The risk of moistening wood material should be considered and avoided as varying moisture content in the air causes the wood to swell and shrink. Moisture content in the material has influence on its mechanical properties, which may lead to damage due to reduced strength of the material. Wood material should be stored in places where the external climate does not contribute to an increase in the moisture content of the element. An optimal storage location is where the moisture content of wood material decreases. The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about how the moisture content in cross-laminated timber (CLT) changes under different storage conditions. To achieve the purpose and get a broad picture of how moisture varies within CLT element, a measurement method that could handle measurements at different depths in the element was chosen. Furthermore, the CLT elements were placed in several storage places that simulated storage conditions at the workplace, where the amount of moisture in the environment varied based on the diurnal variation. The study has shown that, over the entire measurement period, the CLT elements that were placed indoors had a reduction of moisture content by 4.5%. The elements that were placed in a tent hall showed a decreasing of moisture content by about 1.5%. The elements that were placed outdoors with weather protection had an increasing moisture ratio of about 3%. The elements that were placed outdoors without weather protection had been affected greatly by the external climate and during precipitation the moisture content increased even greater. According to the study, CLT should be stored indoors or in a tent hall where the external climate does not contribute to an increase in the element's moisture content compared with outdoor storage. Furthermore, the study showed that cracks in the CLT elements led to higher moisture contents in the material. For the elements that were placed outdoors without weather protection that the cracked element reached its saturation point during precipitation, while the element without cracks showed increase of moisture content by a certain percentage and this increase is much slower.

The aim of this study is the design of Yacht club. The building is situated on a building estate No. 1303/3 of the Kozmice land registry in the recreational premises at the lakefront of „Hlučínské jezero“. It is placed next to the flooding line which is also considered in the project. The building is divided into three operational parts – the hotel, the catering establishments (restaurant) and the area primarily destined for holding conferences and workshops. The hotel is designed to accommodate thirty-two people, the capacity of restaurant is forty-two and conferential area is suitable for forty people at the most. Yacht club is designed as four-storey building with a flat grassed-covered roof. With regard to the foundation conditions, the building is found on piles. The structural part of walls is partly from CLT panels and partly from reinforced concrete which increase the stiffness of the building. The external cladding of the hotel consists of wooden blocks creating ventilated facade, while the rest of the building is rendered.

The main aim of this master’s thesis is to elaborate the project documentation of a new restaurant Chalupa. Building is situated in area of the local camp on the edge of the town called Mořkov. The building has one above-ground floor and a partial basement. On above-ground floor, there are two main parts: restaurant and kitchen. Then there are also private room and sanitary facilities for both customers and staff. The building is designed as a CLT superstructure and has a gable roof. The vertical loadbearing structures and non-loadbearing walls are designed of CLT panels. The horizontal loadbearing structures are designed of reinforced cast-in-place concrete slab. Heating energy is supplied by pellet boiler. Ventilation is provided by air conditioning unit. Shading is provided by external louvers. In the third pard, I am creating the facility management plan for this building. The project and visualizations were carried out in the Autocad program.

I takt med en ökad miljömedvetenhet har träbyggnation börjat premieras allt mer och sedan lagändringen 1994 som innebar att det blev tillåtet att uppföra höga hus med trästomme har utvecklingen snabbt gått framåt. Att korsvis bygga upp skikt av brädor och sammanfoga dessa till element har visat sig skapa en produkt med hög hållfasthet och låg vikt som är idealisk som stommaterial vid byggnation av stora och höga hus i trä. Dessa element har många namn men kallas ofta korslimmat trä och kommer i arbetet benämnas CLT, cross-laminated timber. Dess användning har ökat markant i Sverige och Europa de senaste decennierna och än ses ingen stagnation på efterfrågan.   Denna rapport behandlar relevanta teoretiska områden som måste tas i beaktning vid branddimensionering som exempelvis brandförloppet i en brandcell samt hur brandsäkerhetsklasser och brandtekniska byggnadsklasser bestäms och fastställs. Dimensioneringsmetoder av laster och hållfasthet i både brottgräns och i brandfallet förklaras genomgående för skapa en tydlig bild av hela branddimensioneringsprocessen. Brist på direkt information om hur hållfastheten av resttvärsnitten ska behandlas och beräknas har gjort arbetet utmanande men med hjälp från Maija Tiainen från Sweco structures Helsingforskontor har arbetet kunnat färdigställas och bli fullständigt.   Den viktigaste delen i rapporten är dock själva inbränningen och förkolningen av elementen som beräknas med hjälp av två olika metoder. Den ena återfinns i den europeiska standarden Eurokod 5: del 1-2 och den andra, som baseras på den absolut senaste forskningen gällande träkonstruktioner och brand, är hämtad från handboken Brandsäkra trähus version 3. Den senare metoden kommer ligga till grund för en uppdatering av Eurokod 5 i framtiden.   För att kunna jämföra de två metoderna och ge en nyanserad bild av dessa valdes fyra väggtyper ut som beräknades med samma förutsättningar. Det vill säga skyddade med två lager gips och utsatta för en 90 minuters ensidig standardbrand.   Resultatet visade på skillnader mellan metoderna där en tydlig och definitiv sådan var storleken på resttvärsnittet då det icke lastupptagande skiktet, , visade sig vara mycket större i beräkningarna enligt metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3. På grund av elementens uppbyggnad, korsvis lagda skikt där endast vartannat skikt är lastbärande, betyder detta inte nödvändigtvis att det resulterar i en skillnad gällande bärförmåga i brandfallet mellan de två metoderna.   Trots att metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3 är mer konservativ gällande bärförmåga och leder till ett mindre resttvärsnitt efter brand anser författarna att denna metod bör användas i väntan på en inarbetning av metoden i Eurokoden. Detta då den till skillnad från Eurokoden är utformad och framtagen för att kunna behandla CLT och då säkerheten är viktigast i sammanhanget måste brandens ökade påverkan på materialet enligt den senaste forskningen tas på allvar och tvärsnittet dimensioneras därefter. / In recent years, a growing environmental awareness have led to an increase in timber buildings and since the 1994 amendment that made it possible to build tall houses with timber structures the progress in the field have seen an substantial increase. To build an element of perpendicularly placed layers of solid-sawn lumber have proven to be an effective way to obtain a product with good strength-to-weight ratio that is ideal for use in tall timber buildings. These elements go under a lot of different names but are often referred to as cross-laminated timber and will be called CLT in this report. The use of this product have these past decades increased substantially both in Sweden and in Europe and the demand does not seem to stagnate nor decrease in the near future.   The report is comprised of relevant theoretical sections that must be taken into account when designing a structures fire protection such as the development of a fire in fire compartment, how to define and determine a structures class of fire resistance and hence required fire protection time for said structure. The basis of design in regards to loads and compressive/flexural strength of the material is thoroughly explained in order to account for the whole fire protection design processes. The lack of information regarding compressive and flexural strength of the residual cross-section was challenging but with the help from Maija Tiainen from Sweco structures Helsinki office the report could be completed.   The most important part of the report is the theory and calculation with regards to the charring depth which is calculated by two different methods. The first one is presented in the European standard Eurocode 5: part 1-2 and the other one, that is based on the latest scientific knowledge with regards to timber structures and fire, is found in the technical guide Brandsäkra trähus version 3. The aforementioned method will form the basis for the upcoming update of Eurocode 5.   In order to be able to compare the two methods four wall types was chosen and designed based on the same conditions. Namely protected by two layers of gypsum plasterboards as fire protection and exposed to a 90 minutes one-sided standard fire.   The result showed differences between the methods where a clear difference was the size of the residual cross-section due to the fact that the zero-strength layer, , was notably larger when calculating with the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3. This does not necessarily affect the elements bearing capacity when calculating with the two different methods due to the elements perpendicularly placed layers where only every other layer is load bearing.   Although the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3 are more conservative with regards to bearing capacity and will lead to a smaller residual cross-section the authors of this report recommend the use of said method pending incorporation into the Eurocode. The motivation for this suggestion is that the method is designed to explicitly handle CLT and since safety is the most important aspect in this context it is vital to acknowledge the apparent increased affect from a fire on the material according to the latest scientific knowledge and design the cross-section accordingly.

Denna fuktstudie handlar om användandet av diffusionsspärr i väggkonstruktioner i anslutning till badrumsmiljöer med KL-trä som stomme. Metoden som används är datorprogrammet WUFI, som beräknar värme- och fukttransport genom Fourier’s lag, Fick’s lag och Darcy’s andra lag. Indata till programmet är skapad genom mätningar av verkliga badrumsklimats variationer. Resultat från simulering visar att KL-trästommen riskerar mögelangrepp om inget ytterligare ytskikt finns applicerad på insidan av KL-trästommen. En ytskiktssimulering genomförs som visar att ett ytskiktsmaterial med en viss diffusionstäthet måste appliceras på KL-träytan för att undvika fuktrisknivåer inuti konstruktionen. / Torparängen

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T14:56:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IlanFonsecadeSouzaDissertacao2016.pdf: 1835106 bytes, checksum: 9b643a5760765252667e43ec9230ddd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T14:57:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IlanFonsecadeSouzaDissertacao2016.pdf: 1835106 bytes, checksum: 9b643a5760765252667e43ec9230ddd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T14:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IlanFonsecadeSouzaDissertacao2016.pdf: 1835106 bytes, checksum: 9b643a5760765252667e43ec9230ddd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / The terms of conduct adjustment (TACs) have been the main performance instrument used by the Labour Prosecutors. For this reason, this research aims to assess its effectiveness, in other words, whether they are being met by employers. After review of the literature that extols the advantages of extrajudicial instrument, perform critical of the arguments used, and we present premises for the TACs have a higher rate compliance. In order to test these theoretical assumptions, in addition to the review of pre-existing investigations in some sectors and regions of Brazil, we conducted empirical research in S??o Paulo (Attorney Labor Regional of the 2nd and 15th Region) and found a high dropout rate to obligations set out in TACs, verging on 60% of noncompliance determined, even at short term, few clauses, and surface inspections of the agreements. Identified all TACs executed in this state in 2013, we analyze their content using internal system of work of the prosecution entitled "Digital MPT". We concluded by an inability of the current dynamics of the TAC to achieve their goals, and a pattern of recalcitrance of employers before adjustments. / Os termos de ajuste de conduta (TACs) t??m sido o principal instrumento de atua????o utilizado pelo Minist??rio P??blico do Trabalho. Por este motivo, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo aferir a sua efetividade, em outras palavras, saber se est??o sendo cumpridos. Ap??s revis??o da bibliografia que exalta as vantagens deste instrumento extrajudicial, foi realizada cr??tica quanto aos argumentos utilizados, e premissas foram apresentadas para que os TACs tenham um maior ??ndice de cumprimento. A fim de testar estes pressupostos te??ricos, al??m da revis??o de investiga????es preexistentes em alguns setores e regi??es brasileiras, realizou-se pesquisa emp??rica no Estado de S??o Paulo (procuradorias regionais do trabalho da 2?? e 15?? regi??o) e foi constatado um alto ??ndice de evas??o ??s obriga????es previstas nos TACs, beirando a 60% de descumprimento, mesmo com pouco tempo de vig??ncia, reduzido n??mero de cl??usulas, e com fiscaliza????es superficiais dos acordos. Identificados todos os TACs firmados neste Estado em 2013, o conte??do dos mesmos foi analisado utilizando sistema interno do Minist??rio P??blico do Trabalho intitulado ???MPT Digital???. Concluiu-se por uma incapacidade da din??mica atual dos TACs em atingir seus objetivos, e por um padr??o de recalcitr??ncia dos empregadores diante dos ajustes.

I denna studie utreds KL-trä, korslimmat trä, ur byggnadsteknisk synvinkel samt ur ett boendeperspektiv, där Valla Berså som är Linköpings första flerbostadshus byggt med en stomme av KL-trä fick agera referensobjekt. Byggnationen av flerbostadshus i trä ökar i stadig takt. KL-trä är resultatet av den senaste utvecklingen inom massivträkonstruktioner. De industriellt framtagna skivorna i KL-trä kan tillverkas i stora format och dess höga bärförmåga och styvhet i förhållande till vikten möjliggör att bygga högre, större och stabilare än med traditionellt träregelvirke. Trä är det enda helt förnyelsebara byggmaterialet. Det tillverkas i en energisnål process med minimal miljöpåverkan och binder koldioxid under hela sin livslängd. Byggbranschen börjar inse att ett skifte från betong till trä är det enda rätta om de totala koldioxidutsläppen ska minska. Men det behövs mer kunskap kring att använda trä i flerbostadshus som har höga krav på brandsäkerhet och ljudmiljö. För att ta reda på vilka för- och nackdelar det finns att bygga med KL-trä, vilka lösningar som finns för att höja funktionen och säkerheten i ett KL-trähus och vilka effekter ett massivträhus har på boendemiljön, genomfördes gedigna litteraturstudier ihop med en fallstudie av Valla Berså. Intervjuer med entreprenörerna och konsulterna genomfördes tillsammans med en enkätundersökning med de boende i Valla Berså. Resultatet tyder på att fördelarna att bygga med KL-trä är många och om bara kunskapsnivån kommer ikapp så har vi ett konkurrenskraftigt material till de traditionella byggmaterialen. Det finns många lösningar för att uppnå tillräcklig brandsäkerhet och goda ljudmiljöer. Rätt utformat kan ett KL-trähus medföra ett mycket gott inomhusklimat med jämn behaglig temperatur och bra luft, med en lägre energiförbrukning och miljöpåverkan som följd.

O setor da construção civil em países desenvolvidos tem caminhado no sentido da industrialização e da sustentabilidade dos materiais construtivos e estruturais, e neste sentido a construção em madeira maciça tem ganhado destaque. Produtos como painéis de CLT já estão sendo usados para construção de grandes prédios multipavimentos, porem outros produtos que utilizam o mesmo princípio da laminação cruzada vem ganhando espaço, como é o caso do painel de lamelas cruzadas cavilhadas, chamado de DCLT. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o comportamento estrutural de painéis DCLT com lamelas feitas com madeira de Pinus Elliottii e Pinus Taeda e cavilhas de pau-roxo (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosae), onde foi desenvolvido um modelo de ensaio específico para as ligações neste tipo de painel, simulações em software de elementos finitos no modelo de ensaio desenvolvido, ensaios de flexão nos painéis de tamanho estrutural e posterior comparação com os métodos analíticos de cálculo de painéis de lamelas cruzada. Os resultados obtidos para rigidez dos painéis foram de 727 e 1353 kNm² para o painel de 3 e 5 camadas, respectivamente. Os valores analíticos ficaram muito próximos aos valores experimentais, validando o novo procedimento de ensaio com o qual foi obtido o valor do módulo de deslizamento usado nos cálculos analíticos. Em termos de resistência, o painel de 3 camadas se mostrou mais resistente, pois com uma dimensão menor, resistiu proporcionalmente mais carga. De maneira geral, os painéis poderiam vencer vãos de até quatro metros suportando uma carga de 150 kg/m², mostrando ser um potencial produto para uso em obras residenciais. / The construction sector in developed countries has been moving towards industrialization and sustainability of construction and structural materials and in this sense solid wood construction has gained prominence. New products such as CLT panels are used for construction of multi-storey building, and other products that use the same principle of cross lamination have been gaining ground, as is the case of the dowel cross laminated timber panel, called DCLT. In this study, we evaluated the structural behavior of DCLT panels with Pinus Elliottii and Pinus Taeda wood lamellae and pau-roxo dowels (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosae), where a specific test model was developed for connections in this type. Finite element simulations was made for the developed test model, bending tests on structural size panels and subsequent comparison with the analytical methods of calculating cross sided panels. The results obtained for the sttiffiness of the panels were 727 and 1353 kNm² for the 3 and 5 layer panels, respectively. The analytical values were very close to the experimental values, validating the new test procedure with which the value of the slip module used in the analytical calculations was obtained. In terms of strength, the 3-layer panel was more resistant, because with a smaller size, it resisted proportionally more load. In general, the panels could cover span of up to four meters supporting a load of 150 kg/m², proving to be a potential product for use in residential works.

This thesis arises out of a critique of the way language is decontextualized and presented from a reductively linguistic viewpoint in foreign language instruction. In particular, it focuses on the weaknesses of the broad approach known as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and highlights the disparity between its theoretical assumptions and practical applications. With this in mind, the thesis identifies and explores three foundational premises that should be considered as part of an attempt to design a theoretically coherent framework for foreign language instruction. By applying three sets of principles based on these premises, the thesis goes on to outline such a framework. After providing a background to the study, the first consideration is the nature of cultural and communicative performance. The study turns to sociological concepts regarding cultural organization and production, in order to better conceptualize how 'culture' can be understood in the context of foreign language learning. The second part of this area focuses on meaning and communication in order to undermine current treatments of 'language' in foreign language pedagogy. The second area of interest is that of learning and thus considers a number of theories of how people learn. The focus here is on learning-in-general rather than learning languages specifically. What emerges from this are a number of principles that should be borne in mind when creating conditions favorable to language learning. Finally, one largely overlooked area in foreign language learning and applied linguistics more broadly, is how the field of foreign language pedagogy constructs and legitimizes its practices, as well as suppresses its foundational theoretical assumptions in its activities (including research, methodology and teaching). A chapter is therefore devoted to this issue, and a set of principles is formulated in order to ensure that the design of any instructional framework is honest and ethical. Thus furnished with the triangulation of principles, an attempt is made to outline how a learner-focused, ethical pedagogical framework that stresses culture might look. This thesis is theoretical in nature and relies on arguments and positions from diverse and less commonly considered academic fields in foreign language instruction. Its main theoretical inspiration comes from concepts and claims generally considered 'poststructural' or 'postmodern'. However, there is no exclusive devotion to any particular author or theory. It is hoped that this thesis can make a genuine, if not controversial, contribution to the field of foreign language teaching by initiating a dialogue concerning the (lack of) philosophical and epistemological reflexivity in the field.

This study investigated the perceptions of teachers of the Junior High and the Senior High Schools on the Communicative Language Teaching ( CLT ) in Irian Jaya province, Indonesia. Forty- six participants were involved in this study, i.e., twenty JHS teachers, twehty SHS teachers, four headmasters and two supervisors. Three instruments: questionnaire, interview and field study were employed to collect the data. Interviews and field study were carried out by the researcher in Indonesia. Spearman's rho was used to correlate answers about teaching principles of CLT and chi-square tests were used to examine responses on the relevance of subjects and the influence of the course on professional knowledge and teaching skills. The participants' opinion on the most and the least useful units was discussed based on the calculated frequency. The problems faced by the participants in implementing CLT were analyzed. The benefits of CLT were analysed and categorized into positive and negative points. Results indicated that both teaching levels have positive perceptions on CLT. Both groups showed an overall similarity in problems faced in their teaching, on the usefulness and the relevance of units presented in the Teacher Training despite some minor differences. It is argued that it is necessary for the teachers to give consideration to the teaching of vocabulary. It is also desirable to train the teachers to design tests which are valid and reliable.