació, trobem un acord acceptable amb dos especialistes humans en comparació amb l'acord interhumà, mostrant la seua validesa com a mètode d'avaluació objectiu. Addicionalment, un altre objectiu d'aquest treball és detectar automàticament el túnel i situar el túnel en cada fotograma. Per a aquest objectiu, entrenem un model basat en R-CNN, concretament el detector lleuger YOLOv3, en un total de 1385 fotogrames, extrets de procediments de CE de 10 pacients diferents. De tal manera, aconseguim una precisió del 86,55% i una recuperació del 88,79% en el nostre conjunt de dades de test. Ampliant aquest objectiu, també pretenem visualitzar la motilitat intestinal d'una manera anàloga a una manometría intestinal tradicional, basada únicament en la tècnica mínimament invasiva de CE. Per a això, alineem els fotogrames amb similar orientació i derivem els paràmetres adequats per al nostre mètode de segmentació de les propietats del rectangle delimitador del túnel. Finalment, calculem la grandària relativa del túnel per a construir un equivalent d'una manometría intestinal a partir d'informació visual. Des que concloem el nostre treball, el nostre mètode per a l'avaluació automàtica de la neteja s'ha utilitzat en un estudi a gran escala encara en curs, en el qual participem activament. Mentre gran part de la investigació se centra en la detecció automàtica de patologies, com a tumors, pòlips i hemorràgies, esperem que el nostre treball puga fer una contribució significativa per a extraure més informació de la CE també en altres àrees sovint subestimades. / [EN] Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a widely used, minimally invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy that allows visualisation of the entire small intestine, whereas more invasive procedures cannot easily do this. However, those traditional methods are still commonly the first choice of treatment for gastroenterologists as there are still important challenges surrounding the field of CE. Among others, these include the time consuming video diagnosis following the procedure, the fact that the capsule cannot be actively controlled, lack of consensus on good patient preparation and the high cost. In this doctoral thesis, we aim to extract more information from capsule endoscopy procedures to aid in alleviating these issues from a perspective that appears to be under-represented in current research. First, and as the main objective in this thesis, we aim to develop an objective, automatic cleanliness evaluation method in CE procedures to aid medical research in patient preparation methods. Namely, even though adequate patient preparation can help to obtain a cleaner intestine and thus better visibility in the resulting videos, studies on the most effective preparation method are conflicting due to the absence of such a method. Therefore, we aim to provide such a method, capable of presenting results on an intuitive scale, with a relatively light-weight novel convolutional neural network architecture at its core. We trained this model on an extensive data set of over 50,000 image patches, collected from 35 different CE procedures, and compared it with state-of-the-art classification methods. From the patch classification results, we developed a method to automatically estimate pixel-level probabilities and deduce cleanliness evaluation scores through automatically learnt thresholds. We then validated our method in a clinical setting on 30 newly collected CE videos, comparing the resulting scores to those independently assigned by human specialists. We obtained the highest classification accuracy for the proposed method (95.23%), with significantly lower average prediction times than for the second-best method. In the validation of our method, we found acceptable agreement with two human specialists compared to interhuman agreement, showing its validity as an objective evaluation method. Additionally, we aim to automatically detect and localise the tunnel in each frame, in order to help determine the capsule orientation at any given time. For this purpose, we trained an R-CNN based model, namely the light-weight YOLOv3 detector, on a total of 1385 frames, extracted from CE procedures of 10 different patients, achieving a precision of 86.55% combined with a recall of 88.79% on our test set. Extending on this, we additionally aim to visualise intestinal motility in a manner analogous to a traditional intestinal manometry, solely based on the minimally invasive technique of CE, through aligning the frames with similar orientation and using the bounding box parameters to derive adequate parameters for our tunnel segmentation method. Finally, we calculate the relative tunnel size to construct an equivalent of an intestinal manometry from visual information. Since we concluded our work, our method for automatic cleanliness evaluation has been used in a still on-going, large-scale study, with in which we actively participate. While much research focuses on automatic detection of pathologies, such as tumors, polyps and bleedings, we hope our work can make a significant contribution to extract more information from CE also in other areas that are often overlooked. / Noorda, RA. (2022). Clearing the Way in Capsule Endoscopy with Deep Learning and Computer Vision [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183752 / TESIS

La litière de fumier recyclé (LFR) est utilisée dans les fermes laitières québécoises depuis quelques années, et ce, malgré le manque de connaissances scientifiques quant aux risques reliés à l’utilisation de ce produit pour la santé des animaux. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était de décrire les méthodes de production de LFR dans un contexte québécois et les pratiques de régie associées. Le deuxième objectif du projet consistait à déterminer le potentiel de recroissance de certaines espèces bactériennes dans la LFR lorsqu’elle est contaminée. Par la suite, le niveau de propreté et la prévalence de lésions aux jarrets chez les vaches laitières exposées ou non à ce produit ont été estimés. Finalement, l’association entre l’utilisation de LFR et l’incidence de mammite sous-clinique et clinique a été évaluée. Des études observationnelles cohorte ou transversale (selon l’objectif de recherche) ont été réalisées en 2018-2019 sur 27 fermes utilisant de la LFR et 61 fermes utilisant de la litière de paille, à titre comparatif. Les visites de fermes ont permis de constater que les méthodes utilisées pour produire de la LFR n’étaient pas standardisées et qu’elles ne permettaient pas un réel compostage de la fraction solide du fumier. Les essais de recroissance ont permis de démontrer que les différentes LFR (traitée en tas, contenant fermé ou cuve rotative) ne réagissaient pas de la même façon à une inoculation par des coliformes. La LFR de cuve rotative contenait une plus faible concentration initiale de Klebsiella spp. et a montré une croissance bactérienne significative dans les premières 24 h post-inoculation. Les LFR conditionnées dans des tas ou contenants avaient quant à elles une concentration initiale importante de Klebsiella spp. et n’ont pas démontré de croissance bactérienne significative suivant leur inoculation, ce qui suggère un effet de saturation de croissance bactérienne. Au cours de l’étude transversale, 30 vaches par troupeau, en moyenne, ont été notées à l’aide d’un score de propreté sur trois zones du corps ainsi que d’un score sur l’état des jarrets, afin d’estimer leur propreté et la présence de lésions aux jarrets. Le score de propreté attribué à chaque zone du corps des vaches allait de 1 à 4, 1 étant très propre et 4 très sale. Nous avons observé que les vaches logées sur LFR avaient, en général, une meilleure propreté du pis et du bas des pattes que celles logées sur paille. La LFR avait un effet protecteur pour le risque d’avoir un score de propreté du pis ≥ 3 (rapport de cotes (RC) : 0,43) ou d’avoir un score de 4 (RC : 0,29). Les vaches logées sur LFR avaient aussi le bas des membres plus propres que celles logées sur paille avec de plus faibles cotes d’avoir un score ≥ 2 (RC : 0,45), un score ≥ 3 (RC : 0,16) ou un score de 4 (RC : 0,07). Cependant, nous n’avons pas trouvé de différence entre les deux groupes d’animaux au niveau de la propreté du flanc et du haut des pattes. Lors de leur évaluation pour la propreté, les vaches ont aussi été notées à l’aide d’un score de lésions aux jarrets allant de 0 à 3. Un score de 0 représentait un jarret parfaitement sain alors qu’un score de 3 était attribué à un jarret présentant une enflure de plus de 2,5 cm. Les deux jarrets étaient évalués et le jarret ayant reçu le score le plus élevé était inclus dans les analyses. Nous n’avons pas identifié de différence quant aux scores de jarret entre les deux groupes d’animaux. Afin d’évaluer la santé de la glande mammaire, une étude cohorte d’une durée d’un an a été mise en place à partir de la visite de la ferme. Les dynamiques de comptages de cellules somatiques ont été suivies sur 11 031 vaches durant cette période afin d’analyser l’incidence de mammite sous-clinique. Nous n’avons pas été en mesure de détecter une différence d’incidence entre les deux groupes d’animaux. Au cours de l’étude cohorte, les producteurs laitiers ont identifié et fait parvenir au laboratoire 1 144 échantillons de lait provenant de vaches atteintes de mammites cliniques. L’incidence totale de mammite clinique n’était pas plus élevée dans les fermes LFR qu’au sein des fermes paille. Cependant, lorsque nous avons analysé l’incidence de mammite clinique par agent pathogène spécifique, nous avons pu constater que les vaches logées sur LFR étaient 7,0 fois plus à risque d’expérimenter une mammite clinique causée par Klebsiella pneumoniae que celles du groupe comparatif. / Recycled manure solids (RMS) bedding has been used on Quebec dairy farms for a number of years, despite the lack of scientific knowledge about the health risks associated with the use of this product for animals. The first objective of this thesis was to describe the RMS production methods in a Quebec context and the associated management practices. The second objective of the project was to determine the potential for regrowth of certain bacterial species in the RMS when it is contaminated. Subsequently, the level of cleanliness and prevalence of hock lesions in dairy cows exposed or not to this product were estimated. Finally, the association between RMS use and the incidence of subclinical and clinical mastitis was evaluated. Observational cohort or cross-sectional studies (depending on the research objective) were conducted in 2018-2019 on 27 farms using RMS and 61 farms using straw bedding for comparison. The farm visits highlighted that the methods used to produce RMS were not standardized and did not allow for true composting of the manure solid fraction. The regrowth trials showed that different RMS (treated in heap, closed container or rotating drum) did not react in the same way to coliform inoculation. The rotating drum RMS contained a lower initial concentration of Klebsiella spp. and experienced significant bacterial growth in the first 24 hours post-inoculation. The heap or closed container RMS had a high initial concentration of Klebsiella spp. and did not show significant bacterial growth following inoculation, suggesting a saturation effect on bacterial growth. In the cross-sectional study, an average of 30 cows were measured using a cleanliness score on three body areas as well as a hock lesion score to estimate their cleanliness and the presence of hock lesions. The cleanliness score assigned to each area of the cows' body ranged from 1 to 4, with 1 being very clean and 4 being very dirty. We found that cows housed on RMS generally had better udder and lower leg cleanliness than those housed on straw. Recycled manure solids bedding had a protective effect for the risk of having an udder cleanliness score ≥ 3 (odds ratio (OR): 0,43) or having a score of 4 (OR: 0,29). Cows housed on RMS also had cleaner lower legs than those housed on straw with lower odds of having a score ≥ 2 (OR: 0,45), a score ≥ 3 (OR: 0,16) or a score of 4 (OR: 0,07). However, we found no difference between the two groups of animals in flank and upper leg cleanliness. When they were evaluated for cleanliness, cows were also measured using a hock lesion score ranging from 0 to 3. A score of 0 represented a perfectly healthy hock, while a score of 3 was assigned to a hock with swelling greater than 2.5 cm. Both hocks were scored and the hock with the higher score was included in the analyses. We did not identify any difference regarding hock lesions between the two groups of animals. To assess mammary gland health, a one-year cohort study was set up from the farm visit. Somatic cell count dynamics were followed on 11 031 cows during this period to analyze the incidence of subclinical mastitis. We were not able to detect a difference in incidence between the two groups of animals. During the cohort study, dairy farmers identified and sent to the laboratory 1 144 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis. The total incidence of clinical mastitis was not higher on RMS farms than on straw farms. However, when we analyzed the incidence of clinical mastitis by specific pathogen, we found that cows housed on RMS were 7.0 times more likely to experience clinical mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae than those in the comparison group.